NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM

N I PA S A c t o f 1 9 9 2 | E - N I PA S A c t o f 2 0 1 8
Beverly Mae N. dela Cruz
ENS 275 2nd Sem AY 2018-2019
Section TV1-Lec
 https://foodevolution.com.ph/2019/01/fishing-ban-in-taal-lake-eyed-to-save-tawilis/

Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927)

 Outline
04
03 Implementation
02 Mandates
01 History
Background

Purpose Timeline Declaration of Policy Administration and

• Enactment  Establishment and Management
• Significance and
Objectives • Amendments Extent • Established Protected
 Categories Areas
• IRR
 LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM PRESSURES BIODIVERSIT Y COOPERATION

Environment sustains all Effect of increasing Critical protection on Effective administration

forms of life population, resource areas with biologically through cooperation
- exploitation and industrial unique features to among national
Importance of protecting advancement sustain human life and and local government,
and maintaining the natural - development, as well as and concerned
biological and physical Impact of man’s activities plant and animal life private
diversities of the on the natural organizations
environment environment
 Commitments
Biodiversity conservation in the
Philippines began to receive even
more attention after the country
became one of the signatories in the
1992 Convention on Biological
Diversity in the Rio de Janeiro “Earth
Summit.”
 RA 7568
of 1992

Also known as the

NIPAS Act of 1992 or the
National Integrated
Protected Areas System
Act.
 NIPAS ACT of 1992

PROTECTED AREAS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

This law provides the legal and developmental framework for It has a vital role in implementing one of the
the establishment and management of protected areas (PAs) top ten major approaches of the
in the Philippines. Philippine Strategies for
Sustainable Development.
 NIPAS is the classification and administration of
all designated protected areas:

to maintain to maintain their

essential natural conditions
ecological to the
processes and life- to preserve to ensure greatest
support systems genetic sustainable use of extent
diversity resources found possible
therein
 NIPAS ACT of 1992

DECLARATION OF POLICY
The policy of the State to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the
perpetual existence of all native plants and animals
through the establishment of a comprehensive system
of integrated protected areas within the classification
of NATIONAL PARK as provided for
in the Constitution.
Timeline of legislation (Part 1 of 2)

PD 705 Res. No. 37 RA 7586 RA 8371

Revising Forestry Cabinet Approval of NIPAS Act Indigenous Peoples
Reform Code of the the Philippines Rights Act
Philippines Strategy for
Sustainable
Development

1932 1975 1987 1989 1991 1992 1995 1997 1998

RA 3195 EO 192 RA 7160 EO 263 RA 8550

Establishment of Reorganization of Local Government Adopting Community- Based Fisheries Code of the
National Parks (Game DEENR into DENR; Code Forestry Management as Philippines
Refuges and Other Creation of Protected National Strategy (SD of
purposes) Areas and Wildlife Forestlands’ Resources)
Bureau (PAWB)

RA 7942
Philippine Mining Act
 Timeline of legislation (Part 2 of 2)
PD 9237 Joint MC 2007-01 RA 9729 EO 366 RA 11038
Management of Climate Change Act Protected Areas and Wildlife E-NIPAS Act
Mt. Apo Protected Area Act
Overlapping Pas and/or Bureau (PAWB) renamed to
their Buffer Zones and Biodiversity Management
Ancestral Domains/Lands Bureau (BMB)

2001 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2011 2013 2015 2018

RA 9072 Joint AO 2005-01 DAO 2008-26 EO 23 RA 10654

Revised IRR of Total Log Ban Amending Philippine Fisheries
National Caves and Cave Resources Guidelines for Bioprospecting in
NIPAS Act of 1992 (Natural and Residual Code of 1998
Management Protection Act the Philippines
Forests)

RA 9125
Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Act
RA 9147
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
RA 9154
Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park Act
Philippine Forest Cover in Hectares over Time

Sources: Cuevas, 1991; GIZ, 2012 Kummer 1992a, Moya and Malayang, 2004
Philippines Historical Population and Forest Cover

Sources: Cuevas, 1991; GIZ, 2012 Kummer 1992a, Moya and Malayang, 2004
After 25 years….
The need for harmonization

RA 7586 EO 23
NIPAS Act Total Log Ban EO 263 which adopted community-based
forest management as the national
strategy for the sustainable development
of the country’s forest lands.
1992 1995 ….. 2011

