English

Grammar and
Exercises 1
This four-book coursc pf graded grammar cxcri lien itiitit t»»
develop the pupils' understanding of the Kugllih grummiMii ill
system atw ork.B ook 1 is planned for pupil in theii ililt«I v« t»i
o f learning English as a second language and the nrrlt * uki i tin mi
up to middle level. Grammatical terminology in um <1
sparingly and exercises have been so (ran in I 11lit I tin iwuu*
pupil can do them largely independently of dir ic*u her I hvii
m any examples. The aim of the exerciscx is in pim lut» I'nulUh
that is not only grammatically correct bin vvhii li ttUo l«»•*1 ,tinl
sound natural.

IN h N HI
I s x o l u f l v t l y d l i t r l U u t * r l In Mr 11 a n k a l*y
S n i ' n n n v l I m m » l « « - I »» » j * I p v i i i I • •I

PEARSON
© 30 StanleyIhllolw ii mIik*M nwniim N muhi) imIh
Tale: 8B2B 10,0?QUIl;l, 020130, O H llMMn
T h is edition It m tn u fto tu re d In India snd Mi r ]
authorized for Hale only in India. ftanulada«h
Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri I anka and the Muiiii •<« h
M l
English -f
Grammar and
Exercises 1

M ajful

L. R. H.,Chapman

iiw S X

LONGM AN
 >

© L.R.H. Chapman 1964

This edition is published by arrangement with Pearson Education, Ltd.

A ll rights reserved. No part o f this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission o f the publishers.

ISBN 81-7808- 195-4

First Indian Reprint,1999
Second Indian Reprint, 2000
Third Indian Reprint, 2000
Fourth Indian Reprint, 2001
Fifth Indian Reprint,2002
Sixth Indian Reprint, 2003
Seventh Indian Reprint, 2004
Eighth Indian Reprint, 2004
This edition is manufactured in India and is authorizedfor sale only
in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the
Maldives.

Published by Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Indian Branch,

482 F.I.E. Patparganj, Delhi 110 092
, India

Printed in India by Saurabh Printers Pvt. Ltd.

Distributed in Sri Lanka By

sa ra sa vi bookshop Cpvt] ltd
30 Stanley Thilakaratne Mawatha, Nugegoda
Tele: 852519, 820983, 820230, 074-304546
T o the Teacher

This book, the first o f a series, is intended for pupils w ho are in

their second year o f learning English as a foreign language, and
who began English at approxim ately i o - i i years o f age. Such,
pupils have already some acquaintance w ith the gram m ar o f their
mother-tongue and need, in the present writer’s opinion, gram ­
m atical foundations to the English they learn to understand by
ear and by eye, to speak, and to write in each year o f study. It
is believed that the laying o f these foundations can and should
begin in the second year o f study.
T h e gram m ar in this book is functional, its aim being to
develop pupils’ ability to use English correctly, w ith some under­
standing, naturally limited by their small knowledge o f the
lai guage, o f the gram m atical system at work. T he gram m atical
forms and structures which are taught, and the vocabulary used
in examples and exercises, apart perhaps frbm a few words (and
these are common words), are all such as are norm ally met by
pupils in their first year o f English. T h e exercises have been
framed so that average pupils can do them without entire depen­
dence on the teacher. T h ey should be done orally and/or in
w riting; m any are arranged in sets, w ith the intention that one
set can be done orally, and another in writing. Throughout the
book, the attempt has been made to use irf examples, and to produce
from pupils in the exercises, English which is not only gram m atically
correct, but which also (within the limits imposed by elementary
syntax and a small vocabulary) could be said and written naturally
and in real situations by native English speakers.
Understanding o f the examples, and ability to do .the exer­
cises w ith understanding o f their meaning, will be the pupils’
ch ief profit from this book. T h ey must learn some gram m atical
terms, though these are used sparingly. T h ey must also be given
some gram m atical explanations, but teachers should note that
it is often impossible to express these in English which beginners
can understand, and they will therefore find it necessary to render
many o f these explanations in sthe pupils’ language. Similarly,
instructions on how to do exercises must sometimes be translated.
The attention o f teachers is called to one more point. T he
grammatical treatment is not exhaustive: there is, for example,
much more to be learnt about ‘uncountable’ Nouns and the uses
o f ‘shall’ and ‘will’ than this book contains. But it seems wiser to
reveal grammatical truth a little at a time, and it is proposed in
subsequent books to expand the treatment o f grammar begun here.
L .R .H .C ,
Contents

1. T he verbs am, is, are 1

2. Nouns 2
3. The verbs am not, is not, are not 3
4. Plural Nouns (1) 4
5. Questions with the verbs am, is, are 6
6. Plural Nouns (2) ^
7. T he Present Continuous Tense (1) 11
8. The Present Continuous Tense (2) J4
9. Proper Nouns
10. Adjectives .
11. The Present Continuous Tense. (3) 21
12. Subject Pronouns 25
13. The verbs have, has 28
14. have got, has got— Questions .3°
15. have got, has got— Negative Sentences 32
16. Object Pronouns 33
17. Nouns without Plurals 3®
18. T he Present Tense (1) 39
19. T he Present Tense (2) 42
20. Possessive Forms 44
21. The Present Tense (3) 47
22. Possessive forms o f Pronouns 5°
23. Comparative Adjectives 52
24. The Present Tense and the Present Continuous Tense 55
25. T he Future Tense 57
26. Superlative Adjectives 60
27. The Possessive form with of 63
28. can, cannot 65
29. T he Adverb 67
30. must, must not 69
i. The verbs am, is, are

Learn the Present Tense:

I am ■W e are
Y o u are Y ou are
H e is
She is T h ey are
It is

Put am, is, or are in the spaces:

1. T h e window ___ open.
2. Cats ___ small animals.
3. I ___ in the classroom.
4. W e ___ pupils.
5. T h e baby __ — in bed.
6. Y o u ___ a teacher.

1. T h e book* ,___ on the table.

2. I ___ a pupil.
3. M y father ___ a good m an.
4. W e __ in the classroom.
5. T h e door __ _ shut.
6. T h e camel ___ a big animal.

1. T h e children ___ in the garden.

2. I ___ in school now.
3. T h e chair behind the table.
4. Cam els ___ bjg animals.
5. M y mother ___ at home. .
6. T h e windows ___ shut.
2. Nouns

W h a t are nouns?

1. N ouns are words for persons, like these:

b oy, teacher, child, father, pupil, doctor.
2. N ouns are words for things and places, like these:
book, chair, pen, school, cinem a, garden.
3. N ouns are words for anim als and other living things, like
these:
cat, cam el, dog, fish, bird, tree.

H ere are 18 nouns:

donkey, bab y, policem an, car, house, hen, w om an, pencil,

m ouse, anim al, girl, field, flow er, brother, w indow , city,
spldier, horse. '. -

Six o f them are words for persons, six are words for things or
places, and six are words for anim als and other living things.
Put them under the right headings:

PERSONS THINGS OR PL A C E S ANIMALS AND OTHER

LIVING THINGS

H ere are 20 words. O n ly 12 o f them a re nouns. Find the nouns

and w rite them.

m other, table, big, are, blackboard, m an, tw o, door, box,

classroom, bed, the, tree, open, sister, desk, in, shut, bird,
behind.

2
3. Th e verbs am not, is not, are not

L earn the Present T en se N egative. T h e N egative is m ade b y

ad din g not.

I am not W e are not

Y o u are not Y o u are not
H e is not
She is not T h e y are not
It is not

P ut am not, is not, or are not in the spaces:

1. A tjiipf a grind man.
2. G e mels ___ small anim als
3- T an old m an (Woman).
4- M y hands dirty
5* T h e poor m an
hap p y
6. W e in the cinem a now.

i. T h e mouse _ ..... a b 'g anim al

2. I ... . a teacher.
3- We at hnmp nnw
4- It ......... cold in summer.
5- M y face dirty.
nppn cv erv day.
6. T h e shops

M ake true sentences:

a boy. boys.
a girl. girls.
I a^i a m an. W e arc men.
I a n i riot a w om an. W e are n ot wom en.
a pupil, pupils.
a teacher. teachers.
4- Plural Nouns (i)

T h e Plural o f most Nouns is made by adding s to the Singular

SINGULAR PLURAL

door d o o rs

cat c a ts

boy boys

b ir d b ir d s

book books

T h e Plural o f a cat is cats:

Singular: A cat is an animal.
Plural: Cats are animals.

