Gramàtica essencial

Trobareu explicacions gramaticals més detallades al Grammar Workshop, Student’s Book, pàgines 114–133.

Temps verbals
TEMPS o FORMA USOS
ESTRUCTURA Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa
Present I/You/We/They work. I/You/We/They do not (don’t) Do I/you/we/they • dades i estats
simple He/She/It works. work. work? • hàbits i accions que es repeteixen
He/She/It does not (doesn’t) Does he/she/it work? • verbs d’estat
work.
Present I am (’m) working. I am (’m) not working. Am I working? • accions que passen en aquest
continuous He/She/It is (’s) He/She/It is (’s) not working. Is he/she/it working? moment
working. • situacions temporals
You/We/They are (’re) not Are you/we/they
• amb valor de futur, per aplans i
You/We/They are (’re) working. working? activitats organitzades
working.
Present I/You/We/They have I/You/We/They have not Have I/you/we/they • situacions actuals que van començar
perfect (’ve) worked. (haven’t) worked. worked? en el passat
simple He/She/It has (’s) He/She/It has not (hasn’t) Has he/she/it • experiències passades, sense
worked. worked. worked? especificar quan es van produir
Present I/You/We/They have I/You/We/They have not Have I/you/we/they • accions repetides que afecten el
perfect (’ve) been working. (haven’t) been working. been working? present
continuous He/She/It has (’s) He/She/It has not (hasn’t) Has he/she/it been • una acció repetida recent que influeix
been working. been working. working? en el present
• l’explicació d’una acció o un fet del
passat
Past simple I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They did Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ • accions acabades o fets del passat
They worked. not (didn’t) work. they work? • fets que es van repetir en el passat
• estats del passat
Past I/He/She/It was I/He/She/It was not (wasn’t) Was I/he/she/it • accions que es donaven en un
continuous working. working. working? moment determinat del passat
You/We/They were You/We/They were not Were you/we/they • accions passades interrompudes per
working. (weren’t) working. working? uns altres fets del passat
Past perfect I/You/He/She/It/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They had Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ • estats o accions anteriors a uns altres
simple We/They had (’d) not (hadn’t) worked. they worked? fets del passat
worked.
used to I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They did Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ • hàbits o situacions del passat que ja
They used to work. not (didn’t) use to work. they use to work? no són certs en l’actualitat
would per I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They would Would I/you/he/she/it/ • hàbits o situacions del passat que ja
a hàbits del They would (’d) not (wouldn’t) work. we/they work? no són certs en l’actualitat
passat work.
will amb I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • prediccions o opinions sobre el futur
valor de futur They will (’ll) work. not (won’t) work. they work? • decisions espontànies
be going to I am (’m) going to I am (’m) not going to Am I going to work? • prediccions basadas en certeses
amb valor de work. work. Is he/she/it going to • plans i intencions
futur He/She/It is (’s) going He/She/It is (’s) not going to work?
to work. work. Are you/we/they
You/We/They are (’re) You/We/They are (’re) not going to work?
going to work. going to work.
Future I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • accions futures que es donaran al
continuous They will (’ll) be not (won’t) be working. they be working? llarg d’un període de temps
working. • accions de futur ja planificades
Future I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will Will I/you/he/she/it/ • esdeveniments o accions que
perfect They will (’ll) have not (won’t) have been we/they have been s’hauran acabat en un moment
simple been working. working. working? concret

