FINISHING AND POLISHING AGENTS

-Presented by
Dr Arpita Dutta
1
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• OBJECTIVES OF FINISHING AND POLISHING
• RATIONALE
• TERMINOLOGIES ASSOCIATED
• FACTORS AFFECTING FINISHING AND POLISHING
• PRINCIPLES
• STEPS IN FINISHING AND POLISHING
• SPEEDS
• ABRASION
– TYPES OF ABRASION
– FACTORS AFFECTING ABRASION
• CLASSIFICATION OF FINISHING AND POLISHING AGENTS
• POLISHING OF RESTORATIONS
– ACRYLIC RESINS
– ALLOYS
– CERAMICS
– STAINLESS STEEL CROWNS
• PRECAUTIONS
• RECENT ADVANCES
• REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES 2
INTRODUCTION
Well finished restorations offer-

High esthetic results

Longevity of restorations
Maximal oral health for patient

3
HISTORY

THE PREHISTORIC ERA-

•Over 10000 years ago-

hunting and gathering
instruments were
sharpened by chipping and
abrading one surface against
another

4
 THE MIDDLE AGES-
Stones, spears, shields
and daggers were
produced by abrading
against a cylindrical
stone with abrasive
surface

AGE OLD GRINDING STONE

(Introduced about 4000 years ago)

5
• THE 13TH CENTURY-
The Chinese introduced the
first coated abrasives by
embedding seashell fragments in
natural gums that were spread on
a parchment

• EARLY 1900s-
Abrasive technology advanced
further through development and
use of alumina grains, diamond
particles and silicon carbide grit

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1. Removing marginal irregularities
2. Defining anatomic contours
3. Smoothening surface roughness

4. Achieving well adapted cavosurface margins

5. Elimination of minute scratches
6. Establishing smooth light reflecting enamel surface
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• Rough surfaces are more likely to-

Retain plaque Fracture

Cause wear of Cause surface

adjacent tooth breakdown
or restoration and corrosion

Produce
Compromise stress conc.
esthetics points

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ABRASION
• Process of wearing away of a surface by friction

ABRASIVE
• Outermost particle or surface material of an instrument
that produces abrasion

SUBSTRATE
• Material/surface being finished

CUTTING
• Process of removing material from the substrate by use of
a bladed bur or an abrasive embedded in a binding matrix
on a bur or disk. 9
BULK REDUCTION:
Process of removing excess material by cutting or
grinding a material with rotary instruments to
provide a desired anatomic form.

CONTOURING:
Process of producing a desired anatomical form by
cutting or grinding away excess material.

FINISHING:
Process of removing surface defects or scratches
created during the contouring process through the
use of cutting or grinding instruments or both

10
Grinding:
Process of removing material from a substrate
by abrasion with relatively coarse particles

Polish:
Lustre or gloss produced on a finished surface.

Polishing:
Process of providing lustre or gloss on a material
surface.

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 Abrasive
properties(par
ticle size,
shape,
hardness) Difference in
Structural
hardness of
properties of
substrate and
substrates
abrasive

FACTORS DETERMINING
FINISHING AND
POLISHING
Properties of the
backing/ bonding Speed and
material – rigidity, pressure of
elasticity, application of
flexibility,
abrasive
thickness,
porosity

Lubricants used

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 PRINCIPLES
1. CUTTING 2. GRINDING
Use of any instrument in a blade like
fashion Removes small particles of a substrate
through the action of bonded or coated
Regularly arranged blades that remove abrasive instruments
small shavings of the substrate
Predominantly unidirectional
Unidirectional cutting pattern

3. POLISHING
Multidirectional in its course of action

Acts on an extremely thin region of the substrate surface

fine scratches - not visible unless greatly magnified

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 STEPS IN FINISHING AND POLISHING

1. BULK REMOVAL

2. CONTOURING

3. FINISHING

4. POLISHING

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1. Bulk reduction and
Contouring

• Removal of excess material through

cutting and grinding

• Instruments - diamond, carbide and

steel burs, abrasive coated disks

• Desired anatomy and margins must be

achieved

BULK REDUCTION CONTOURING

CARBIDE BUR 8-12 FLUTED 12 - 16 FLUTED

ABRASIVE S >=100µm 30 - 100 µm

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3. Finishing

• Introducing finer scratches to surface of substrate

• Provides a blemish free smooth surface.