M ake these sentences P lu ra l:

1. A pupil is not a teacher.
2. A hen is a bird.
3. H e is a doctor.
4. She is a pretty girl.
5. Here is a pen and a pencil.
6. A camel is a big animal.
7. A n egg is white.
8. There#is a car behind you.
9. A donkey is bigger than a cat.
10. A lazy boy is not a good pupil;

4
T h e Plural o f the window is the windows:
Singular: T h e window is shut.
Plural: T h e windows are sh u t

M ake these sentences P lu ra l:

1. T h e classroom is clean.
2. T h e teacher is not here every day.
3. T h e boy is in the garden.
4. T h e door is open.
5. T h e shop is shut today.
6. T h e book is on the desk.
7. W here is the key?
8. T h e pupil is not in the classroom.
9. T h e field is green.
jo. T h e car is in the street.

M ake these sentences Plural. Rem em ber:

SINGULAR PLURAL

a cat cats

the window the windows

1. There is a bird on the tree.

2. T h e soldier is on a horse.
3. There is’a m ap on the w all o f the classroom.
4. It is a picture o f a flower.
5. T lje teacher o f English is a good teacher, y
6. T h e book is in a cupboard.
7. T h e lesson is an English lesson.
8. There is an egg in the basket.
9. T h e cow is in a field.
10. W here is the key o f the door?
5* Questions with the verbs am, is, are

Learn the question form o f the Present Tense. Questions are made
by putting the verbs first:
Am I? A re w e?
A re you? A re you?
Is he?
Is she? A re they?
Is it ?

M ake questions from these rtiixed words:

Example: your hands / or dirty / are / clean
Question: A re your hands clean or dirty ? '
(Do not forget the capital letter and the question mark.)
1. near the school / your home / is
2. shut I the windows / are
3. your books / are / in your desk
4. is I in bed / the baby
5. or brown / your shoes / are / black
6. every day / is / this shop / open
1. camels / or small animals / are / big
2. in your bag / your ruler / is
3. open I this school / is / at night
4. all the pupils / here today / are.
5. at home / your mother / is
6. good I are / or bad / those eggs

M an y questions begin with Is there a or Are there any, for exam ple:
Is there a cinema in this street?
Answers: Yes, there is. No, there is not.
f
A re there any pupils in the playground?
Answers: Yes, there are. N o, there are not (none).
M ake questions like these from these mixed w;ords:
there f in the cupboard / are f any books
2. on the w all / is / .a m ap / there
3. in this village / there / a school / is
4. are / in this book j any pictures / there
5. any flowers 1
there / are / in the garden
near this school / a river / there | is

are / on the tree j any apples / there

there / in this classroom / is / a cupboard
are / in the field / any horses / there
behind your house / there / a garden j is
any cars / are / in the street / there
a window / is / there /. near the blackboard

T h ere are m any questions like this:

/ How m any books are there on the table ?
oAorf answer: T h e re are six.
L.ong answer: There are six books on the table.

M ake questions to which these are the long answers:

1. There are thirty pupils in this class.
2. There are three bedrooms in the house.
3. T here are seven days in a week.
4. There are two schools in this village.
5. There are twenty pencils in the box.
6. T here are twelve eggs in the basket.
7. T here are four chairs in the room.
8. T here are three rulers on the floor.
9. T h ere are six words on the blackboard.
10. T h ere are four maps on the w all

7
 Plural Nouns (2)

T h e Plural o f some Nouns is made by adding es (pronounced

iz) to the Singular.
Learn: SINGULAR PLURAL

bus buses
class classes
glass glasses
w atch watches
box boxes

T h e Plural o f Nouns like baby (ending in y with a consonant

before it) is made by changing y into ies.
Learn: sin g u la r p l u r a l

b ab y babies
city cities
lady ladies

Some Nouns have different Singular and Plural forms.

Learn : SINGULAR PLURAL

man men
woman women
child children
foot feet
tooth teeth
kpife knives
thief thieves
mouse m ice
Say and write how m any there are in the pictures. T h e first one
is done for you.

I 2 *

O n e glass.
CO

f p l g

5
00

9 i o

1 2 ® ®

11
m m

9
Choose the right word:
1. T h e baby has only one (tooth, teeth).
2. There are m any (class, classes) in a big school.
3. London and C airo are (city, cities).
4. He goes to school in a (bus, buses).
5. T h e (child, children) are in the garden.
6. There is a (policeman, policemen) in the street.

1. London is a big (city, cities).

2. There are a lot o f (bus, buses) in the street.
3. T h e old man has only three (tooth, teeth).
4. There are thirty pupils in this (class, classes).
5. T h e w om an has only one (child, children).
6. T here are m any (policeman, policemen) in London.

1. She is a rich (lady, ladies).

2. Some (man, men) are fat.
3. A (thief, thieves) is not a good man.
4. T h e (woman, women) has two sons.
5. There are six (lady, ladies) in the shop.
6. T h a t (man, men) is a doctor.
7. There are two (woman, women) and one man in the car.
8. Those two men are (thief, thieves).

10
7. The Present Continuous Tense (i)

Look at this picture and sentence:

f) <~i ^P\

T h e teacher is standing near the blackboard N O W , w hile the

pupil is saying the sentence. T h e teacher continues to stand near
the blackboard w hile the pupil is speaking.

W e call is standing the Present Continuous Tense, It is made w ith:

is + stand + ing
V erbs have stems, like flowers, stand is the stem o f the verb, we
add ing to it, and m ake standing.

Learn the Present Continuous Tense o f stand'.

NEGATIVE QUESTION

I am standing. I am not standing. A m I standing?

Y o u are standing.
He is standing.
She is standing.
It is standing.
W e are standing.
Y o u are standing.
T h ey are standing.
Y o u are not standing. Are you standing?
H e is not standing. Is he standing ?
She is not standing. Is she standing ?
It is not standing. Is it standing ?
W e are not standing. A re we standing ?
Y o u are not standing. Are you standing?
T h ey are not standing. Are they standing ?

11
Oral Exercise
Practise saying the Present Continuous Tense (with N egative and
Question forms) o f these verb stems:
go drink eat ju m p play w alk clim b fall

Answer (orally and/or in writing) the questions about the pictures.

Use the verb stems in brackets.

x. W h at is the girl doing ?

She —_ — ____ _ a book, (read)

2. W h a t are the boys doing?

T h ey ___ _______ football.
(play)

3. W hat is the teacher doing?

He _ _______ the blackboard.
(clean)

4. W h at are the cats doing?

T h ey ___ _______ the tree.
(climb)

12
 W h a t is the man doing ?
H e I S --------- --- an apple, (eat)

6. W h at are the children doing?

T h e y Q z Q _____ __ across the road, (walk)

Put the Present Continuous Tense in the spaces in each sentence.

Use the verb stems in brackets. (The teacher should first check
the pupils’ understanding o f these verb stems, i f necessary.)
1 . T h e horse __________over the w all, (jum p)
2. I ■ _______ English now. (learn)
3. T h e wom an _ ______ _ her baby- (carry)
4. , T h e boys ------ ------------ to school, (go)
5 / T h e old m an _ _______ a cup o f tea. (drink)
6. T w o policemen ___ _______ outside the bank.
(stand)

The servant — — _ the floor, (wash)

The men ------ — _ a house, (build)
The plane — ----- to London, (fly)
The c h i l d r e n ------ in the garden. (play)
The thief — ------ the w indow, (open)
The teacher — _ _ English, (teach)

13

1
8. The Present Continuous Tense (2)

I f the verh stem ends witfy the letter e, the Present Continuous
Tense is made like this:

S T E lil P R E SE N T CONTINUOUS TENSE

com e I a m c o m in g , e tc. NO e
d r iv e ' I a m d r iv in g , e tc.
g iv e I a m giving, e t c .
liv e I a m liv in g , e tc.
m ake I a m m a k in g , e tc.
r id e I a m r id in g , e tc .
w r ite I a m w r itin g , e tc .