Gramàtica essencial 119

 Per a ordres o instruccions indirectes, no s’utilitza say, sinó
Proposicions de relatiu tell + complement (+ not) + to + infinitiu.
PRONOM RELATIU USOS ‘Be quiet!’ ➞ The teacher told us to be quiet.
which / that referència a objectes
who / that referència a persones Estil indirecte: verbs introductoris
whose expressió de possessió VERB ESTIL INDIRECTE
ADVERBI RELATIU USOS declare suggest verb + proposició encapçalada per that
when referència temporal explain insist He declared that he loved her.
where referència espacial say recommend
invite order verb + objecte + to + infinitiu
PROPOSICIÓ DE FORM USOS tell He told her to sit down.
RELATIUA agree offer verb + to + infinitiu
Proposició She’s the girl informació essencial promise She offered to pay for the
especificativa who helped sobre el substantiu del tickets.
me. qual va darrere apologize (for) verb + forma en –ing
Proposició explicativa The girl, who información addicional, suggest She apologized for being late.
was very no essencial, sobre el
clever, helped substantiu del qual va Preguntes indirectes 
me. darrere
En la forma interrogativa de l’estil indirecte, l’ordre és
Omissió del pronom relatiu  diferent del de les preguntes directes. També canvia el temps
verbal, com a la forma afirmativa de l’estil indirecte.
El pronom relatiu es pot ometre si no constitueix el subjecte Verb + subjecte (pregunta directa).
de la proposició de relatiu especificativa.
‘How tall are you?’ he asked.
That’s the DVD (that / which) Soledad bought.
Subjecte + verb (pregunta indirecta).
He’s the man (that / who) I was telling you about.
He asked me how tall I was.
Sovint s’ometen els relatius who, which i that en la llengua
parlada. Whose no es pot ometre mai. Verbs modals
Estil indirecte: temps verbals VERB MODAL
(o estructura relacionada)
USOS

ESTIL DIRECTE ESTIL INDIRECTE can / can’t • descriure capacitat

Present simple Past simple could / couldn’t
He said, ‘I watch TV.’ He said he watched TV. be able to / not be able to
Present continuous Past continuous must • expressar certesa
He said, ‘I am watching TV.’ He said he was watching TV. may / may not (NO PAS • expressar possibilitat
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple mayn’t)
He said, ‘I have watched TV.’ He said he had watched TV. could / couldn’t
Past simple Past perfect might / mightn’t
He said, ‘I watched TV.’ He said he had watched TV. can’t • expressar impossibilitat
will would have to / don’t have to • expressar obligació
He said, ‘I will watch TV.’ He said he would watch TV. need to / needn’t
can could must (NO PAS mustn’t)
He said, ‘I can watch TV.’ He said he could watch TV. should / shouldn’t • aconsellar
ought to / oughtn’t to • fer recomanacions
must have to
mustn’t • expressar prohibició
He said, ‘I must watch TV.’ He said he had to watch TV.
VERB MODAL COMPOST USOS
say i tell must have + participi passat expressar certesa en el passat
can’t have + participi passat expressar impossibilitat en el
Els verbs say i tell, que introdueixen l’estil indirecte, tenen el passat
mateix significat, però es fan servir d’una manera diferent.
may / might have + participi expressar possibilitat en el
– say (+ that) + estil indirecte. passat passat
– tell + complement indirecte (+ that) + estil indirecte. could have + participi passat suggerir una acció passada
The policeman said (that) they arrested the burglar. alternativa
The policeman told me that they had arrested the burglar. should have + participi passat criticar una acció passada

120 Gramàtica essencial 

La veu passiva Infinitiu i forma en -ing
TEMPS VERBAL VEU ACTIVA VEU PASSIVA VERBS USOS
Present simple open is opened admit finish només amb la forma en -ing
Present continuous is opening is being opened avoid imagine
Present perfect has opened has been opened can’t stand mention
can’t imagine miss
Past simple opened was opened
consider practise
Past continuous was opening was being
don’t mind report
opened
enjoy suggest
Past perfect had opened had been opened
afford hope només amb to + infinitiu
will will open will be opened
agree learn
be going to is going to open is going to be arrange manage
opened ask pretend
attempt promise
Veu activa ➞ veu passiva choose seem
decide want
Quan es passa una frase de la veu activa a la veu passiva, expect
l’objecte es converteix en subjecte de la nova oració.
begin love amb l’infinitiu o amb la forma en
Activa: The driver opened the door. like prefer -ing
subjecte verb objecte hate start