EO 263
Adopting Community- Based Forestry
Management as National Strategy (SD
of Forestland Resources)

RA 7942
Philippine Mining Act https://ejatlas.org/conflict/illegal-logging-in-northern-sierra-madre-national-park-isabela-
philippines
High Ecological
Vulnerability

Mining leases and

exploration areas
After 25 years….
The need for harmonization

To a large extent, NIPAS Act-designated

RA 7586 RA 8371
protected areas overlap with the ancestral
NIPAS Act Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
domain claims of indigenous peoples
recognized under the IPRA. The issue of
the legality of traditional forest utilization
vis-à-vis the general prohibition on the
1992 1995 1997 use of forest resources without permits.

EO 263
Adopting Community- Based
Forestry Management as
National Strategy (SD of
Forestlands’ Resources)

https://greedypeg.org/davao-del-sur/Mount-Apo-Natural-Park.html
 Protected Areas and
Ancestral Domain Overlaps
Legend:
Key Biodiversity Areas 56% of all terrestrial Key Biodiversity
NIPAS National Parks Areas including Protected Areas, parks,
Ancestral Domains critical watersheds, etc. overlap with
Indigenous Peoples’ Ancestral Domain
rites. Approximately 90% of the remaining
forest cover of the Philippines is situated
within ancestral domains.

Source: Forest Peoples Programme. 2016.

Source: NCIP (http://www.sec.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NCIP-PPT-PRESENTATION-SUSTAINABILITY-1.pdf)

Source: NCIP Presentation, 2015
Accessed from: (http://www.sec.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/NCIP-PPT-PRESENTATION-SUSTAINABILITY-1.pdf)
After 25 years…. The need for harmonization

The overlap of the NIPAS Act and the

RA 7586 RA 8371 Fisheries Code is a contentious issue,
NIPAS Act Indigenous Peoples
especially for local governments that have
Rights Act
primary jurisdiction over coastal areas
(municipal waters). This overlap created
confusion regarding powers and
1992 1995 1997 1998 responsibilities.

EO 263 RA 8550
Adopting Community- Fisheries Code of
Based Forestry the Philippines
Management as
National Strategy (SD
of Forestlands’
Resources)
http://scalar.usc.edu/works/tropical-marine-protected-areas/app-island-marine-sanctuary
 RA 11038
of 2018

Also known as the

E-NIPAS Act of 2018
or the Expanded
National Integrated
Protected Areas
System Act.
.
 E-NIPAS ACT of 2018

DECLARATION OF POLICY
The policy of the State to secure for the Filipino people of present and future generations the perpetual
existence of all native plants and animals through the establishment of a comprehensive system
of integrated protected areas within the classification
of NATIONAL PARK as provided for
in the Constitution.
 E - N I PA S N I PA S

41 Terms e.g. Biodiversity, Ecosystem 13 Terms e.g. NIPAS, Protected Area,

Services, Endemic sp., Exotic sp., Invasive Definition of Terms Buffer Zones, National Parks, Resource
Alien sp. Threatened sp., GMO, Wildlife, Reserve, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tenured
Wetlands, Bioprospecting, Poaching Migrants, Indigenous Cultural Community

94 New Areas (National Parks) 13 Areas (National Parks)

Establishment and
Terrestrial Terrestrial
Extent of the System
Wetland Wetland
Marine Marine
NAMRIA Certification (Boundaries and
Technical Descriptions)

Private Lands (inclusion in the Buffer Zones Private Lands (not considered)
coverage)
 115 120 125

W E

MAP SHOWING THE KEY

BIODIVERSITY AREAS IN

20

20
THE PHILIPPINES

200 0 200 400

Kilometers

a
S e
P

n a
15

15
h
i l

C h i
i

p
p
in
N I PA S E - N I PA S
t h

e
u

S
o
V i s a y a n

e a
S
S e a
10

10
S u l u S e a
LEGEND #

Proclaimed under NIPAS

Initial Component of NIPAS
Key Biodiversity Areas
Biogeographic Zones
Batanes
Babuyanes
Greater Luzon
Lubang
Greater Mindoro
Greater Palawan
Burias

5
5

Sibuyan
Romblon - Tablas C e l e b e s S e a
Greater Negros - Panay
Greater Mindanao
Camotes
Siquijor
Camiguin
Greater Sulu
Sibutu

