Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Surveying J - Component Project, (20bce0210)
Surveying J - Component Project, (20bce0210)
(CLE-1003)
1|Page
Vellore Institute of Technology
A Project on
“AREA OF FIELD BY DIFFERENT METHODS”
For
Submitted By:
ABHISHEK KUMAR
REG. NO: 20BCE0210
MR. SAIRAM V
(SCE)
July, 2021
2|Page
Contents
1.) Certificate
2.) Acknowledgement
3.) Introduction
4.) Theory: Area of Field by Different methods
a) Mid- Ordinate Rule
b) Average Ordinate Rule
c) Simpson’s Rule
d) Trapezoidal Rule
5.) Source Code
6.) Output Obtained
7.) Examples
8.) Limitations and Suggestions
9.) References
3|Page
Certificate
This to certify that the Project entitled, “Area of Field by
Different methods” is a bonafide work of Mr. ABHISHEK
KUMAR (20BCE0210) persuing B.Tech in School of Computer
Science Engineering in partial fulfillment of VIT’s Winter
Semester 2020-21 and has been carried out under the supervision
and guidance of Mr. SAIRAM V (SCE).
Signature of Faculty
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my faculty
SAIRAM V for their able guidance and support in completing this project
and also our course coordinator, who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic “Area of Field by Different methods”,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know so
many new things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parent’s and friends who helped
me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
I am taking this project not only for marks but to increase my knowledge
and explore myself.
ABHISHEK KUMAR
20BCE0210
4|Page
INTRODUCTION
********
5|Page
Theory
The main objective of the surveying is to compute the areas
and volumes.
Generally, the lands will be of irregular shaped polygons.
There are formulae readily available for regular polygons like,
triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons.
But for determining the areas of irregular polygons, different
methods are used.
Earthwork computation is involved in the excavation of
channels, digging of trenches for laying underground
pipelines, formation of bunds, earthen embankments, digging
farm ponds, land levelling and smoothening. In most of the
computation the cross sectional areas at different interval
along the length of the channels and embankments are first
calculated and the volume of the prismoids are obtained
between successive cross section either by trapezoidal or
prismoidal formula.
Calculation of area is carried out by any one of the following
methods:
a) Mid-ordinate method
b) Average ordinate method
c) Trapezoidal rule
d) Simpson’s rule
6|Page
“AREA OF FIELD BY MID-ORDINATE RULE
USING C++”
h1,h2,……..hn = mid-ordinates
Mid-ordinate rule:
H1 = (0+2.50)/2 = 1.25
H2 = (2.50+3.50)/2 = 3.00
H3 = (3.50+5.00)/2 = 4.25
H4 = (5.00+4.60)/2 = 4.80
H5 = (4.60+3.20)/2 = 3.90
H6 = (3.20+0.00)/2 = 1.60
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n, d;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;
cin >> n;
cout<<"Enter the common distance: "<<endl;
cin >> d;
cout<<"Enter the " << n <<" ordinates: "<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<n ; i++){
cin >> ordin;
o.push_back(ordin);
}
float height;
float hh=0;
for(int i=0; i<n-1 ; i++){
height = o[i] + o[i+1];
hh+=(height/2);
cout << "h[" << i+1 << "]: " << height/2 << endl;
}
cout << "h[" << n << "]: " << o[n-1]/2 << endl;
cout <<"Required Area: " << (hh + o[n-1]/2) * d ;
return 0;
}
8|Page
OUTPUT:
9|Page
“AREA OF FIELD BY AVERAGE-ORDINATE
RULE USING C++”
The rule states that (to the average of all the ordinates taken at each of
the division of equal length multiplies by baseline length divided by
number of ordinates).
Problem 2:
The following perpendicular offsets were taken at 10m interval
from a survey line to an irregular boundary line.
9, 12, 17, 15, 19, 21, 24, 22, 18
Calculate area enclosed between the survey line and irregular
boundary line.
Area = [(O1+ O2+ O3+ …. + O9)*L]/(n+1)
= [(9+12+17+15+19+21+24+22+18)*8*10]/(8+1)
= 1395.56 meter sq.
10 | P a g e
///***SOURCE CODE***///
//**********AVERAGE-ORDINATE RULE***********//
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main()
float n, d ,N;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cin >> n;
o.push_back(ordin);
cout<<endl;
11 | P a g e
cout << "Enter number of equal parts in which base line is divided " <<
endl;
cin >> N;
cin >> d;
float hh=0;
cout << "o[" << i+1 <<"] : " << o[i] <<'\n';
hh += o[i];
cout << "The required lenght of baseline: " << baseline << '\n';
n=N;
return 0;
12 | P a g e
OUTPUT:
13 | P a g e
“AREA OF FIELD BY TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
USING C++”
While applying the trapezoidal rule, boundaries between the ends of ordinates
are assumed to be straight. Thus the areas enclosed between the base line and
the irregular boundary lines are considered as trapezoids.
Let O1, O2, …..On=ordinate at equal intervals, and d= common distance
between two ordinates.
To the sum of the first and last ordinate, twice the sum of intermediate ordinates
is added. This total sum is multiplied by the common distance. Half of this
product is the required area.
Problem 3:
The following offsets were taken at 15 m intervals from a survey line
to an irregular boundary line
3.50, 4.30, 6.75, 5.25, 7.50, 8.80, 7.90, 6.40, 4.40, 3.25 m
Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the irregular
boundary line, and the offsets, by the trapezoidal rule.
Solution: the trapezoidal rule
Required area
=15/2{3.50+3.25+2(4.30+6.75+5.25+7.50+8.80+7.90+6.40+4
.40)}
= 15/2{6.75+102.60} = 820.125 sq. meter
14 | P a g e
///***SOURCE CODE***///
//***********TRAPEZOIDAL RULE*************//
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main()
{
float n, d , nn;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;
cin >> n;
//************Displaying the Ordinates*****************//
o.push_back(ordin);
cout<<endl;
}
cout <<" The required area of field using Trapezoidal Rule: "
<< (d/2)*(o[0]+o[n-1]+2*hh) << "meter sq.";
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
16 | P a g e
“AREA OF FIELD BY SIMPSON’S RULE USING
C++”
In this rule, the boundaries between the ends of ordinates are assumed to form
an arc of parabola. Hence Simpson’s rule is sometimes called as parabolic rule.
Refer to figure:
Let
O1, O2, O3= three consecutive ordinates
Here,
= 2/3* eE*2d
17 | P a g e
= d/3(O1+4O2+O3)
∆2 = d/3(O1+4O2+O3) and so on
Problem 4:
The following offsets are taken from a chain line to an irregular boundary
towards right side of the chain line.
18 | P a g e
///***SOURCE CODE***///
//***********SIMPSON'S RULE***************//
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main()
{
float n, d , nn;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;
cin >> n;
o.push_back(ordin);
cout<<endl;
}
float hh=0;
float ff=0;
for(int i=1; i<n-1 ; i+=2){
hh += o[i];
}
for(int i=2; i<n-2 ; i+=2){
ff += o[i];
19 | P a g e
}
for(int i=0 ; i < n ; i++){
cout << "O["<<i+1<<"]: "<< o[i]<<endl;
}
//******Calculating area of field using formula************//
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
20 | P a g e
LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
REFERENCES:
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=128295
http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/surveying-and-levelling/different-
methods-for-the-calculation-of-areas-in-surveying/
*****************
21 | P a g e