La forma en -ing amb funció de substantiu 

subjecte verb (by + agent) La forma en -ing pot fer la funció de substantiu, sovint com a
subjecte de la frase.
Passiva: The door was opened (by the driver).
Living in a capital city can be very expensive.
Ús de la veu passiva
Oracions condicionals
La veu passiva emfatitza l’acció (= el verb) per damunt de qui
FORMA USOS
la fa (= l’agent).
De primer grau fets possibles o probables en el
if / unless + present simple, futur
El causatiu will + infinitiu
El causatiu s’utilitza per descriure accions que algú o alguna O
cosa porta a terme per nosaltres. will + infinitiu if / unless +
present simple
He had his shoes cleaned. (= Ell no es va netejar les De segon grau situacions hipotètiques ara o en
sabates.) if + past simple, would + el futur
infinitiu
El causatiu es construeix amb have / get + objecte + participi O
passat. would + infinitiu if + past
simple
Have i get poden aparèixer en qualsevol temps verbal, però
De tercer grau fets hipotètics del passat
get se sol fer servir en frases menys formals. Igual que en la
if + past perfect, would have
veu passiva, by + agent es pot ometre si no s’especifica qui o + participi passat
què fa l’acció. O
would have + participi passat
if + past perfect

Gramàtica essencial 121

 Phrasal Verbs (verbs amb partícula)
PHRASAL VERB PRONUNCIACIÓ DEFINICIÓ
ask out /ˌɑːsk ˈaʊt/ demanar una cita a algú
break into /ˌbreɪk ˈɪntə/ entrar en un lloc per la força

break up with /ˌbreɪk ˈʌp wɪð/ tallar amb algú

bring in /ˌbrɪŋ ˈɪn/ introduir una nova llei, etc.

bring up /ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp/ criar i cuidar-se d’un nen o una nena

bump into /ˌbʌmp ˈɪntə/ trobar-se amb algú per casualitat

call round /ˌkɔːl ˈraʊnd/ visitar algú a casa seva
carry out /ˌkæri ˈaʊt/ dur a terme una tasca, un estudi, etc.

catch on /ˌkætʃ ˈɒn/ fer-se popular o posar-se de moda

chop up /ˌtʃɒp ˈʌp/ tallar a trossets, picar

come across /ˈkʌm əkrɒs/ trobar alguna cosa per casualitat

come along / go along /ˌkʌm əˈlɒŋ/ /ˌɡəʊ əˈlɒŋ/ acompanyar algú

come round / over /ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ /ˈəʊvə(r)/ visitar algú en un lloc

come together (as a group) /ˌkʌm təˈɡeðə(r)/ ajuntar-se amb altres persones per crear un grup unit

cover up /ˌkʌvər ˈʌp/ encobrir errors o accions il·legals d’altres persones

cut out /ˌkʌt ˈaʊt/ deixar de menjar, d’utilitzar o de fer alguna cosa

dish up /ˌdɪʃ ˈʌp/ emplatar menjar

dress up /ˌdres ˈʌp/ mudar-se, posar-se roba elegant o especial

drop off /ˌdrɒp ˈɒf/ deixar algú en algun lloc

eat out /ˌiːt ˈaʊt/ menjar fora (en un restaurant, en una cafeteria, etc.)

end up /ˌend ˈʌp/ trobar-se en un lloc, una situació, etc.

feel like /ˈfiːl ˌlaɪk/ venir de gust prendre o fer alguna cosa

find out /ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/ descobrir, obtenir informació preguntant, llegint, etc.

get on /ˌɡet ˈɒn/ pujar a un autobús, tren, etc.

get on (well) with /ˌɡet ˌɒn (ˈwel) wɪð/ avenir-se amb algú

get over /ˌɡet ˈəʊvə(r)/ superar una situació o un fet del passat

give back /ˌɡɪv ˈbæk/ tornar alguna cosa al seu amo o mestressa

give up /ˌɡɪv ˈʌp/ cedir, oferir una cosa nostra a una altra persona

go ahead /ˌɡəʊ əˈhed/ seguir, avançar en alguna cosa

go away /ˌɡəʊ əˈwei/ anar-se’n (de casa) durant un temps

go back /ˌɡəʊ ˈbæk/ tornar a un lloc

go off /ˌɡəʊ ˈɒf/ passar-se (el menjar)

go on /ˌɡəʊ ˈɒn/ continuar fent alguna cosa

go out /ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt/ sortir de casa

go out with /ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt wɪð/ sortir amb algú com a parella

go through /ˌɡəʊ ˈθruː/ experimentar alguna cosa

go with /ˈɡəʊ wɪð/ combinar amb alguna cosa

go without /ˌɡəʊ wɪˈðaʊt/ passar sense alguna cosa, no tenir alguna cosa

hand out /ˌhænd ˈaʊt/ donar, lliurar alguna cosa a algú

122 Phrasal verbs 

PHRASAL VERB PRONUNCIACIÓ DEFINICIÓ
have round /ˌhæv ˈraʊnd/ invitar algú a casa nostra

hear of /ˈhɪər ɒv/ descobrir alguna cosa perquè algú ens l’ha explicat

join in /ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/ participar en una activitat amb altres persones

kick off /ˌkɪk ˈɒf/ començar (una reunió, un acte, etc.)