W rite these sentences, putting Present Continuous Tenses in the

spaces. Use the verb stems in brackets.

i. T h e boy a bicycle, (ride)

it T h e soldiers ____ _____ in tents, (live)
3; I' ------- — —i— a letter, (write)
4. T h e doctor *— — ___ __a car (drive)
5. T h e children — _ __ ___ home from school.
(come)
6. T h e teacher — . — ------- - an English lesson, (give)
7. T h e carpenter _L — ______ a ' table, (make)

I f a short verb stem ends with the letter m, n, ar t (with a

short vowel sound before it), the Present Continuous T en se is
m ade like this :
 STEM PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

dig I a m d ig g in g , e tc. gg
s w im I a m s w im m in g , e tc . mm
ru n I a m r u n n in g , e t c . nn
cu t I a m c u ttin g , e tc. tt
get I a m g e ttin g , e tc. tt

put I a m p u ttin g , e tc . tt

shut I a m s h u t t in g , e t c . tt

sit I a m s it t in g , e t c . tt

W rite these sentences, putting Present Continuous Tenses in the

spaces. Use the verb stems in brackets.
1. We ___ ; in the classroom, (sit)
2. I ' ' _____ _ the books into the cupboard, (put)
3. The woman _ ' the bread w ith a knife, (cut)
4. The boys ___ _______ in the river, (swim)
5. The old m an _ _______ out o f the bus. (get)
6. The little girl _ _______ to school, (run)
7. The servants ____ _______ the windows, (shut)

15
9. Proper Nouns

Names o f real persons and places are called Proper Nouns. They
M U S T begin with a capital letter:

Names o f real persons:

Boys or men: Jack, Ahm ad, Bob, Yusef, Tom , Ali.
Girls or women: M ary, Hala, Jane, Fatma, Ann, Abla.

Names o f real places:

Countries:, England, Egypt, India, China, France, America.
Cities: London, Cairo, Paris, New York, Beirut, Tokyo.

T h e days o f the week, and the months o f the year, arte Proper
Nouns, and M U S T begin with a capital letter:

Sunday, M onday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,

Saturday.
January, February, M arch, April, M ay, June, July, August,
September, October, November, December.

Read these sentences, and notice the Proper Nouns, which begin
with a capital letter:

1. T he Queen o f England has a palace in London.

2. The R iver Nile is in Africa.
3. The name Ahm ad is the name o f an Arab.
4. There are many Englishmen in India.
5. It is very cold in Russia in December and January.
6. The capital o f France is Paris.

16
W rite these sentences again, using capital letters for the Proper
Nouns. The number o f Proper Nouns in each sentence is put in
brackets.
I. M y friend ali is going to france in april. 3
( )
2. T he shops in london are shut on Sunday. (2)
3 -It is very hot in cairo in ju ly and august. 3
( )
4. T he plane is flying from beirut to paris. (2)
5- M y friend jack is an engiishman. '(2 )
6. Her sister m ary is living in america. (2)
io. Adjectives

A djectives are words w hich tell us som ething about Nouns. Look
at the sentence under the picture:

T h is is a big car.
big is an A d jective. It tells us som ething about the N oun car.
W e can w rite this sentence in another w a y:
T h is car is big.

L earn these A d jectives:

fat thin rich poor youn g old tall short

S ay or w rite 2 sentences like these about each picture:

1. T h is is a fat man.
2. T h is m an is fat.

18
i 9
In Lesson 4 we learnt:
SINGULAR PLURAL
a cat cats
the window the windows

W e follow the same w ay if there is an Adjective before the N ou n :

SINGULAR PLURAL
a fat boy fat boys
the fat boy the fat boys

Learn these Adjectives:

good bad clean dirty black red gold little pretty

C opy these words, and put them in the Plural. Numbers 1 and 2
are done for you.
SINGULAR PLURAL
I.a bad tooth bad teeth
2. the gold watch the gold watches
3- a good teacher
4. the clean glass
5- a black cat
6. a dirty foot
7- the red pencil
8. a little child
9- the pretty flower

20
n. The Present Continuous Tense (3)

Negative Sentences and Questions

Look at these 2 sentences:

The girl is standing on a chair.

She is not standing on a table.

Complete the following sentences in the sarhe w ay:

. 1.

T he pupil the blackboard.

He _ - n ] ot cleaning the floor.

2.
T he two boys riding bicycles.
T hey are ___ horses.

-3 j
T he man ___ his face.
He _ washing his feet.

4-
T he woman walking up the hill.
She _ • down the hil

5-
T he pupils in the classroom.
T hey sitting in the cinema.

21
 6.
T h e wom an _ opening the window.
She _ ___ _______ the door.

7-
T h e man _ _____ a car.
He _ ___ driving a bus.

8.
T h e children going home.
T h ey ___ _____ to school.

; 9
T h e horse _ jum ping over a gate.
1
It _ ___ _______ over a wall.

10.
T h e boy _ _______ an apple.
He ^ ___ eating an egg.

Look at this question and answer:

W here is the boy swimming?
In the river.

22
Com plete the following questions. Begin each w ith Where. Here
are the 5 verb stems which you must u se:
write go stand put sit

1.
the baby
O n the floor.

2.
are the boys
T o school.

- 3
_ the teacher
In the cupboard.

_ the pupil
O n the blackboard.

the two girls

Under the tree.

Look at this question and answer:

W hat is the boy eating ?
A n apple.

23
r
Com plete the following questions. Begin each with What. Here
are the 5 verb stems which you must use:
I
ride build wash clean drink

1.
_____ _ the man
His shoes.

2.
_____ are the soldiers
Horses.

3-
_____ _ the cat
M ilk.

4-
__ ,__ _ the girl _______ ?
Her hands.

n
_____ ___ the men _______ ?
A wall.

24
12. Subject Pronouns

Pronouns are words which we use instead o f Nouns. Look at

these pairs o f sentences:
T h e teacher is in the classroom.
He is writing on the blackboard.

He in the second sentence is a Pronoun. It is used instead o f the

Noun teacher. It is better to say or write He than to say or write
again The teacher.

T h e Woman is in a shop. She. is carrying a bag.

She in the second sentence is a Pronoun. It is used instead o f the
Noun woman.

T h e book is on the table. It is an English book.

It in the second sentence is a Pronoun. It is used instead o f the
Noun book.

Th e cat is in the. kitchen. It is drinking milk.

It in the second sentence is a Pronouni It. is used instead o f the
Noun cat. So we see that the Pronoun it can be used for things
like book or animals like cat.

25
 T h e boys are in the playground.
They are playing football.

T h e women are in the shop.

They are buying shoes.

The mice are in the kitchen.

They are eating the bread.

The books are in the cupboard.

They are English books.

They is a Pronoun. It is used instead o f boys (or men), women (or

girls), animals like mice, and things like books.

Now look at these pairs o f sentences:

1. The man is kicking the donkey. He is a bad man.
2. The donkey is kicking the man. It is a bad donkey.

In the first pair o f sentences, The man is the Subject. He is doing

something. He is kicking the donkey. So He is a Subject Pronoun.

In the second pair o f sentences, The donkey is the Subject. It is

doing something. It is kicking the man. So It is a Subject Pronoun.

The Subject Pronouns a re:

SINGULAR PLURAL
I We
You You
He They
She They
It They

26
Put Subject Pronouns in the spaces in the second o f each pair of
sentences:
1. T he window is open. ___ is not shut,
2. The policeman is standing in the street. _ is a tall
man.
3. The pencils are in the box. _____ are red pencils.
4. The girl is at home. ___ is cooking.
5. The plane is in the air. _ is flying to London.
6. The birds are on the tree. _____ are singing.
7. The doctor is a rich man. _ is driving a big car.
8. The teacher is a woman. ___ is teaching the little
children.

1. The children are in the garden. _____ are playing.

2. The woman is poor. ___ . is living in a little house.
3. The horse is in the field. _ is eating the grass.
4. T he shops are shut today. _____ are not open.
5. The fisherman is catching fish. _ is in a boat.
6. The girl is in bed. __ _ is sleeping.
7. The key is not in the desk. _ is in the box.
8. I am sitting beside (Name). _ are friends.