• 18 - 30 fluted carbide burs , fine and super fine

diamond burs, or abrasives upto 20 µm in size.

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4. Polishing

• Provides lustre.

• Smaller particles provide smoother and shinier surfaces

• Abrasives of 8-20 µm

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 Adsorbed gases & water vapor(1nm)
 Oxide (10-100nm)
 BEILBY LAYER (1-100nm)

 Worked layer(1-100nm)
An amorphous disorganized
molecular surface layer of
highly polished metal which
is a result of melting and
surface flow during
 Bulk material
machining of the molecular
layers such as using a series
of abrasives of decreasing
coarseness during the
polishing processes

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 Importance of polishing dental
restorations and teeth

 Less bacterial colonization

 Metallic restoration - prevention

of tarnish and corrosion

 Comfortable for the patient

19
 SPEEDS USED FOR FINISHING AND POLISHING
LOW SPEED-
• <12000rpm
• Better tactile sensation
• Lesser heat generation
• Cleaning, caries excavation, polishing

MEDIUM SPEED/ INTERMEDIATE SPEED

• 12000-2,00,000rpm
• Contouring
The standard
Micomotor handpiece-
HIGH SPEED/ ULTRAHIGH SPEED
35000rpm
• >2,00,000 rpm
• Faster, need lesser pressure, vibration
• Cutting teeth, removing old restorations, gross
finishing and contouring

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ABRASION AND ABRASIVES

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 ABRASIVE ACTION- PRINCIPLE

Harder material comes into frictional contact with the substrate

Contact generates tensile and shear stresses

Break atomic bonds

Substrate particles are removed

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 TYPES OF ABRASION

1. TWO BODY WEAR-

•Abrasive bound to instrument and used to
polish specimen
•E.g.- Trimmers, abrading burs, bonded abrasives,
coated abrasives

Abrasive Substrate

Two body wear

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2. THREE BODY WEAR
• Abrasive is a loose slurry between polishing
substrate and surface of the specimen to be polished
• Use of lubricant( water, glycerin or silicone)
• E.g.- Polishing pastes containing Aluminium oxide,
diamond particles

Substrate
Abrasive paste

Rubber cup

 Three body wear

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 EROSION

• Wear caused by hard particles impacting a substrate

surface, carried by a stream of liquid or stream of air. Eg.
Sand blasting a surface

• Chemical erosion
Not a method of
Acid etching finishing/polishing

Enhance bonding

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Factors
Factors affecting
affecting abrasion
rate of abrasion
Hardness

Shape

Size

Pressure

Speed

Lubricants

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 HARDNESS
Relates to durability of an abrasive

Measure of a material’s ability to resist

indentation

Abrasive particle must be harder than the

surface to be abraded

First ranking of hardness was published in

1820 by Carl Friedrich Mohs
FRIEDRICH MOHS

Knoop and Vickers hardness tests

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Material Moh’s Material Moh’s

Talc 1 Aluminium oxide 9

Gypsum 2 Silicon carbide 9-10

Chalk 3 Boron carbide 9-10

Rouge 5-6 Diamond 10

Pumice 6 SUBSTRATES

Tripoli 6-7 Acrylic 2-3

Garnet 6.5-7 Pure gold 2.5-3
Tin oxide 6-7 Porcelain 6-7
Sand 7 Amalgam 4-5
Cuttle 7 Dentin 3-4
Tool steel Enamel 5-6
Zirconium silicate 7-7.5 Glass 5-6

Tungsten carbide 9 Resin composite 5-7

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BUSTING THE MYTH
Diamond is the hardest naturally
occurring substance

However….

Harder substances are

• Synthetic- Wurtzite form of boron

nitride (w-BN)

• From outer space- Lonsdaleite

(from meteorites)

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 SHAPE
Sharp, irregular particle produces deeper abrasion than
rounder particle under equal applied force

Numerous sharp edges - enhanced cutting efficiency

Abrasion rate of an abrasive decreases with use

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 SIZE
Larger particles size, abrade a surface more
rapidly
Particles based on their size:
1. Coarse -100 µm to 500 µm,
2. Medium -10 µm to 100 µm
3. Fine - 0 to 10 µm

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 PRESSURE

Greater force during finishing

Abrasive cuts deeper into the surface

More rapid removal of material

Raise in temperature within the substrate

Distortion or physical changes within the substrate

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Deeper and wider scratches are produced by
increasing the applied force from F1and F2

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 SPEED

Faster speed

Faster cutting rates

Temperature increases

Greater danger of overcutting

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 LUBRICATION

Minimize the heat buildup

Facilitates removal of debris

Cooling action and removal of debris enhances the

abrasion process.