115 120 125

 E - N I PA S N I PA S

Land and Water Use Plans Suitability Assessment Land Use Plan only
(Proposed Protected
Area)

DENR thru Biodiversity Administration and DENR thru Protected Areas and
Management Bureau (BMB) Management Wildlife Division (PAWD) in regions

Management Plan – should be Management Plan – no timeframe

prepared within one year from the specified
establishment of the area.
Organizational Structure of DENR-PAWB (NIPAS Act of 1992)
Mt. Kitanglad Range Nature Park Protected Area Management Board
(NIPAS Act of 1992)
 E - N I PA S N I PA S

All projects or activities whether or Projects or activities not included in

Environmental Impact
not included in the management Assessment the management plan
plan

Governance, maintenance, Rules and regulations on governance -

Ancestral Domains and
development, protection and Customary Rights DENR
conservation – in accordance with the
Indigenous Cultural Community/IP’s
customary law with full assistance from
NCIP, DENR, etc…
 E - N I PA S N I PA S

______ Steps: PROCESS 13 Steps:

SHOULD BE STREAMLINED
(Pending IRR)
1. Compilation of maps and technical
description
2. Initial screening
3. Public notification
4. Initial consultation
5. Survey/Census and Registration of
PA Occupants
6. Resource Profiling
7. Initial protected area plan
8. Public hearing
9. Regional review and
recommendation
10. National review and recommendation
11. Presidential proclamation
12. Congressional action
13. Demarcation
 Management Plans

Long-Term Framework Plan

Guide of annual operations plan and budget

New Components:
E-NIPAS • CCAM
• DRRM
• Waste Sewerage and Septic Management
• GAD

Harmonization:
 Ancestral Domain SD Protection Plan
 CLUPs of LGUs in line with RA 7160 (Local Government
Code of 1991
 Prohibited Acts

New inclusions:
• Poaching
• Dumping/throwing of Toxic Substances and
Hazardous Wastes (RA 6969 of 1990)
E-NIPAS • Engaging in “Kaingin”
• Establishment or introduction of exotic species,
GMOs, invasive aliens species
• Conducting Bioprospecting without prior PAMB
clearance
 Additional Sections in RA 11038

TENURED MIGRANTS. Eligible to become stewards of portions of

lands within multiple – use zones.

EXISTING RIGHTS. Municipalities and cities within the protected

E-NIPAS area shall continue to occupy such townships and town centers
provided that in the development of their CLUPs and development
plans, due consideration shall be given to the intended use for
conservation and biodiversity.

LGUs. LGUs within the PAs shall participate in its management

through representation in the PAMB. They shall align their CLUPs,
local development and DRRM and other plans
 Penalties

PhP 200,000 – 1M or 1-6 years Imprisonment or both +

damages of triple value of the said resources

• Poaching, killing, destroying wildlife (within PAs)

E-NIPAS • Hunting, collecting, possessing wildlife or by-products
derived without necessary permit
 Penalties

PhP 1M – 5M or 6-12 years Imprisonment or both

• Undertaking mineral exploration or extraction

E-NIPAS • Engaging in commercial or large-scale quarrying

• Prospecting, hunting or locating hidden treasures

• GMOs, exotic and invasive alien species establishment

or introduction
 Protected Areas

2014

E-NIPAS 2019  239 PAs = 5.40 M Has.

 244 PAs = 7.76 M Has.

107 established under NIPAS classification of
National Park (13 thru NIPAS + 94 thru E-NIPAS)
 01 02 03 04 05

Protected
National Natural Natural Natural
Landscapes
Park Biotic Areas Monument Park and Seascapes

06 07 08 09 10
Other
categories (by
Resource Strict Wildlife
Wetlands law/
Reserve Natural Sanctuary convention
Reserve /international
agreements)
 114 116 118 120 122 124 126

24

24
01 N

22
22
W E

S
MAP BATANES
Batanes PLS

SHOWING THE LOCATION OF

Refers to the lands of the public PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES

20

20
B
a
b
u
y
a
n
c
domain classified in the
a

h
n
n
e
l Pal aui Mari ne
Kal bario-Patapat PL Res erve
Tanap WF R
Il ocos Norte WFR