27
13. The verbs have, has

Learn the Present Tense:

SINGULAR PLURAL

I have W e have
Y o u have Y o u have
H e has
She has . T h ey have
It has

Put have or has in the spaces:

A cam el ___ four legs.
2 I _____ ten fingers.
3 T h e b ab y ___ two teeth.
4 T h e old m an ___ white hair.
5 Donkeys _____ big cars.
6 T h e poor wom an ___ : five children.
7 Some dogs ______ long tails.
8 M r. and Mrs. Brown ____ _ one son.

have got and has got have the same m eaning as have and has. I f
you put have or has correctly in the spaces above, the sentences
w ill be good English. T h ey would also be right if you put have got
or has got.

Note to the teacher: There is a difference between the first and second set of 8
sentences. In the first set, the Object in each sentence is a part of the Subject:
four legs are a part of a camel; white hair is a part of the old man, etc. In the second
set, the Object in each sentence is a thing or things belonging to the Subject:
the pencils belong to the pupils-, the car belongs to the doctor, etc. It is not possible to
make a rule, but it seems more usual to say have got or has got when one is speaking
of belongings which are not a physical part or parts of the possessor(s).
P ut have got or has got in the spaces:
I. A ll the pupils p e n r ik

2. T h e doctor ............. . a n fw ra r

8- M y father a jrn lrl w a t r h

4- A li and his brother ' n P w sh n p s

P
T - apen and a pencil in m y pocket;
6. We ............... some pretty flowers in the garden.
7- T h e rich w om an _ a lo t nf rlresses
8. M y brother ..... a h iry rle

29
Wf

14. have got, has got

Questions
In questions, have got and has got are much, more com m on than
have and has only, so we w ill learn and use these question form s:
SINGULAR PLURAL
H ave I got ? H ave we got ?
H ave you got? H ave you got?
Has he got ?
Has she got? H ave they got?
Has it got?

Look at these questions and the short answers to them. Notice

that got is not used in the answers.
H ave you got a clean handkerchief? Yes, I have.
Has the teacher got a car? No, he has not.

M ake questions from these mixed words. D o not forget the capital
letter and the question mark.
t« rulers / got / all the pupils / have
2. the girl | has / a new dress / got
3. got I in your pocket / have / any money / you
4. has I the key / got / the teacher
5. a bicycle^/ got / has / the policeman
6. on their heads / have / got / the children / hats
7. got I your brother / has / a w atch
8. have / guns / the soldiers / got

Look at the picture, and read the question and answer about it.

W h at has the teacher got in his hand ?

A stick.

30
M ake questions about the pictures from these mixed words. T h e
answers are given.

the cat I got / w hat / in its m outh / has ■fataR**

A mouse.

2.
has I on her fingers / the wom an / w hat / got
Rings.

3
-
got I the boy / w hat / has / in his hand
A bird.

on their heads / w hat / got / have / the women

W ater pots.

what I these two girls / have / got

New watches.

6. v
has I w hat / on its back / got | the donkey-
A big bag.
15. have got, has got

Negative Sentences

Learn these N egative forms, which are very commonly used:

SINGULAR PLURAL
I haven’t got W e haven’t got
Y o u haven’t got Y o u haven’ t got
H e hasn’ t got
She hasn’t got T h ey haven’t got
It hasn’t got :

Learn how haven't and hasn't are m ade and written:

have or has and not are joined, and the letter o o f not is left
out. T h e apostrophe is put in the place o f the letter o.

Put haven't got or hasn't got in the spaces:

,.iV i* T h e poor b o y _________ ___ _ a bicycle.
2. W e _______, ___ a holiday today.
3. T h e little girl _______ _— _ a w atch.
4. I _______ ___ the key o f the door.
5. Ahm ad _____ ______ any ink in his pen.
6. T h e poor children _______ ____ shoes.

1. T h e baby ft.____ mm— . m uch hair.

2. I __- m any flowers in m y garden.
3. T h e fishermen _______ __ - big nets.
4. J ack v- ___ a lot o f money.
5. A small school __ ___ — ___ a big playground.
6. T h e pupils y ______ __,— any paper.

32
16. O bject Pronouns

In Lesson 12 we learnt and used Subject Pronouns. Lopk again

at this sentence:
T h e man is kicking the donkey.

The man is the Subject o f the sentence, because he. is doing the
action. So, instead o f The man, we can use the Subject Pronoun
He, and say:
He is kicking the donkey.

the donkey is the O b ject o f the sentence. T h e donkey is not doing

anything. So, instead o f the donkey, we can use the O b ject Pronoun
it, and say:
H e is kicking it.

Look again at this sentence from Lesson 12:

T h e donkey is kicking the man.

In this sentence, The donkey is the Subject, so we can use the

Subject Pronoun it (the O b ject Pronoun is the sam e). the man is
the O bject. H e is not doing anything. So, instead o f the man, we
can use the O b ject Pronoun him, and make the sentence:
It is kicking him.

Here are the Subject and O bject Pronouns:

SINGULAR PLURAL
Subject Object Subject Object
I me we us
you you you you
he him
she her they them
it it

33
A . Say or write the following sentences again, asing O bject
Pronouns instead o f the words in italics.

1. The policeman is running after the thief.

2. T he teacher is cleaning the blackboard.
3. The boys are riding bicycles.
4. The doctor is looking at the girl.
5. Please open the windows.
6. T he woman is carrying a bag.
7. T h e servant is washing the little girl.
8. T he children are standing near the old man.

B. Put O bject Pronouns in the spaces:

,1. The soldiers are riding horses. T h ey are riding _____
up the hill.
2. W e are learning English. T h e teacher is teaching _
English.
3. The teacher has got a lot o f books. He is putting ____ _
in the cupboard.
4. T he little girl is drinking milk. She is drinking _ from
a glass.
5. He is sitting beside the girl, and looking at ___
6. T he woman is taking the little boy to the hospital. She is
carrying ___ in her armsl
7. I am a pupil, and the teacher is teaching _ English.
8. The servant is washing the floor. She is washing _
with soap and water.

C . Put the right Subject Pronoun in the first space, and the right
O bject Pronoun in the second space:
1. T he boy is writing on the blackboard.
_ is writing on _ with chalk.
2. T he woman is opening the windows.
___ is not shutting “ _
3. Jack is sitting in front o f M ary.
__ is not sitting behind ___ .

34
4. The men are building a wall.
are building — with bricks.
5. T he doctor has got a boy in his car.
__ is taking , to the hospital.
6. T he children are eating apples.
are eating ...^ - in the garden.

35
17- Nouns without Plurals

W hen we say a cat or an egg, we mean one cat or one egg. W e

can say three cats, five eggs, etc.’, because we can count cats or
eggs.

But w e C A N N O T say a milk, because this would mean one milk.

W hat is one milk? W hat are two milks? These questions have no
sense and cannot be answered, because w e cannot count milk.

W e can use the N oun milk in these w a y s:

The milk is in the ju g.
T h e cat is drinking milk.
T h e girl is drinking a glass o f milk.
There is a drop o f milk on the table.
There are two bottles o f milk in the kitchen.

W e learn from these sentences that:

We can use the Noun milk w ith the.
We can use it without the.
We can N E V E R use it w ith a.
We can N E V E R say milks.
W e cannot count milk, but we can co u n t:
drops o f m ilk, glasses o f milk, bottles o f milk, jugs o f m ilk, etc.

H ere are 9 other Nouns like milk:

ink, coffee, tea, water, bread, chalk, paper, soap, money.

Put one o f these 9 Nouns into each sp ace:

1. T h e poor m an has gOt no _____ in his pocket.
2. T h e teacher is w riting on the blackboard w ith _____
3. T h e servant is washing the floor with _____ and

36
 4. Jack is drinking _____ , but M ary is drinking
5. T h e children are eating _____ 1 and butter.
6. T h e ___ in this botde is red.
7. T h e pupils are writing, on __

Here are some ways o f using Nouns w ithout Plurals:

a piece o f soap pieces o f chalk
a piece o f paper cups o f coffee
a glass o f w ater bottles o f ink
a lot o f money

Use these 7 ways to complete the following sentences:

1. There are only three —_t____ ._________in the
chalk box.
2. T h e rich man has got _ ___ __, _ v ,
3. T h e men are drinking __ _ _ _______ , , but the
little boy is drinking _____ _ _____ .
4. T h e pupil is writing on __ _____ __ ____ _ .
5. There are twenty _______ _ __,_ in the cup­
board in the classroom.
6. She is washing her hands w ith _ _____ '

Nouns without Plurals are often used w ith the word no in front
o f them. In the first exercise in this lesson, we had the sentence:
T h e poor m an has got no money in his pocket.