Water, glycerin or silicone ; Water most common

Excess lubrication – prevent abrasive contact

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ABRASIVE INSTRUMENT DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS OF AN ABRADING INSTRUMENT-

Right particle size

Not produce deep scratches

Sharp edges that break down to expose new edge
particles
Not gouge the substrate

Not permanently deform under load or high temp

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 Abrasive motion
• Abrasive motion can be classified as
1. Rotary- burs
2. Planar- disk
3. reciprocal motion.

• ROTARY
• In rotary motion, the bur in a high speed hand
piece rotates in a clockwise direction.
• Planar motion
• disks
• removes material along a plane.
• preferably be done in one direction to
obtain a smoother surface.

• Reciprocal motion
• two different motions at the same time:
part cyclic and part up and down
motions.
• This is useful to access interproximal
areas to remove overhangs, to finish
sub-gingival margins without creating
ditches, and to create embrasures.
 Abrasive grits
• Derived from materials that have been crushed and passed
through a series of mesh screens

• Dental abrasive grits based on particle size are

• Coarse
• Medium coarse
• Medium
• Fine
• Superfine

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40
MAINTENANCE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF
ABRASIVE

• Truing :
Abrasive instrument is run against a harder
abrasive block until the abrasive instrument
rotates in the hand piece without eccentricity
or run out when placed on a substrate.

41
• Dressing :
1)Reduces instrument to correct working size,
shape
2)Removes clogged debris (abrasive blinding) -
Restores grinding efficiency

Truing Dressing 42
1

2 43
 Classification of abrasives.
ABRASIVE

BONDED NON
BONDED COATED

SINTERED RESINOID POLISHING

RUBBER VITREOUS
BONDING BONDING PASTES
BONDING BONDING

DISPERSED IN
WATER SOLUBLE
MEDIUM
Bonded abrasives-Abrasive particles are
incorporated through a binder to form a grinding
tool
• Particles are bonded by four general methods:

1. Sintering-
Strongest, produced by fusing particles together

2. Vitreous bonding-
Abrasive+ glassy ceramic matrix, cold pressed to shape and fired

3. Resinoid bonding-
Particles cold pressed with resins and then heated to cure the resin

4. Rubber bonding-
Bonded with latex or silicon based rubber
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Sintered Diamond points Vitreous bonded abrasives

Silicone bonded abrasives

Resinoid bonded abrasives

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Non bonded abrasives- not bonded to a
substrate ( 3 body wear)
• Dispersed in gel or paste form

• Polishing pastes Fine or ultrafine

Al2O3(<1μm)or diamond particles(1-
10μm)

• Applied to substrate with a

nonabrasive device - synthetic foam,
rubber, felt, chamois cloth, wheel.

• Dispersed in water soluble medium

such as glycerin

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 Coated abrasive disks and strips
• Supplied as disks and finishing strips.
• Fabricated by securing abrasive particles to a flexible
backing material
• Available in different diameters with thin and very thin
backings.
• Moisture – resistant backings are advantageous

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Abrasive discs :
• Gross reduction, contouring, finishing, and polishing of
restoration surfaces

• Coated with aluminum oxide abrasive

Abrasive strips :
• With plastic or metal backing are available for
smoothening and polishing the interproximal surfaces of
direct and indirect bonded restorations

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF FINISHING AND POLISHING
AGENTS

1. Cutting Instruments : 3. Impregnated abrasives-

Aluminium oxide
• Tungsten carbide
Emery
Quartz
2. Bonded abrasive Silicon carbide
Garnet
• Diamonds
Zirconium silicate
• Silicon carbide Cuttle
• White stone
• Tripoli 4. Loose abrasives
• Rouge Aluminum oxide
Ultra fine diamond particles
Tin oxide
Pumice

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 According to Hardness
According to Hardness
a) Hard abrasive - Diamond, Silicon carbide.

b) Medium abrasive - Pumice, Silicates,

Zirconates.

c) Soft (Polishing) abrasive - calcites

( Robert Craig)

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Natural abrasives Synthetic Abrasives
1. Arkansas Stone 1.Silicon carbide
2. Chalk 2. Aluminum oxide

3. Corundum 3.Synthetic diamond

4.Rouge (Iron oxide)
4. Diamond
5.Tin oxide
5. Emery
6. Garnet
7. Pumice
8. Quartz
9. Sand
10. Tripoli
11. Zirconium silicate
12. Cuttle
13. Kieselguhr
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 Arkansas stone

• Semi translucent , light gray, siliceous

sedimentary rock.

