Name: Mark Brian P.

Flores Date Submitted: February 11, 2021

Course/Section: BSED – SCIENCE

KEYWORDS DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Solute A substance that can be Usually, a solute is a solid that is

dissolved by a solvent to dissolved into a liquid. An
create a solution. A solute can everyday example of a solute
come in many forms. It can is salt in water. Salt is the solute
be gas, liquid, or solid. The that dissolves in water, the solvent,
solvent, or substance that to form a saline solution.
dissolves the solute, breaks
the solute apart and On the other hand, water vapor is
distributes the solute considered a solute in air because
molecules equally. This nitrogen and oxygen are present in
creates a homogenous much larger concentration levels in
mixture, or solution that is the gas.
equal throughout.

Solvent The component of

a solution that is present in
the greatest amount. It is the
substance in which
the solute is dissolved.
Usually, a solvent is a liquid.
However, it can be a gas,
solid, or supercritical fluid.
The amount of solvent
required to dissolve a solute
depends on temperature and
the presence of other
substances in a sample. 
Common examples of solvents
include water, ethanol, methanol
and acetone. The term ‘solvent’
can be defined as a substance that
has the ability to dissolve a given
solute to form a solution with it.
Although solvents are mostly used
in the liquid state, it is possible for
solvents to exist in the solid and
gaseous phase as well. 
 Soluble The ability of a solid, liquid,
or gaseous chemical
substance (referred to as
the solute) to dissolve
in solvent (usually a liquid)
and form a solution. The
solubility of a substance
fundamentally depends on the
solvent used, as well as
temperature and pressure. The
solubility of a substance in a
particular solvent is measured
by the concentration of the
saturated solution. A solution
is considered saturated when
adding additional solute no
longer increases the
concentration of the solution.
Insoluble
Means incapable
of dissolving in a solvent. It is
rare for absolutely no solute
to dissolve at all. However,
many substances are poorly
soluble. For example,
Miscible The property of two
substances to completely mix
to form a homogeneous
solution. Usually the term is
used to describe liquid
mixtures, but it applies to
solids and gases, too. Two
substances are miscible if
they mix in all proportions or
Zinc dissolves (with effervescence)
in hydrochloric acid as a result of a
chemical reaction releasing
hydrogen gas in a displacement
reaction. The zinc ions are soluble
in the acid.
Very little silver chloride dissolves
in water, so it is said to be
insoluble in water. Note a
compound may be insoluble in one
solvent yet fully miscible in
another. Also, several factors
affect solubility. One of the most
important is temperature.
Increasing temperature frequently
improves the solubility of a solute.
Water and ethanol are
one example of a pair
of miscible liquids, because you
can take any amount of ethanol
and mix it with any amount of
water and you will always end up
with a clear, colorless liquid just
 concentrations to form a
solution. In other words, it like the ones you started with.
doesn’t matter whether you
mix them equally or one
component is present in a
greater amount than the other.

Oil and water are immiscible

Immiscible The property where two liquids. In contrast, alcohol and
substances are not capable of water are completely miscible. In
combining to form any proportion, alcohol and water
a homogeneous mixture. The will mix to form a homogeneous
components are said to be solution.
"immiscible." In
contrast, fluids that do mix
together are called "miscible."
Components of an immiscible
mixture will separate from
each other. The less-dense
fluid will rise to the top; the
more-dense component will
sink.

Aqueous solution any solution in which water Cola, saltwater, rain, acid

(H2O) is the solvent. In solutions, base solutions, and salt
a chemical equation, the solutions are examples of aqueous
symbol (aq) follows a species solutions. 
name to indicate that it is in
aqueous solution. Examples of solutions that are not
For
example, dissolving salt inaqueous solutions include any
water has the chemical liquid that does not contain water.
reaction: Vegetable oil, toluene, acetone,
carbon tetrachloride, and solutions
+
NaCl(s) → Na (aq) + made using these solvents are not
Cl-(aq) aqueous solutions. Similarly, if a
mixture contains water but no
solute dissolves in the water as a
solvent, an aqueous solution is not
formed. For example, mixing sand
and water does not produce an
 aqueous solution.