Here is another sentence o f the same k in d :

T h ere is no milk in the kitchen.

37
Com plete these sentences, using in each/ no and one o f these
7 N oun s:
bread, chalk, ink, paper, soap, tea, water.

1. T h e pupils have _ _____ to write on.

2. There is _ _____ in this little river in the summer.
3. I have got _ ___ in m y pen.
4. There is _ _____ in the chalk box.
5. T h e poor children have __ __ __ to eat.
6. There i s _______ _ in the bathroom.
7. W e are drinking coffee, because we have _ ___
18. The Present Tense (i)

In Lesson 7, w e learnt that verbs have stems. W e use the stem of

the verb to make the Present Tense:
Stem— drink

PRE SE N T TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
I drink W e drink
Y o u drink Y o u drink
H e drinks
She drinks T h ey drink
It drinks

s is added to the stem after the Pronouns he, she, and it, or after
Nouns for which these Pronouns are u sed:
H e drinks
T h e man drinks
T h e boy drinks
She drinks
T h e girl drinks
T h e wom an drinks
It drinks
T h e cat drinks

Practise saying (fairly quickly) the Present Tense o f these verb

stems, or o f some o f them :
stand, sit, eat, play, jum p, walk, run, clim b, come, live, swim.

W e can learn the m eaning o f the Present Tense, and When to use
it, from these sentences:
1. Jack walks to school every morning.
2. T h e teacher rides to school on a bicycle.

39
 3. W e learn English at school.
4. Doctors work hard.
5. Donkeys eat grass.
6. I go to bfed at ten o’clock.
7. T h e boys play football every afternoon.
8. M y m other cooks every day.

These sentences show that we must use the Present Tense to

describe actions which happen regularly, every morning, every
afternoon, every day, etc. For exam ple:
Jack walks to school every morning.

A n d the second sentence means that the teacher regularly rides

to school on a bicycle.

W e must also use the Present Tense to describe actions which are
always or generally true. For exam ple:
Doctors work hard.

Choose the right verb in each sentence from the two verbs in
brackets:
• / i. M ary (run, runs) to school every morning.
2. W e (speak, speaks) English in the English lesson.
3. T h e rich m an (live, lives) in a big house.
4. I (drink, drinks) a glass o f milk every morning.
- j 5. M y father (read, reads) the newspaper every day.
6. M y father (give, gives) me pocket-m oney every week.
7. Cats (eat, eats) mice.
8. A teacher (work, works) hard.
,9 . I (clean, cleans) m y t^eth three times a day.
10. T h e shopkeeper (open, opens) his shop at nine o’clock.

Look at this sentence:

I like apples, but m y brother likes oranges.

40
Com plete the following sentences in the same w ay. U se one of
these verb stems in each sentence:
walk, come, write, live, drink, play.
I. I _____ w ith a pen, but m y little brother
w ith a pencil.
2. I tea, but m y little brother milk,
3- I - on two legs, but a horse on four
legs.
4. I _ in a house, but a king ---- in a palace.
5- I - w ith a ball, but m y sister __ w ith a
doll.
6. I _ to school early, but T om always
late.

Learn this:
es is added to some verb stems after the Pronouns he, she, and it,
or after Nouns for which these Pronouns are used.
V E R B S TEMS

go
He goes
do
H e does
wash
H e washes
catch
H e catches
teach
H e teaches
She goes She does She washes She catches She teaches
I t goes It does It washes It catches It teaches

Learn this also:

W hen a verb stem ends w ith the lettery , w ith a consonant before it,
the Present Tense after the Pronouns he, she, and it, or after
Nouns for which these Pronouns are used, is made like this:
V erb stem fly V erb stem carry
He flies He carries
She flies She carries
It flies It carries

41
19. The Present Tense (2)

Negative Sentences

Here is the N egative o f the Present Tense o f the verb stem drink :
SINGULAR PLURAL
I do not drink W e do not drink
Y o u do not drink Y o u do not drink
H e does not drink
She does not drink T h ey do not drink
It does not drink

T h e N egative is m ade in this w ay:

do or does + not + verb stem drink

Practise saying (fairly quickly) the Present Tense N egative o f

these, or o f some o f these verb stems:
stand, sit, eat, ju m p, walk, run, clim b, go, swim, come, carry.

Look at these sentences:

'' T h e little girl drinks milk. She.rfow not drink coffee.
I live in a house. I do not live in a palace.

F ill in the spaces, and make sentences like those above:

y\. W e sleep at night. W e _ ___ _____ in the
daytime.
2. T h e soldier rides a horse. H e ___ ___ _____ a
donkey.
3 T h e boy _____ in the garden. H e ___ ___
play in school.
4. Fishermen catch fish. T h ey _, ___ _____ animals.

42
5. M a ry ___ to school every day. She ___ ____ go
to the cinema every day.
6. W e speak English in the English lesson. W e __ ___
_____ English at home.

1. M r. Brown ______ English. H e ___ ___ _ teach

French.
2. A good pupil works hard. A lazy pupil ■ ___
_____ hard.
3. I see m y father every day. I _ ___ __. the
doctor every day.
4. T h e doctor _____ a car. H e ___ ___ drive a
bus.
5. W e learn English at school. W e _ ___ _____
French, i;;,'
6. Cats eat m ice. T h ey _ ___ ___ dogs.

43
20. Possessive Forms

Look at this sentence:

T h e doctor has a new car.

T h e sentence means that the doctor possesses a new car, that the
car belongs to him. W e can also say:
T h e doctor’s car is new.

doctor’s is the Possessive form o f the Singular Noun doctor. We

make the Possessive form by adding 's (apostrophe s) to the
Singular Noun. W e use this Possessive form for persons and
sometimes for animals. Here are some examples:
T h e boy’s bicycle T h e d og’s tail
T h e teacher’s book T h e lion’s teeth
M y father’s shoes T h e cat’s eyes

Look at these two sentences:

T h e boy has a dirty face.
T h e boy’s face is dirty.

Com plete the following sentences in the same w ay by using the

Possessive form o f the Noun. T h e first sentence is done for you.
T h e girl has a pretty dress.
T h e girl’s dress is pretty.
2 ^ T h e old man has white hair.
is white.
3. M ary has red shoes.
_____ _____ are red.
4. T h e king has a beautiful palace.
is beautiful.
5. A li has a new bicycle.
is new.

44
 6. T h e cat has green eyes.
___ _____ _____ are green.
7. M y dog has a long tail.
___ _____ _____ is long.
<_&r— T h e lion has sharp teeth.
____ _____ _____ are sharp.

Now look at these two sentences:

T h e pupils have clean hands.

T h e pupils’ hands are clean.

pupils' is the Possessive form o f the Plural N oun pupils. W e make

it by adding an apostrophe to the Plural Noun. So the Singular
and Plural Possessive forms are:

SINGULAR PLURAL
p u p il’ s p u p il s ’
b o y’s b oys’
te a c h e r’s te a ch e rs’
c a t’s c a ts ’
lio n ’ s lio n s ’

Complete the second sentence in each o f the following pairs of

sentences by using the Possessive form o f the Plural N oun as in
the second sentence above:
r/t. A ll the girls have new dresses.
A ll ___ _____ _______ are new.
2. T h e teachers have a room near the playground.
__ _ _________ _____ _ is near the playground.
3. A ll the soldiers have white horses.
A ll ___ ______ __ _______ are white.
4. T h e pupils have rulers on their desks.
___ ______ _ _______ are on their desks:
5. T h e servants have a bedroom near the kitchen.
___ _____ ___ _______ is near the kitchen.
6. Donkeys have long ears.
_____1__ _____ . are long.

45
 7- Some boys have blue eyes.
Some --------- —------- are blue.
Jr Some dogs have short tails.
Some _____ ____ *. are short.