let on /ˌlet ˈɒn/ explicar un secret a algú

listen out for /ˌlɪsn ˈaʊt fɔː(r)/ estar preparat per sentir / escoltar alguna cosa

look after (yourself) /ˌlʊk ˈɑːftə(r)/ tenir cura d’alguna cosa, d’algú, etc.

look for /ˈlʊk fɔː(r)/ buscar

look into /ˌlʊk ˈɪntə/ analitzar alguna cosa

meet up with /ˌmiːt ˈʌp wɪð/ reunir-se amb algú

own up to /ˌəʊn ˈʌp tə/ reconèixer la nostra responsabilitat en alguna cosa

pack out (the streets / square) /ˌpæk ˈaʊt/ omplir de gent (els carrers / una plaça)

pick at /pɪk æt/ picar, menjar en petites quantitats

pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ agafar i alçar alguna cosa o algú

pig out /ˌpɪɡ ˈaʊt/ afartar-se de menjar

pull on /ˌpʊl ˈɒn/ posar-se (unas botes, uns pantalons, etc.)

pull over /ˌpʊl ˈəʊvə(r)/ decantar-se a un costat de la carretera amb el cotxe

put on (a show) /ˌpʊt ˈɒn/ fer una representació davant dels altres

put up /ˌpʊt ˈʌp/ col·locar alguna cosa on es vegi

put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/ suportar, acceptar alguna cosa o algú sense protestar

rip off /ˌrɪp ˈɒf/ estafar algú

run over /ˌrʌn ˈəʊvə(r)/ atropellar algú amb el cotxe

see through /ˌsiː ˈθruː/ no abandonar una tasca, etc. fins a haver-la fet

set off (fireworks) /ˌset ˈɒf/ preparar els focs artificials perquè explotin

set up /ˌset ˈʌp/ parar una trampa a algú per fer-lo semblar culpable

sniff around /ˌsnɪf əˈraʊnd/ ensumar, mirar d’obtenir informació sobre algú o alguna cosa

square up /ˌskweər ˈʌp/ preparar-se per enfrontar-se a algú

stamp out /ˌstæmp ˈaʊt/ eliminar alguna cosa

stand up for /ˌstænd ˈʌp fɔː(r)/ donar suport a algú o defensar-lo

stand up to /ˌstænd ˈʌp tə/ enfrontar-se a una mala situació, no acceptar-la d’entrada

stay in /ˌsteɪ ˈɪn/ quedar-se a casa, no sortir

swallow up /ˌswɒləʊ ˈʌp/ absorbir, utilitzar alguna cosa fins a acabar-la

take (time) off /ˌteɪk ˈɒf/ agafar-se temps lliure a l’escola o a la feina

take out /ˌteɪk ˈaʊt/ treure diners, etc. d’un compte, etc.

tell off /ˌtel ˈɒf/ renyar algú perquè ha fet alguna cosa malament

touch on /ˈtʌtʃ ɒn/ tocar un tema sense entrar en detalls

turn up /ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/ arribar a un lloc, aparèixer, presentar-se

