Smart grid

Distribution
System

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Name :PRAKAASH.Mu
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INDEX
 INTRODUCATION
 WHAT IS SMART GRID
 NEED OF SMART GRID
 TECHNOLOGY
 FEATURE
 SMART METER
 ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES& FUTURE
 REFERENCES

Introduction
Smart grid refers to the a next generation electric power network that makes use of IT and high
technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the electric power network have not
developed remarkably in terms of creating innovative technologies. However, smart grid by
revolutionizing the electric power network and being almost as powerful as the internet, is
attracting many attentions among various industries.

Smart grid is a system that enables two-many communications in between

consumers and electric power companies. In a smart grid system consumer’s information is
received by the electric power companies in order to provide the most efficient electric network
operations.In addition to the efficient operations of a power plant ,smart grid also make it
possible to control power demand and distributed energy, including renewable energies. By
installing an intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially households,
monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and even helps to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions.
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SMART GRID

ASMART GRID deliverselectricity from supplier to consumers using two- way digital
technology to control appliances at consumers’ homes to save energy, reduce cost and
increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity distribution grid with an
information and net metering system. Power travels from the power plant to your
house through an amazing system called the power distribution grid.Such a modernized
electricity networks is being promoted by many governments as a way of addressing
energy independences, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters
may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.

A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity
flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines for less
power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating renewable electricity such as solar and
wind. When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home
appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At
peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.

Smart Grid And it’s Need

demand Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts
about our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a complex
society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels, increased
reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution with less maintenance, effective
new construction and efficient disaster reconstruction. But whilefor electricity has risen
drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we are exacting
more from a grid that is simply not up to the task.
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How “smart” should a smart power grid

The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware, from
industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that to better balance
supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage hours.

Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the grid, the
delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a smart move. Simply put, a
smart grid combined with smart meters enables both electrical utilities and consumer to be much
more efficient.

A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it also
enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak demand to those
of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with consumers who have “smart
meters” to see exactly how much electricity is being used at any particular time. This facilitates
two-way communication between utility and consumer. So they can cooperate in reducing peak
demand in a way that it’s advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two way metering so
that customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel or their ownwindmill can sell surplus
electricity back to the utility.
1. Intelligent –
Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a potential
outage; of working autonomously when conditions required resolution faster than humans can
respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers and regulators.
2. Efficient –
Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding infrastructure.
3. Accommodating –
Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily and
transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and all better ideas and
technologies – energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they are market proven and
ready to come online.

4. Motivating –
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Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so consumer can
tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and or
environmental concerns.
5. Resilient –
Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more decentralization
and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.
6. Green –
Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path towards
significant environmental improvement.
Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing
and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations. In general, smart grid
technology can be grouped into five key areas

I. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been developed in
an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected via modem
rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation,
demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA),
energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power- line carrier
communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will allow for real time control,
information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.

II. Sensing and measurement

core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy
theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor
meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line
rating(typically based on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real
time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-
of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology,
andDigital protective relays.
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Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record
usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters
and provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets
(smart socket) and other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices
can shut down during times of peak demand. 

Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and
diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids.
Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current
transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and second generation
superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting cable, distributed energy
generation and storage devices, composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances. 

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM

 Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors, insulators and
switchgear protection system transmits power from generating station to any
particular distribution substation.
 Distribution system comprises of feeder towers, poles and insulators etc. which
distribute power fromdistribution substation to any particular area.
 Parameters influencing T&D system:
1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line
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TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-

Transformer
losses

Iron losses Copper losses

(constant losses) (variable losses)

a) IRON LOSSES
The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer steel core.
It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as copper
(Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses = I12R1+ I22R2

Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have a view
to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in T&D sector are
only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses inT&D system. So, it is sole
responsibility to reduce them.

 ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES -

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a transformer is
free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only electrical losses and magnetic
losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer is high around 95-98%.

Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in design and
material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency of system.
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 ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMER

 OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER

The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion K WH of
electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of typical grid system
showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of total transmission and
distribution losses.

Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by REC), the
overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be reduced. The load loss
may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.

Transformer ratings Reduction in losses at 38% loading

25 KVA 685-466W
63KVA 1235-844W
100KVA 1760-1196W

 IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER

This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be reduced by
following methods:-

1) BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER-

By using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented)
laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.

2) BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER

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 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE:-

Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-

1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce ‘R’ from this surely the
losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR conductors.
And even this method is been adopted and also successful.

2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS-

This can be done by following methods-

1. By using voltage controllers

2. By using voltage stabilizer

3. By using power factor controller

 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :-

This is done by considering following points:-

1) BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD-

As a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components causes
over heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus, increasing losses and
resulting in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage conditions. Thus,
keeping the system negative phase sequence voitage within limits, amount of savings in
capital (saving the duration of equipment )as well asenergy losses. Thus, to avoid this
losses, the loads are distributed evenly ‘as is practical’ between the phases.

1) POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT-

Low power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase losses and
will affect the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity. However, during off
peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases to around 0.8, this may
be due to following reasons,
 Wide use of fans.
 Wide industrial loads.
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Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors.

Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.
Now, to improve power factor at off peak hours the consumers must be
aware of the effects of low power factor and must connect compensation equipments
DSTACOM, capacitor bank.

COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAY’S GRID AND

SMARTGRID(MODERN GRID)

Characteristics Today’s grid Smart grid

(Modern grid)
1) Self-heals Respond to prevent further Automatically detects & respond
damage. focus is on protection to actual & emerging
of assets following system transmission &distribution
faults. problems. Focus is on
prevention. minimizes computer
impacts.
2) Motivates & includes Consumers are uniformed &non- Informed involve &active
the consumers participative with the power consumers. Broad penetration of
system. demand response.
3) Resist attack Vulnerable to malicious acts of Resilient to attach &natural
terrors natural disasters. disasters with rapid restoration
capabilities.
4) Provided power quality Focused on outstage rather than Quality of power meets industry
for 21st century needs power quality problems. Solve standards & consumers need. PQ
response in revolving PQ issues. issues identified &revolved prior
to manifestation. Various levels
of PQ at various prices.
5) Accommodates all Relatively small no. of large Very large no. of diverse
generation and storage generating plants. numerous distributed generation & storage
option. obstacles exist for devices deployed to
interconnecting DER. complements the large
generating plant.

Advantages Of Smart Grid-

 Reduces the cost of blackouts.
 Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.
 Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.
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 Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more jobs created.
Disadvantages Of Smart Grid
 Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.

 Two-way communication between power consumer and provider and sensors so it is

costly.

 Some type of meter can hacked.

 HACKER-

 Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.

 Increases or decreases the demand of power.

 Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are software,
system integrators,the power generators.

Future –
 In the new future, will not be any vast development.

 Risky because of financial developments and regulations.

 In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid fromevery
business to every home just like the internet.
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Resources of information

 Articles –

 Energy Conservation Through Energy Management

- by Prof. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)

 WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power - by Syed Khadeerullah

(Electrical India magazine, January 2008)
 Magazine of “Electrical India 2010”

Websites:-
 www.SeminarsTopics.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
 www.schneider.com
 www.powersmiths.com
 www.renewableenrgyworld.com