In Lesson 6 we learnt that some Nouns have different Singular

and Plural forms. W e make the Possessive form o f these: Nouns
b y adding ’s (apostrophe s) to the Singular A N D to the Plural
Noun.

SINGULAR PLURAL
m an’s men’s
w om an’s wom en’s
child’s children’s
policem an’s policemen’s
fisherman’s fishermen’s

Com plete the second sentence in each o f the following pairs o f

sentences by using the Possessive form o f the Singular or o f the
Plural Noun:
Those children have dirty faces.
Those _________ *_____ are dirty.
T h e woman has a very tall son.
___ _______ ___ is very tall.
T h e fishermen have an old net.
------- ---- -------------- , is old.
T h e child has a new toy.
__ _i____ ___ is new.
T h a t man has a very big nose.
T h a t _____ _____ is very big.
Some women have short hair.
Some ____ I___ _____ is short.
A ll the men have black hats.
A ll __ _ ■ ;:■ -__ --- are black.

46
21. The Present Tense (3)

Questions

These are the question forms o f the Present Tense o f the verb
stem drink:

SINGULAR PLURAL
D o I drink? D o w e drink?
D o you drink? D o you drink?
Does he drink ?
Does she drink ? D o they drink?
Does it drink?

Present Tense questions are made in this w ay:

do or does + Subject (Noun or Pronoun) + verb stem

Notice that the verb stem (and also in N egative sentences) does
N O T change. It is always drink.

Practise saying (fairly quickly) the Present Tense question forms

o f these, or o f some o f these verb stems :
go, rnmp w alk, run, cl^mb, carry, see, work, sleep, live.

Put Do or Does in the spaces:

1. . ; you live in a palace ?
2. __J— your father give you pocket-m oney?
3. / you clean your teeth every m orning?
4. _____ pupils take their books hoihe ?
5. _ a dog drink coffee? ....
6. 1 - policemen work at night?
7. ___ i J ack come to school early or.late?.
8 . the servant wash $he, ftopr e^leny day?'*
 1. _you like oranges or apples ?
2. _your mother cook every d ay?
3. _I teach you English or French?
4. _you see your father every day ?
5 . babies eat a lot o f m eat?
6. _M a ry go to the cinem a every w eek?
7. _the doctor drive a car?
8. _boys or girls p lay football ?

M ake questions from these m ixed w ord s:

Example: coffee / do you / in the m orning / drink / or tea
Question: D o you drink coffee or tea in the m orning ?

(Do not forget the capital letter and the question mark.)
1. work hard / lazy men / do
2. on a bicycle / does / to school / come / the teacher
3. after school / you / do / go home
4. English I speak / your father / does
5. go to bed I little children f do / early or late
6. does I in a little house / live / the king
7. you I in a bus / go / do / to school
8. his teeth / J ack / e v e r y d a y / clean / does

Look at this question and the answers to it :

W here does the Q ueen o f England live ?
Short answer: In London.
Full answer: She lives in London.

Com plete the following questions. Begin each w ith Where. T h e

full answers are given.
1. - ■; ______ your friend _____ ?
H e sits at the back o f the class.
2. __ you English?
W e learn English at school.

48
 3- ■ the rich man .__ _ hism oriey?
He puts it in a bank.
4. pupils ____ _ ?
T h ey play in the playground.
5. ' - - . the doctor _____ ?
He works in the hospital.
6. - ■ _ fishermen _____ fisji?
T h ey catch fish in the sea.

Look at this question and the answers to i t :

W hen do you wash your hands and face?
Short answer: In the morning.
Full answer: I wash them in the morning.

Complete the following questions. Begin each w ith When. The

full answers are given.
1. -v ____ _ your father ___ __ ?
H e gets up at six o ’clock.
2. <mm you __ — ___ - ?
I go to bed at ten o’clock.
3. _ _____ your father _____ ___ ****. ?
H e comes home in the evening.
4. __ _ you ___ __ your clothes?
I put| them on in the morning.
5. L _____ the first lesson __ _____ ?
It begins at eight o’clock.
6. - ■
' __ the boys _____- ---------------- ?
T h ey play football on Saturday afternoon.

49
22. Possessive Forms of Pronouns

W e learnt in Lesson 20 the Possessive forms o f Nouns. Pronouns

have Possessive forms also. T he following sentences are written
in two ways, (a) with the Possessive form o f the Noun, and (b)
w ith the Possessive form o f the Pronoun used instead o f the Noun.

I. (a) The man’s hair is white.

(b) His hair is white.
2. (a) The girl' s dress is pretty.
(b) Her dress is pretty.
3 (a)
- The cat's eyes are green.
(b) Its eyes are green.
4. (a) The men's shoes are dirty.
(b) Their shoes are dirty.
5 - (a) The women's dresses are new.
(b) Their dresses are new.
6. (a) Donkeys' ears are long.
(*>) Their ears are long.

From these sentences we can learn the Possessive forms o f the

Subject Pronouns (see Lesson 12) he, she, it, and they. W e learnt
the O b ject Pronouns in Lesson 16, so we can now make a list o f
the 3 forms o f the Pronouns we have learnt:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Subject Object Possessive Subject Object Possessive
I me my we us our
you you your you you your
he him his
she her her they them their
it it its

N otice that the Plural form o f he, she, and it is they; that the Plural
form o f him, her, and it is them; and that the P lural form o f kis,
her, and its is their.

50
Put his, her, its, or their in place o f the Nouns in the Possessive
form (in italics):
1. The king's palace is very beautiful.
2. The lion's teeth are sharp.
3. Jack's little brother does not go to school.
4. The girts mother is cooking in the kitchen.
5. The pupils' books are on the desks.
6. T h e child is pulling the cats tail.
7. Mary's father is a doctor.
8. T h e teachers are sitting in the teachers' room.

1. T h e servant is washing the girPs dress.

2. W here is the bird’s nest?
3. The children's hands and faces are clean.
4. Ahmad?s father is a teacher.
5. W hefe does Mary's sister live ?
6. Women's hair is long.
7. T here are two boys on the donkey's back.
8. T h e policeman is holding the thief ’s arm.

Put the right forms o f Pronouns in the spaces:

1. I love _ mother, and m y m other loves __ .
2. D o you love _____ m other? Does your m other love
___ ?
3. Jack loves ___ mother, and his mother loves __ _ .
4. M ary loves her mother, and __ *. mother loves ------ -
5. Does a kitten love ___ m other? Does its m other love
__ ;• ,7
6. W e all love ___ mothers, and our mothers love __ .
7. Children love ' mothers, and their mothers love

8. Cats wash their kittens. They wash _____ with

_____ tongues.
23- Comparative Adjectives

Look at these sentences:

Jack is twelve years old.
M ary is ten years old.
Jack is older than M ary.
M ary is younger than Jack.

old and young are Adjectives (see Lesson 10). W e are comparing
the ages of Jack and M ary, so we must use Comparative Adjectives.
These are made by adding er to the Adjective. After Comparative
Adjectives we often need to use the word than.

Here are 4 Adjectives and their Comparative forms:

rich richer
poor poorer
tall taller
short shorter

Put one o f these Comparative Adjectives followed by than in each

space:
1. A servant is ___ - _____ a king.
2. A king is _______ -- ^ . a servant.
3. A boy is 0 ____________ a man.
4. A man is _______ _____ a boy.

Notice the spelling o f these Adjectives and their Comparative

forms:
fat fatter («) happy happier
hot hotter (tt) dirty dirtier Kh
big bigger (gg) pretty prettier (ier’
thin thinner (nn) hungry hungrier (ier

52
Look at the pictures, and complete the following sentences by
using the Comparative forms o f these Adjectives: big, clean, dirty,
fat, small, thin. Put than in the second space in each sentence.

1. Jack is ------------ --------- Tom .

2. Tom is ------------ — ----- Jack.

The girl’s face is the boy’s face,

The boy’s face is the girl’s face.

The box A is the box B.

The box B is the box A.

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Com plete the following sentences by using the Com parative form
o f these Adjectives: cold, hot, hungry, pretty. Put than in the
second space in each sentence.
1. Summer is _______ _____ winter.
2. M ary is _______ ______ her'sister.
3. Poor men are often _______ _____ rich men.
4. W inter is _______ _____ summer.