• Contains microcrystalline quartz.

• Attached to metal shanks and trued

to various shapes

• Fine grinding of tooth enamel and

metal alloys

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 Chalk

• Mineral forms of calcite.

• White abrasive composed of

calcium carbonate.

• Used as a mild abrasive paste to

polish tooth enamel, gold foil,
amalgam and plastic materials.

54
 Corundum
• Mineral form of aluminum
oxide
• Physical properties are inferior
to those of alpha aluminum
oxide.
• Grinding metal alloys
• A bonded abrasive in several
shapes.
• Used in instrument – White
stone
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 Natural Diamond
• Transparent colorless mineral
composed of carbon
• Superabrasive

• Supplied in several forms

• Bonded abrasive
rotary instruments
• Flexible metal backed
abrasive strips
• Diamond polishing
pastes.

• Used on ceramic and resin

based composite materials 56
 Diamond burs color coding and grit size
Bur type Color Grit size ISO no

Supercoarse Black ring 181μm 544

Coarse Green ring 151μm 534

Medium No ring 107-126μm 524

Fine Red ring 40μm 514

Superfine Yellow ring 20μm 504

Ultrafine White ring 15μm 494

57
Emery
• Natural form of an oxide of aluminium
• Grayish- black corundum
• Coated abrasive disks, Arbor bands
• Greater the content of alumina - finer the grade
of emery.
• Finishing metal alloys or acrylic resin materials.

Garnet
• Dark red, very hard .
• Comprise - silicates of Al, Co, Mg, Fe, Mn
• Garnet is coated on paper or cloth with glue.
• Fractured during grinding  sharp, chisel-shaped
plates
• Grinding metal alloys or acrylic resin materials.

58
Pumice
• Highly siliceous material of volcanic origin
• Powder-crushing pumice stone
• Abrasive action is not very high
• Polishing tooth enamel, gold foil, dental
amalgam and acrylic resins

• Quartz

• Very hard, colorless, and transparent.

• Crystalline particles are pulverized to form sharp,

angular particles - coated abrasive discs.

• Grinding tooth enamel and finishing metal alloys.

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 Sand
• Predominantly composed of silica.
• Rounded to angular in shape.
• Applied under air pressure to remove refractory
investment materials- sandblasting
• Coated on to paper disks

• Tripoli

• Derived from light weight, friable siliceous sedimentary rock.

• Rock is ground and made into bars with soft binders

• Color- white/grey/pink/red/yellow.

• Polishing for metal alloys and some acrylic resins.

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Zirconium silicate / Zircon

• Off -white mineral.

• Ground to various particle sizes - coated

abrasive disks and strips.

• Component of dental prophylaxis pastes

Cuttle
• Referred to as cuttle fish, cuttle bone, or cuttle.
• White calcareous powder
• Available as a coated abrasive
• Polishing of metal margins and amalgam
restorations.
61
Kieselguhr

• Siliceous remains of minute aquatic plants - diatoms.

• Coarser form - diatomaceous earth

• Excellent mild abrasive

• Risk for respiratory silicosis caused by chronic exposure

Synthetic Silicon Carbide

• Extremely hard abrasive and 1st synthetic abrasive

• Highly effective cutting of metal alloys, ceramics

and acrylic resin materials.

• Abrasive in coated disks and as vitreous - bonded

and rubber instruments.

62
Aluminum oxide
• White powder
• used as bonded abrasives, coated abrasives and air
propelled abrasives.
• Finishing metal alloys, resin based composites and
ceramic materials.
• Pink and ruby variations- adding chromium compounds

Rouge
• Consists of iron oxide, which is the fine red abrasive
component.
• Blended in to various soft binders in to a cake form.
• Used to polish high noble metal alloys.

63
Tin Oxide

• Extremely fine abrasive.

• Less abrasive than quartz.

• Polishing teeth and metallic restorations in the mouth.