ILOCOS Wan gag WF R

NORTE APAYAO Bawa WFR
Paoay L ake NP Magapit PL

18
National

18
CAGAYAN
Libunao PL

ILOCOS ABRA Penablanc a PLS

Constitution which include all

NORTE Cassamat a Hill NP
Northe rn Luzon Balbalasang-
Heroes Hi ll NP Bi gbiga PL Balbalan NTP
KALINGA
LUZON Lidlida PL
Sta. L ucia PL
MT. PROVINCE
Northe rn Sie rra
Madre NTP

Be ss ang Pass NLM

Mt. Data NP
IFUGAO ISABELA
BENGUET
Mt. Pulag NP

Park
Naguil ian WFR NUEVA
Upper Agn o
LA UNION River Basin RR VIZCAYA
Cape Bolinao Salinas NML
Pinamac a
QUIRINO Amro River PL

P
Agoo Damorti s PLS
Low er Calabgan WFR

areas under the NIPAS

Hundred Is . NP Agno WFR Dupax WFRQui rino PL Maul awin PL
Simbahan- Talaganas PL

h
Dinadi aw an PL

16

16
Casecnan PL
PANGASINAN Dipaculao WFR

i l
Bazal AURORA
Manl el uag
Hot spring PL NUEVA San Lu is Dibalo

Mas inloc -Oyon Lak e Malim anga

ECIJA

i p
Bay MR
TARLAC Dingal an
Capas Death M arch
Minalungao NP
Dona R eme dios
Mt. Arayat NP Trinidad WFR
ZAMBALES

p
Biak -na-Bato
PAMPANGA BULACAN
Angat WFR

a
Ol ongapo Naval Base Perimeter

i n
Roosevelt PL Umi ray

pursuant to this E-NIPAS Act,

Subic Bay RIZAL

S e
PD 1636 Polili o WF R
Bataan NP Pami tinan PL
Infanta WFR
NATIONAL Ni noy Aquino Park s and Wil dl ife C ent er
BATAAN CAPITAL Hin ulugang Taktak PL

REGION

e
Mariveles WFR

CAVITE
Mts. Palay- Pal ay CAMARINES
Mat aas-na-Gul od PL LAGUNA
Mts . Banahaw - Alabat WFR NORTE

S
San Cris tobal PL
# Binahaan R iver WF R Abasig-Matugdong PL

14

14
Taal Volc ano PL Quezon PL
Calauag
Maulawin S pri ng Bicol NP
Lopez WFR

i n
BATANGAS Lagonoy

e
Tibiang-Dumadagundong WFR
NBA # Caramoan NP
QUEZON #
Libmanan Caves NP
Mt. Is arog NP
Catanduanes NP
CAMARIN ES

a
SUR
Mal abungot PLS Quinasag CATANDUANES
Bue navi sta PL

h
Mt. Calavite WS MARINDUQUE

primarily designated for the

# Torrijos WFR
Marinduque W S

C
Mayon Volcano NP

Naujan Lake NP
ALBAY
OCCIDENTAL
ORIENTAL
MINDORO
MINDORO SORSOGON

h
Juban
Mts . Iglit -Bac o NP Bul usan Volcano NP

Apo Re ef NTP

t
Biri larosa PL S

u
Mt. Guiting- NORTHERN
ROMBLON Gui tin g NP Bongs alay NP SAMAR
Calauit WS

o
Calbayog -Pan-As
MASBATE Hayi ban PL

S WESTERN Jicontol WFR

12
12
SAMAR

conservation of native plants

Naro I sland W S
EASTERN
Samar I sl and SAMAR
Northwes t Panay NP
Natural Park

AKLAN BILIRAN Calbiga Cave PL

Ak lan River WFR

Sohoton Cave NP
CAPIZ
Dalanas Ri ver WF R
Pan de Azu car
El Nido Managed R esource McArthur
Prote cted Area Jal aur River WFR Landing NP
ANTIQUE LEYTE
ILOILO

Mal ampaya Sound PLS

Maasin WFR
Sagay MR
VISAYAS Mahagn ao Volcano NP

t
Sibalom NTP Northern

tr a i
Negros NP Lake Danao NP
Kuapnit

on S
GUIMARAS

and animals, their associated

Cent ral Ce bu PL Cuatro I sals PLS
Taklong Is . Nati onal Mt. Canlaon NP

n
Marine Reserve

Ta
Sudlon
NEGROS CEBU SOUTHERN
Bohol WS Olan go Is . W S
OCCIDENTAL Talibon PL S
LEYTE
Guadal upe