T here are a few Adjectives which have different words for their
Com parative forms. Here are 2 which you must know:
good better
bad worse

R ead these sentences and complete the two last by using the
Com parative form o f good or bad:
Ja ck’s mark for handwriting is 8 out o f 10.
T o m ’s m ark for handwriting is 4 out o f 10.
J a c k ’s mark is _______ _____ T o m ’s mark.
T o m ’s m ark is _______ _____ Jack ’s mark.

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24. The Present Tense and the
Present Continuous Tense

W e learnt in Lesson 18 that the Present Tense is used to describe

actions which happen regularly^ or w hich are always or generally
true. W e learnt in Lesson 7 that the Present Continuous tense is
used to describe actions which are taking place now and which
continue while the words are said.

In this lesson, we w ill use the two Tenses together. This w ill help
us to understand the difference in meaning.

Look at the pictures, and read these sentences:

This fat boy drinks a lot o f milk every day.

He is not drinking milk now.
H e is eating an apple.

This cat catches one or two mice every

It if not catching mice now.
It is climbing a tree.

This little girl runs to school every morning.

She is not running to school now.
She is putting on her shoes.

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H ere is a true sentence, which you can say now, while you are
sitting in the classroom and having an English lesson:
I walk to school every morning, but I am not walking to school
now.

H ere are similar sentences. Com plete them by using a Present

Tense or a Present Continuous Tense,

X. I get up at six o ’clock, but I _ not _____ up now.

2. I wash m y hands and face every morning, but I —
------ ---- — them now.
3. I clean my teeth every morning, but I — -------
_________ th em n o w .
4. I ___ on m y clothes in the morning, but I _ ___
putting them on now.
5. I drink water every day, but I _ ___ 1_[----------
water now.
6. I ------- b read every day, but I __ ____ e a tin g
bread now.
7. I learn history at school but I _ ___ _______
history now.

1. I ------ in the playground, but I — ___ - playing

now.
2. I go home after school, but I _ ___ ■
_ home
now.
3. I help m y m other at home, but I _ ___ _______
her now.
4. I ------------- to the radio every day, but I — ------
listening to it now.
5. I do m y homework in the evening, but I — ------
--------- m y homework now.
6. I --------- o ff m y clothes at night, but I — ------
taking them o ff now.
7. I sleep at night, but I _ ___ _____,__ now.

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25- The Future Tense

This is the Future je o f the verb drink:

NEGATIVE QUESTION

SINGULAR SINGULAR SINGULAR

I shall drink. I shall not drink. Shall I drink?
Y o u w ill drink. Y o u w ill not drink. W ill you drink?
He w ill drink. • H e will not drink. W ill he drink?
She w ill drink. She w ill not drink. W ill she drink?
It w ill drink. It w ill not drink. W ill it drink?

PLURAL PLURAL PLURAL

W e shall drink. W e shall not drink. Shall w e drink?
Y o u will drink. Y o u w ill not drink. W ill you drink ?
T h ey will drink. T h ey will not drink. W ill they drink?

The Future Tense is made in this w a y:

shall or will -|- the verb stem drink

Negative: shall or will + not + the verb stem drink
Question: shall or will -j- Subject (Noun or Pronoun) + the
verb stem drink

W e use shall w ith I or we, and will w ith the other Pronouns.

Practise saying (fairly quickly) the Future Tense, w ith the N egative
and Question forms, o f these or o f some o f these verb stems.
First note the irregular verb stem be. T h e Present Tense o f be is
am, is, are. Note also the verb stem have. W e learnt the Present
Tense o f this verb stem in Lesson 13.
be, have, go, come, walk, run, clim b, carry, see, eat.

57
Put shall or will in the spaces:
i. Jack be twenty years old in 1980.
а. L - get up early tomorrow.
3 - The mother take her baby to the doctor
tomorrow.
4 - W e _____ have a holiday next week.
5 - M y father _____ give me a watch next year.
б. M ary and her sister _____ wear their new dresses
tomorrow.
7- I __ do my homework this evening,
8. W e _ go home after school today.
9 - T he servant _____ clean the windows tomorrow.
10. I __ see my mother this evening.

Put shall or will in the spaces, and make the sentences Negative:
T he children go to bed late tonight.
I come to school tomorrow on my bicycle,
Jack’s father buy a car this year.
Nadia stay at home tomorrow.
I _____ see my friend this afternoon.
The soldiers _____ sleep in tents tonight.
The pupils __ __ have new exercise-books next week.
The doctor ____ _ be very busy tomorrow.
I ; _*£__ play football after school today.
The shopkeeper . open his shop early tomorrow.

Make questions from these mixed words. Do not forget the capital
letter or the question mark.
her mother / help / this evening / will she
we have / tomorrow / an English lesson / shall
early or late / get up / you / will / tomorrow morning,
shall. I on the blackboard / write / I / the questions
all the teachers / be / tomorrow / will / at school
on paper / our homework / shall / or in our exercise-
books I we do

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Complete these questions and answers with Future Tenses:
I. How old ... . i Jack be in iggo?
He twenty years old.
2. How old Jack's sister be in 198O?
She . pigKtppn yp nrs nIH
3- Where you be at twelve o’clock tonight?
T _ in bed.
4- Where the children . in the summer
day?
They - go to the seaside.
5- When you see your father?
T h im th is e v en in g .
6. When we have our next English lesson ?
We it to m o rro w m o rn in g .
7- W hat the boys do after school today ?
They play football.
8. What yon w ith y o u r p o rk p t-m o n p y
month?
T buy a penknife.

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26. Superlative Adjectives

Look at the pictures o f these three boys, and read the sentences:

Jack Tom Bob

Jack is a tall boy.

He is taller than Tom .
He is taller than Tom and Bob.
He is the tallest boy o f the three.
or He is the tallest o f the three boys.
Bob is a short boy.
He is shorter than Tom .
He is shorter than Tom and Jack.
He is the shortest boy o f the three.
or He is the shortest o f the three boys.

W e learnt in Lesson 23 that taller and shorter are the Com parative
forms o f the Adjectives tall and short, tallest and shortest are the
Superlative forms, which are made by adding est to the Adjectives.

Notice that in these sentences we put the before Superlative Adjec­

tives: the tallest, the shortest.

Here are the other Adjectives we used in Lesson 23 with their

Comparative and Superlative forms:
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
old older oldest
young younger youngest

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 rich richer richest
poOr poorer poorest
clean cleaner cleanest
cold colder coldest
small smaller smallest

Notice the spelling in the following Com parative and Superlative

forms:
big bigger biggest
fat fatter fattest
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
dirty dirtier dirtiest
happy happier happiest
hungry hungrier hungriest
pretty prettier prettiest

Notice that the following 2 Adjectives have different words in

the three forms:
good ' better best
bad worse worst
Read these sentences:
Jack is twelve years old. Tom is ten years old.
Bob is eight years old.

Now complete these sentences:

1. Jack is . th a n Tom .
2. Jack is Tom a n r i“ R o h .

3- Jack is t h e .. h o y o f t h e th re e .
or 4. Jack is o f th e th re e h o y s.

5- Bob is younger . Tom

6. Bob is Tom and Jack

7- Bob is ... . h o y o f th e th re e
or 8. Bob is .. o f th e th re e h o y s
Read these sentences:
Jack’s father is very rich. T om ’s father is not very rich.
Bob’s father is very poor.

Now complete these sentences:

I. J a c k ’s f a t h e r is T om ’s father.
2. J a c k ’s f a t h e r is T om ’s father and
Bob’s father.
3- J a c k 's f a t h e r is . man of the three.
or 4. J a c k ’s f a t h e r is . o f the three men.
5- R n h ’s f a t h e r is T om ’s father.
6. R n h ’s f a t h e r is T om ’s father and
Jack’s father.
-7 R n h ’s f a t h e r is man o f the three.
or 8. R n h ’s f a t h e r is o f the three men.

and answer questions like this:

W ho is the tallest pupil in this class ?
X is the tallest pupil in this class.

Use the Superlative forms o f these Adjectives: short, fat, thin, old,
young.