• Produces excellent polish of enamel.

• Mixed with water or glycerin - abrasive paste.

Synthetic Diamond

•Controllable, consistent size and shape.

•Resin bonded diamonds have sharp edges

•Larger synthetic diamond particles – greenish

•Blocks with embedded diamond particles – truing other bonded abrasives

•Used primarily on tooth structure, ceramics and resin based composites.

64
 Polishing instruments

Rubber abrasive points.

Fine particle disks and strips.

Fine particle polishing pastes

Electrolytic Polishing
65
POLISHING DISCS

POLISHING STRIPS

POLISHINGPASTES

66
 Electrolytic polishing
• Electrochemical process

• Excellent method for Co-Cr alloys

ELECTROLYTES-

CONC ACIDS-
•SULPHURIC ACID+ HCl
•PERCHOLATES
•ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

67
FINISHING OF
INDIVIDUAL
RESTORATIONS

68
 ACRYLIC RESINS
• Contour with tungsten carbide burs and sand
paper. Use a rubber point to remove the
scratches.

• Apply pumice with a rag wheel, felt wheel,

bristle brush or prophy cup.

• Apply Tripoli or a mixture of chalk and alcohol

with a rag wheel.
69
 FLEXIBLE DENTURES
FINISHING-
• Use of rubber wheels- pink and brown
• TC bur

POLISHING-
• Use of synthetic pumice
• Polishing with brown tripoli
• Use of Black B20 bristle brush without any
compound
• Mirror shine compound
70
 FINISHING AND POLISHING OF
CERAMICS
• 2 types of kits-
• 1 Extra oral kits
• 2. Intra oral kit

Extraoral Finishing and Polishing

1. Finishing diamonds
2. Finishing discs or bonded abrasive wheels
3. Loose polishing paste used on Robinson’s brush

71
 Intraoral polishing of ceramics
1.Finishing diamonds.
2.Finishing discs or Rubber polishing
instruments .
3.Diamond polishing paste

Diamonds should be used wet to

avoid excessive heat. Preferred
devices to apply diamond -polishing
paste intraorally include enhance
polishing Prophy cups or
Robinson brushes.

72
 FINISHING AND POLISHING OF ALL
CERAMICS
• Contour with flexible diamond disc
diamond burs, heatless or polymer
stones or greenstones

Finish with white stones or abrasives

impregnated rubber disc, cups and
points

• Apply over glaze or natural glaze on

ceramic if necessary
 ALLOYS
• Alloys used for PFMs or denture frameworks can be
finished with combination of stones, disks and wheels.

• After casting cleaned of investment debris with

water and a tooth brush

• Soaked or pickled, in warm HCL acid to remove the

surface oxide layer.

• Small nodules of metal Carborundum stone.

• The surface of casting rubber wheel impregnated in

abrasive particles (e.g Al2O3 or SiO2) reduces surface
roughness to level 0.10 to 0.15 µm.

• Final polish Tripoli and rouge on rag wheel. The final

surface roughness -0.05 µm.
FINISHING OF STAINLESS STEEL CROWNS

• Smoothened and polished with a

cloth or chamois wheel on the
dental lathe, using Tripoli polishing
agent and jeweler’s rouge (iron
oxide) .

• Debris from the finishing process,

accumulated inside the crown, can
be removed with a wet cotton
swab.
RECENT ADVANCES

AIR ABRASION

NANOPARTICLE
INCORPORATION

76
 AIR ABRASIVE TECHNOLOGY

• Alternative to rotary instrument

cutting.

• High pressure stream of 25-30µm

Al2O3.

• ‘Air polishing’- controlled delivery of

air, water and Sodium bicarbonate
slurry.

77
Uses

• Cavity preparation
• Removal of defective restorations
• Endodontic access through porcelain crowns
• Minimal preparation to repair crown margins
• Superficial removal of stains
• Roughening of internal surfaces of indirect
porcelains or composite restorations
78
Application Of Nanotechnology In
Abrasives
• Nano silica abrasives

• Particle size of nano silica ranges from 10-90nm and is

spherical in shape.