10

10
Hin abanga BOHOL
Cabil ao Siargao PLS
Choc ol ate Hill NM
# Puerto Prince sa
Subterranean River NP
Loboc WFR Alijawan
Raj ah Si katuna
SURIGA O
NEGROS Alburquerque PLS
DEL NORTE
PALAWAN
ORIENT AL
Bali nsasayaw Tiwin Alamio, Buyaan, Carac-an
Lak es NP CAMIGUIN Pani kian & Sipangpang Falls WFR
Ras a Island WS Apo Is. WS SIQUIJOR Mt. Timpoong Hibok- Hibok NM

habitats and cultural diversity.

AGUSAN SURIGA O
Mimbil is an PL DEL NORTE DEL SUR

Mt. Mantal ingah an PL Aliguay PLS Sel inog Is . PLS Mt. Bal atu akn Range NP
Tubbataha R eef NP
Jos e Rizal Monume nt PL
Baliangao PLS
MISAMIS OR.
Initao PLS AGUSAN
MISAMIS OC. DEL SU R

Mt. Mal indang NTP BUKIDNON Agus an Marsh WS

Mucie lagos PLS Mt. Kitanglad NTP

ZAMBOANGA LANAO

8
DEL NORTE DEL NORTE Mt. Kalat ungan Ran ge NTP

Bali gui a
Mt. Timolan PL LANAO COMPOSTELA
DAVAO
S u l u S e a Siocon RR
Buu g NBA
DEL SUR DEL NORTE
VALLEY #

ZAMBOANGA
Dumanquilas Bay PLS
MINDANAO Mt. Sinaka
Mainit Hots pring PL

DEL SUR COTA BATO DAVA O

Mabini PL S
COTABATO CITY (NORTH) ORIENTAL

Pasonanca NP
Mat i PL
Mt. Apo NTP
MAGUINDANAO
Great Litt le S ta Cruz Is. PLS Pujada Bay PS

Lak e Buluan G RBS

Bas ilan NBA SULTAN KUD ARAT DAVA O
BASILAN DEL SUR
Mt. Matutum PL
Turtle Island WS #
Lake Sebu WF R
Alla Valley WFR
SOUTH
COTA BATO

6
SULU
SARANGANI

Section 3, Article XII of the 1987 Philippine LEGEND

Provincial Boundary
TAWI-TAWI

Initial Component of NIPAS C e l e b e s S e a

Constitution, lands of public domain are classified Proclaimed Under NIPAS

4
Prepared by:

Note:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources

into four categories: agricultural, forest or timber, NP

NML
RR
NMR
WS
GRBS
PS
- Natural Park/National Park
- Natural Monument/Landmark
- Resource Reserve
- Marine Reserve
- Wildlife Sanctuary
- Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary
- Protected Seascape
PROTECTED AREAS AND WILDLIFE BUREAU
Quezon Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Telephone: 924-6031 to 35 Fax : 924-0109
email : planning@pawb.gov.ph

2
2
PL - Protected Landscape

mineral lands, and national parks. PLS

MRPA

114
- Protected Landscape and Seascape
- Managed Resource Protected Area

116 118 120 122 124 126

109 NIPAS Proclaimed National Parks (2009)

02
Refers to an area set aside to
allow the way of life of
Natural societies living in harmony with
Biotic Areas the environment to adapt to
modern technology at their
pace.

Basilan Natural Biotic Area (BASILAN)

Proclamation 321 (31 May 2000)
4,545,99 hectares
03
Refers to a relatively small
area focused on the protection
Natural of small features to protect or
Monument preserve nationally significant
natural features on account of
their special interest or unique
characteristics.

Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (BOHOL)

Proclamations 1037 (1 July 1997); 333 (26 February 2003)
13,994.95 hectares
04
Refers to a relatively large area
not materially altered by
Natural human activity where
Park extractive resource uses are
not allowed and is maintained
to protect outstanding natural
and scenic areas of national or
international significance for
scientific, educational, and
recreational use.