Complete these sentences, using the Superlative forms o f the

Adjectives in brackets. Do not forget to put the in front o f them.
1. The elephant is (big) animal in the world.
2. July and August are (hot) months o f the year.
3. December and January are (cold) months o f the year.
4. M ary is (pretty) girl in the room.
5. Jack has a new bicycle, and he is (happy) boy in the
world.
6. M y country is (good) in the world.
7. Jack’s mark for writing is 8 out o f 10. Tom ’s mark is 6,
and Bob’s mark is 3. Bob has (bad) mark.
8. Jack’s face is cleaner than T om ’s face. T om ’s face is
cleaner than Bob’s face. Bob has (dirty) face.

62
 1

27- The Possessive Form with o f

We learnt in Lesson 20 that Possessive forms are made by adding

\i (apostrophe s) or / (s apostrophe) to the Noun, for example:
When the possessor is a Singular N ou n :
Jack’s bicycle, the cat’s tail, the child’s mother.

When the possessor is a Plural N qun:

The teachers’ room, donkeys’ ears, the children’s mother.

We learnt that these Possessive forms are used with Nouns which
are the names o f persons, and sometimes with Nouns which are
the names o f animals. Now look at these two sentences:
The teacher's keys are on the table.
The keys of the cupboard are on the table, too.

The teacher is a person. He has or possesses keys. T he cupboard

also has keys, but the cupboard is a thing without life. A cupboard
cannot have, or possess, o r oWn keys in the same way as a living
person can. So we say the keys of the cupboard (N O T the cupboardts
keys).

The rule is: Use o f in this way with lifeless things. Here are some
examples:
The lid of the box
T he door of the bedroom
The roof o f the house
The name o f the street

Use o f in this w ay with the words in brackets in the following

sentences.
Example: London is (capital-England).
Answer: London is the capital o f England.

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Example: D o you know (name-street) ?
Answer: D o you know the name o f the street?

1. T h e cat is clim bing to (top-tree).

2. T h e servant w ill wash (floor-classroom) tomorrow.
3. T h e pupils go out o f the classroom at (end-lesson).
4. T h e policem an is standing in (middle-road).
5. (days-week) are Sunday, M onday, Tuesday, W ednesday,
Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
6. (hands-clock) are pointing at twelve.

64
28. can, cannot

can and cannot are used with verb stems like this:
SINGULAR PLURAL
I can walk, W e can walk,
but I cannot fly. but w e cannot fly.
Y o u can walk, Y o u can walk,
but you cainnot fly. but you cannot fly.
He can walk,
but he cannot fly.
She can walk, T h e y can walk,
but she cannot fly. but they cannot fly.
It can walk,
b u t i t cannot fly.

Notice that cannot is O N E word.

can or cannot means able or unable to, bodily or mentally. A man

can w alk (bodily ability), and he can think (mental ability). A
baby cannot drive a car (bodily inability), and it cannot read
(mental inability) <

Put can or cannot in the spaces:

i* A little child ____ carry a big table.

2. Birds __ _fly, but donkeys „ fly.
3. M y teacher ___ speak English well.
4. I ___ touch the floor, but I ___ touch the
ceiling.
5. W e ___ wash without soap and water.
6. A rich wom an , bu y a lot o f dresses.
7. Gats ___ clim b trees, but horses ____ clim b trees.
8. W e ___ speak a little English.

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 1. A poor man ___ buy a car.
2. I ------ write w ith a pencil or w ith a pen.
3. Little children __ _ drive buses.
4. Jack is ill and ___ come to school today.
5. A strong man ------ carry a big box.
6. M y m other ___ cook well.
7. I ------ work all day and all night.
8. W e ------ go from London to N ew Y ork by aeroplane.

Questions with can are m ade in this w ay:

can + Subject (Noun or Pronoun) + verb stem
Example: C an you ride a horse ?

or Question word + can + verb stem

Example: W ho can answer m y question ?

or Question word + can + Subject + verb stem

Example: W hen can you come to the cinem a?

M ake questions from these mixed words. D o not forget the capital
letter or the question mark.
1. the blackboard / can / see / all the pupils
2. and write / a baby / read / can
3. a poor m an / a lot o f money / can / give his son
4. can I on your head / stand / you
5. pupils / can / learn English / where
6. read / w ho / the words / can / on the blackboard
7. you see / elephants / can / where / and lions
8. teachers / can / when / have a holiday

66
29- The Adverb

Look at these three sentences:

1. T h e old m an is walking up the hill.
2. T h e old man is walking slowly up the hill.
3. T h e old man is walking very slowly up the hill.
slowly is an A dverb. It adds to the m eaning o f the verb is walking.
It answers the question: How is the old man w alking?
very is also an A dverb. It adds to the m eaning o f the A d verb slowly.
It answers the question: H ow slowly is the old man w alking?
M any Adverbs are made by adding ly to Adjectives, for exam ple:
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
slow slowly
quick quickly
bad badly
Notice the spelling o f these 2 Adverbs:
easy easily
happy happily
This Adjective and A dverb are the same w o rd :
hard hard
This Adjectiye and A dverb are different words:
good well
Put the above 7 Adverbs into the spaces. Use all 7 Adverbs, each
one once only.
1. L azy men do not work ___ .
2. Th6 little girl is happy, and is singing ------------ .
3. Rabbits run very _______ .
4. A
tortoise moves very _______ .
5. T he questions are easy, and the pupils can answer them

6. Good pupils read and w r i t e -------------

7. Bad pupils read and write ______ _ .

67
Now look at this sentence:
Jack goes to bed early.

early is an Adverb. It adds to the meaning o f the verb goes (to bed).
It answers the question: When does Jack go to bed?

Here are 3 more Adverbs which answer questions beginning with

When: late, now, tomorrow.

Put one o f these 3 Adverbs into each space:

1. W e are sitting in the classroom ------ .
2. W e shall come to school ------ .
3. A lazy man gets up ------ in the morning.

Adverbs also answer questions beginning with Where. Read these

questions and answers:
Where do you go after school?
I go home.

A pupil asks the teacher:

Where shall I sit?

T h e teacher points to a desk and answers:

Sit there.

A pupil asks the teacher:

Where shall I put the chalk ?

T he teacher points to his table and answers:

Put it here.

In these sentences home, there, and here are Adverbs. T h ey add to

the meaning o f the verbs go, sit, ahd put.

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30. must, must not

must and must not are used with verb stems in this w a y :'
i. I must obey my father.
I must not play in class.
Pupils must bring their books to school every morning.
Pupils must not write on the walls o f the classroom.
Little children must go to bed early.
Little children must not go to bed late.

must and must not are strong words, which mean obligett to or obliged
not to. I f I do not obey my father (Sentence i), he will punish me.
If I play in class (Sentence 2), the'teacher will punish me. I f little
children do not go to bed early (Sentence 5), they w ill not become
strong healthy men and wom en: there w ill be a bad result.

Say and/or write the following sentences, putting must or must not
before the verb stems in brackets:
You (ride) your bicycle on the pavement.
I (clean) m y teeth every day.
W e (come) to schoolmate.
W e (help) our friends.
Pupils (sleep) in the classroom.
I (work) hard in school.
Pupils (listen) to their teachers.
People (be) lazy.
A boy (hit) his little brother.
W e (do) our homework at home.

Questions, with must are made in the same w ay as questions with

can (Lesson 28):
must + Subject (Noun or Pronoun) + verb stem
Example: A little girl asks her mother:
Must I wear this old dress?

69
 or Question word + must + verb stem
Example: W ho must work at night?
Answer: Doctors and policemen must work at night.
or Question word ■
+■must + Subject + verb stem
Example: A little boy asks his mother;
W hy must I wash my hands again?

Make questions from the mixed words. Do not forget the capital
letters or the question marks.
1. A little boy does not want to go to bed. He asks his father :
• to bed I I I now / go / must
2. T he pupils ask the teacher:
we I on the blackboard / must / all the questions
I answer
3. Ahmad has lost a book. His father asks the teacher:
buy I Ahm ad / must / a new book
4. A little girl asks her m other:
my teeth / must / ev eryd a y / I / why / clean
5. A teacher o f English asks his class:
must I a full stop I you put / where
6. Jack is ill. His mother asks the doctor:
how long I in bed / stay / must / Jack

70