Electrolyte
Substance that
conducts electric current as a
result of a dissociation into
positively and negatively
charged particles called ions,
which migrate toward and
ordinarily are discharged at
the negative and positive
terminals (cathode and anode)
of an electric circuit,
respectively.
The most familiar electrolytes are
acids, bases, and salts, which
ionize when dissolved in such
solvents as water or alcohol. Many
salts, such assodium chloride,
behave as electrolytes when melted
in the absence of any solvent; and
some, such as silver iodide, are
electrolytes even in the solid state.

Nonelectrolyte Nonelectrolytes are the chemical

A substance that does not compounds that, when placed in
exist in an ionic form solution, don’t ionize at all. As a
in aqueous solution. result, nonelectrolyte-containing
Nonelectrolytes tend to be solutions do not conduct any
poor electrical conductors and electricity. Nonelectrolytes are
don't readily dissociate into usually held together by covalent
ions when melted or bonds rather than ionic ones.
dissolved. Solutions of Glucose, a sugar with the chemical
nonelectrolytes do not formula C6H12O6, is a typical
conduct electricity. example of a nonelectrolyte.
Glucose (commonly known as
sugar) dissolves readily in water,
but because it does not dissociate
inside the solution into ions, it is
considered a nonelectrolyte.
Therefore, glucose-containing
solutions are not conductors of
electricity.

Another important example of a

nonelectrolyte is ethyl alcohol
(also known as ethanol). This
organic compound does not

Gaseous solution If the solvent is a gas,
only gases (non-condensable)
or vapors (condensable) are
dissolved under a given set of
conditions. An example of
a gaseous solution is air
(oxygen and other
gases dissolved in nitrogen).
Liquid solution
is a homogeneous solution
this is compressed of solvent
and solute even throw it is
liquid in composition you can
has both solid and gases in
the solution example would
we having a glass of water
H2O and adding a salt NCl
Dilution The process of reducing
the concentration of
a solute in solution, usually
simply by mixing with
more solvent.
Concentration
Refers to the amount of a For example, if you add one
substance in a defined space. teaspoon to two cups of water, the
Another definition is that concentration could be reported as
dissociate into any ions when
dissolved in water.
An example of a gaseous
solution is air (oxygen and
other gases dissolved in nitrogen).
Since interactions
between gaseous molecules play
almost no role, non-condensable
gases form rather trivial solutions.
Common examples of solutions are
the sugar in water and salt in water
solutions, soda water, etc.  In a
solution, all the components appear
as a single phase. There is particle
homogeneity i.e. particles are
evenly distributed. This is why a
whole bottle of soft drink has the
same taste throughout.
For example, commercial
pesticides are typically sold as
solutions in which the active
ingredients are far more
concentrated than is appropriate
for their application. Before they
can be used on crops, the
pesticides must be diluted. This is
also a very common practice for
the preparation of a number of
common laboratory reagents.
 concentration is the ratio 1 t salt per 2 c water. The vinegar
of solute in a solution to label will report that the solution is
either solvent or 5% by weight acetic acid. This
total solution. Concentration means that that there are 5 grams
is usually expressed in terms of acetic acid per 100 g of solution.
of mass per unit volume.
However, the solute
concentration may also be
expressed in moles or units of
volume. Instead of volume,
concentration may be per unit
mass. While usually applied
to chemical solutions,
concentration may be
calculated for any mixture.

PPM This is an abbreviation for For example, 1 ppm chlorine

"parts per million" and it also represents one part of chlorine in
can be expressed as one million parts of air by weight,
milligrams per liter (mg/L). which is 1.45 mg/m3.
This measurement is the mass
of a chemical or contaminate
per unit volume of water.
Seeing ppm or mg/L on a lab
report means the same thing.