warm up /ˌwɔːm ˈʌp/ escalfar un menjar

whip up /ˌwɪp ˈʌp/ preparar ràpidamente un menjar

wrap up /ˌræp ˈʌp/ embolicar-se amb roba d’abric

Phrasal verbs 123

 Verbs irregulars
INFINITIU PAST SIMPLE PARTICIPI PASSAT
be /biː/ was / were /wɒz/, /wɜː(r)/ been /biːn/
bear /beə(r)/ bore /bɔː/ borne /bɔːn/
beat /biːt/ beat /biːt/ beaten /ˈbiːtən/
become /bɪˈkʌm/ became /bɪˈkeɪm/ become /bɪˈkʌm/
begin /bɪˈgɪn/ began /bɪˈgæn/ begun /bɪˈgʌn/
bend /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/
bet /bet/ bet /bet/ bet /bet/
bite /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /ˈbɪtn/
bleed /bliːd/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/
blow /bləʊ/ blew /bluː/ blown /bləʊn/
break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ broken /ˈbrəʊkn/
bring /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/
burn /bɜːn/ burned, burnt /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/ burned, burnt /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/
catch /kætʃ/ caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/
choose /tʃuːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /ˈtʃəʊzn/
come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/
cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/
cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/
dig /dɪg/ dug /dʌg/ dug /dʌg/
do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/
draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/
dream /driːm/ dreamed, dreamt /driːmd/, /dremt/ dreamed, dreamt /driːmd/, /dremt/
drink /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/
drive /draɪv/ drove /drəʊv/ driven /ˈdrɪvən/
eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/ eaten /ˈiːtən/
fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/
feed /fiːd/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/
feel /fiːl/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/
fight /faɪt/ fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/
find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/
fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/
forbid /fəˈbɪd/ forbade /fəˈbeɪd/ forbidden /fəˈbɪdn/
forget /fəˈget/ forgot /fəˈgɒt/ forgotten /fəˈgɒtn/
forgive /fəˈgɪv/ forgave /fəˈgeɪv/ forgiven /fəˈgɪvn/
freeze /friːz/ froze /frəʊz/ frozen /ˈfrəʊzən/
get /get/ got /gɒt/ got /gɒt/
give /gɪv/ gave /geɪv/ given /ˈgɪvn/
go /gəʊ/ went /went/ been / gone /biːn/, /gɒn/
grow /grəʊ/ grew /gruː/ grown /grəʊn/
hang /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/
hear /hɪə(r)/ heard /hɜːd/ heard /hɜːd/
hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/
hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/
hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/
keep /kiːp/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/
know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/
lead /liːd/ led /led/ led /led/
learn /lɜːn/ learned, learnt /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/ learned, learnt /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/
leave /liːv/ left /left/ left /left/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/
lie /laɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lain /leɪn/
light /laɪt/ lit /lɪt/ lit /lɪt/

126 Verbs irregulars

INFINITIU PAST SIMPLE PARTICIPI PASSAT
lose /luːz/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/
make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
mean /miːn/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/
meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
pay /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/
put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/
read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/
ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪdn/
ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
rise /raɪz/ rose /rəʊz/ risen /ˈrɪzn/
run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/
say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/
see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/
sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
shake /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /ʃeɪkn/
shine /ʃaɪn/ shone /ʃɒn/ shone /ʃɒn/
shoot /ʃuːt/ shot /ʃɒt/ shot /ʃɒt/
show /ʃəʊ/ showed /ʃəʊd/ shown /ʃəʊn/
shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/
sing /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/
sink /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/
sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/
sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
smell /smel/ smelled, smelt /smeld/, /smelt/ smelled, smelt /smeld/, /smelt/
speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkn/
spell /spel/ spelled, spelt /speld/, /spelt/ spelled, spelt /speld/, /spelt/
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
spill /spɪl/ spilt /spɪlt/ spilt /spɪlt/
spin /spɪn/ spun /spʌn/ spun /spʌn/
split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/
spoil /spɔɪl/ spoiled, spoilt /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/ spoiled, spoilt /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/
spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
spring /sprɪŋ/ sprang /spræŋ/ sprung /sprʌŋ/
stand /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/
steal /stiːl/ stole /stəʊl/ stolen /stəʊlən/
stick /stɪk/ stuck /stʌk/ stuck /stʌk/
sting /stɪŋ/ stung /stʌŋ/ stung /stʌŋ/
sweep /swiːp/ swept /swept/ swept /swept/
swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/
swing /swɪŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/
take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkn/
teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/
tear /teə(r)/ tore /tɔː/ torn /tɔːn/
tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
think /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/
throw /θrəʊ/ threw /θruː/ thrown /θrəʊn/
understand /ʌndəˈstænd/ understood /ʌndəˈstʊd/ understood /ʌndəˈstʊd/
wake /weɪk/ woke /wəʊk/ woken /wəʊkn/
wear /weə(r)/ wore /wɔː(r)/ worn /wɔːn/
win /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ written /ˈrɪtn/

Verbs irregulars 127