• It has been reported that polishing with nano-silica

provides high polishing and low surface roughness . Also
polishing of teeth with nano silica helps in prevention of
damage caused by cariogenic bacteria.
 Biological hazards of the finishing
procedure

• Aerosols – silica based

materials (smaller than 5µm)
• Silicosis or grinders disease

• Precautions -adequate water

spray, suction, eye gear,
facemasks, proper ventilation

80
 Precautions
• Heat generation during cutting and contouring ,
finishing and polishing procedures is a major
concern.

• To avoid adverse effects to the pulp, cool the

surface using air water spray and intermittent
contact.

81
 Methods to assess the effectiveness
of finishing systems and devices
The most common to asses the effectiveness of finishing and polishing
system and devices on dental restorative materials include aided and
unaided visual evaluation

a. Profilometer
b. Optical microscope
c. SEM ( scanning electron microscope )
d. Reflectometer
 Review of literature

• The objective of this study was to compare both qualitatively and

quantitatively the effects of 4 chairside polishing kits (Exa Technique,
Acrylic Polisher HP blue, AcryPoint, Becht Polishing Cream) and
conventional laboratory polishing (Universal Polishing Paste for Resins and
Metals, Lesk Polishing Liquid) on 3 different types of acrylic resins:
autopolymerizing, heat-polymerizing, and injected heat-polymerizing resin
materials.
• Conventional laboratory polishing was found to produce the smoothest
surface of denture base acrylic resin.
• Chairside silicone polishing kits produced a significantly smoother surface
of acrylic resin than specimens polished with a tungsten carbide bur.

Kuhar M et al, Effects of polishing techniques on the surface roughness of

acrylic denture base resins, J Prosthet Dent, 2005;93(1):76-85
Methods Of Polishing Adjusted Porcelain Advocated By Various Authors
• Sulik and Plekavich 1981- Hard rubber wheelwet pumicewet tin oxide
• Klausner et al 1982- Diamond paste and the pumice/whiting.
• Zalkind et al 1986- Sandblasting with aluminum oxide before refiring.
• Haywood et al 1988, 1989- Instruments which progressively decrease in particle size
(series of finishing grit diamonds) 30 fluted carbide bur and diamond polishing paste.
• Goldstein 1989- Cups and points made by Shofu
• Haimondo et al 1990- Shofu kit diamond paste.
• Jagger and Harrison 1994- Series of sandpaper disks of increasing fineness (Soflex)
and rubber points (Shofu).

• Author suggests- hybrid points with fine grade 15 micron diamond grit
• Dura-white stones;
• Silicone rubber points;
• Silicon rubber cups used in conjunction with a fine grade 2 mm diamond polishing
paste

Glazing and Finishing Dental Porcelain: A Literature Review Ahed Al-Wahadni

84
• To find out the correlation between the roughness of diamonds
and roughness created on dentin after tooth preparation & to
measure the surface roughness of dentin after tooth preparation
with different grit sizes of diamond rotary instruments

• There is positive correlation (r = 0.93) between the roughness of

diamonds and roughness created on the dentin
• Selection of correct grit size and their correct sequence for
tooth preparation has an influence on the surface characteristics

• So completion of the tooth preparation with a finishing bur

appeared to be the method of choice if a smooth tooth
preparation surface is preferred

The effect of grit size of diamonds on the dentinal surface : Dr.

Shivangi Sinha
 Finishing and
polishing techniques
are important in
preparing clinically
successful
restorations .
Clinically it is easier
to control the rate A definite sequence
of abrasion by speed should be adopted
rather than the in finishing and
pressure. Care must polishing of each
be taken to avoid CONCLUSION restoration Finishing
over finishing and polishing begin
margins and with coarse
contours of abrasives and end
restorations and to with fine abrasives
avoid over heating. The process of
abrasion is affected
by properties of the
abrasive and the
material being
abraded. 86
 REFERENCES

 Anusavice, Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 12th edition,

2012, Elsevier publications, Florida, Pp 231-254
 Hatrick Eakle Bird Dental Materials 2nd Edition p 143-156
 Craig . Powers and Wataha, Dental Materials, Properties
and manipulation, 8th edition,2005, Elsevier publications,
India , Pp 110-28
 Mahalaxmi Textbook of Dental Materials

87
 REFERENCES

Kuhar M et al, Effects of polishing techniques on the surface

roughness of acrylic denture base resins, J Prosthet Dent,
2005;93(1):76-85

 The effect of grit size of diamonds on the dentinal surface : Dr.

Shivangi Sinha

Glazing and Finishing Dental Porcelain: A Literature Review

Ahed Al-Wahadni

88
THANK YOU

89