PPB Stands for parts per billion. Multiplying the ratio of the mass
One part per billion is one of solute to mass of solution by 1
part of solute per one billion billion, or 1,000,000,000. In the
parts solvent. PPB is a case of a mass ratio of 0.000005,
commonly used unit of this would give 5,000 ppb.
concentration for very small
values. The "parts per"
notation is not part of the SI
system of units. The notation
describes dimensionless
quantities. The ppb notation
is most often seen in physics
and engineering. In
 chemistry, the use of SI-
compliant units is
encouraged.
Mass % A property that reflects the
quantity of matter within a
sample. Mass usually is
reported in grams (g) and
kilograms (kg).Mass may also
be considered to be the
property of matter that gives
it a tendency to resist
acceleration. The more mass
an object has, the harder it is
to accelerate it.
Liquid solution
is a homogeneous solution
this is compressed of solvent
and solute even throw it is
liquid in composition you can
has both solid and gases in
the solution example would
we having a glass of water
H2O and adding a salt NCl
Dilution The process of reducing
the concentration of
a solute in solution, usually
simply by mixing with
more solvent.
Volume % The quantity of three-
Consider sodium chloride, NaCl,
the chemical name for common
table salt. Sodium chloride is an
ionic compound composed of
sodium cations, Na+, and chloride
anions, Cl−, combined in a 1:1
ratio. The formula mass for this
compound is computed as 58.44
amu 
Common examples of solutions are
the sugar in water and salt in water
solutions, soda water, etc.  In a
solution, all the components appear
as a single phase. There is particle
homogeneity i.e. particles are
evenly distributed. This is why a
whole bottle of soft drink has the
same taste throughout.
For example, commercial
pesticides are typically sold as
solutions in which the active
ingredients are far more
concentrated than is appropriate
for their application. Before they
can be used on crops, the
pesticides must be diluted. This is
also a very common practice for
the preparation of a number of
common laboratory reagents.
 As a volume example, a

dimensional space occupied
by a liquid, solid, or gas.
Common units used to
express volume include liters,
cubic meters, gallons,
milliliters, teaspoons, and
ounces, though many
other units exist.
Mole fraction   A unit of concentration,
defined to be equal to
the number of moles of a
component divided by the
total number of moles of a
solution. Because it is a ratio,
mole fraction is a unit less
expression. The mole fraction
of all components of a
solution, when added
together, will equal 1.
student might use
a graduated cylinder to
measure volume of a
chemical solution in
milliliters.
 You could buy a quart of
milk.
 Gases are commonly sold
in units of volume, such as
cubic centimeters, cm3, or
cubic liters.
In a solution of 1 mol benzene, 2
mol carbon tetrachloride, and 7
mol acetone, the mole fraction of
the acetone is 0.7. This is
determined by adding up the
number of moles of acetone in the
solution and dividing the value by
the total number of moles of
components of the solution:
Number of Moles of Acetone: 7
moles
Total Number of Moles in Solution
= 1 moles (benzene) + 2 moles
(carbon tetrachloride) + 7 moles
(acetone)
Total Number of Moles in Solution
= 10 moles
Mole Fraction of Acetone = moles
acetone / total moles solution
Mole Fraction of Acetone = 7/10
Mole Fraction of Acetone = 0.7
Similarly, the mole fraction of
benzene would be 1/10 or 0.1 and
 the mole fraction of carbon
tetrachloride would be 2/10 or 0.2.

For example, a 0.25 mol/L NaOH

Molarity Indicates the number of moles
of solute per liter of solution
(moles/Liter) and is one of
the most common units used
to measure the concentration
of a solution. And can be
used to calculate the volume
of solvent or the amount of
solute.
solution contains 0.25 mol of
sodium hydroxide in every litre of
solution. To calculate
themolarity of a solution, you
need to know the number of moles
of solute and the total volume of
the solution.

Molality A unit of concentration, The solution made

defined to be equal to the by dissolving 0.10 moles of
number of KNO3 into 200 grams of H2O
moles of solute divided by the would be 0.50 molal in KNO3.
number of kilograms
of solvent. Molality is
abbreviated as molal.