Mt. Isarog Natural Park (CAMARINES SUR)

Proclamation 214 (20 June 2002)
10,090.89 hectares
05
Refer to areas of national
Protected significance which are
Landscapes characterized by the
and Seascapes harmonious interaction of man
and land and water while
providing opportunities for
public enjoyment through
recreation, tourism and other
economic activities.

Siargao Island Protected Landscape and

Seascape (SURIGAO DEL NORTE)
Proclamation 902 (10 October 1996)
283,974.77 hectares
06
Refers to an extensive, relatively
isolated, and uninhabited area which
is difficult to access and is
Resource designated to protect natural
Reserve resources of the area for future use
and prevent or contain development
activities that could affect the
resources, pending establishment of
sustainable resource utilization
goals which are based upon
appropriate information and
planning.

Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (LAGUNA)

Proclamations 106 (1910) and 552 (1933);
RAs 3523 (1963 ) and 6967 (1990)
4,244 hectares
07
Refers to an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem features and species of
Strict flora and fauna of national scientific importance that should be maintained to
Natural protect and preserve nature in its undisturbed state and to preserve ecologically
Reserve representative examples of the natural environment to ensure their availability for
scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for maintenance of
genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state.
08
Refers to an area which assures the
natural conditions necessary to
Wildlife protect nationally significant
Sanctuary species, groups of species, biotic
communities or physical features of
the environment which may require
human manipulations for their
perpetuation.

Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary (TAWI-TAWI)

Proclamation 171 (26 August 1999)
249,958.29 hectares
09
Refer to a wide variety of inland
habitats such as marshes,
peatlands, floodplains, rivers and
Wetlands lakes, and coastal areas such as
saltmarshes, mangroves, intertidal
mudflats and seagrass beds, and
also coral reefs and other marine
areas no deeper than six (6) meters
at low tide, as well as human-made
wetlands such as dams, reservoirs,
rice paddies and wastewater
treatment ponds and lagoons.

Las Piñas- Parañaque Critical Habitat and

Ecotourism Area or Wetland Park (MANILA)
Proclamation 1412 (2007) and 1412A (2008);
175.307 hectares
RAMSAR SITE (March 15, 2013)
 B ATA N E S

Protected
Landscape and
Seascape

hosts a number of
rare and endemic species.
Out of 256 species of
flowering plants, for instance,
42 are endemic to the
Philippines, and seven of
these can only be found
in Batanes.
 T U B B ATA H A
REEFS

Natural Park

Largest marine protected

area (MPA) in the
Philippines. Situated at the
apex of the Coral Triangle, an
area known to be
the global center of marine
biological diversity. Inscribed
in the RAMSAR List of
Wetlands of International
Importance and an ASEAN
Heritage Park.
APO ISLAND

Protected
Landscape and
Seascape

The Apo Island is nestled

within the Coral Triangle.
It is one of the
world's best known
community-organized
marine sanctuaries
 REFERENCES:

DENR-BMB. 2015. Guidebook to the Protected Areas of the Philippines.

DENR-PAWB. 2002. The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities. A Second Iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan (Final Report).

La Viña, A.G.M., Kho, J.L. and MJ Caleda. 2010. Legal Framework for Protected Areas.

Forest Peoples Programme. 2016. The International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity and the Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity: Local Biodiversity Outlooks. Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Contributions to the
Implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. A complement to the fourth edition of the Global Biodiversity
Outlook. Moreton-in Marsh, England.

GIZ. 2011. An In-Depth Review of the NIPAS Law and Related Statutes on the Establishment and Management of Protected Areas in the
Philippines.

GIZ. 2013. Analysis of Key Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Philippines.

Pulhin, J.M. 2002. Trends in Forest Policy of the Philippines. Policy Trend Report 2002: 29-41.

Senga, R.G. Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Prospects. The George Wright Forum.

Republic Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992.

Republic Act No. 11038 or the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 2018.

Suarez, RK and P.E. Sajise. 2010. Deforestation, Swidden Agriculture and Philippine Biodiversity. The Philippine Science Letters. Vol.3
No.1.
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http://r12.denr.gov.ph/index.php/86-region-news-items/328-denr-xii-consults-stakeholders-to-speed-up-irr-of-expanded-protected-area-law

http://www.biodiversityfinance.net/news-and-media/philippines-signs-94-new-protected-areas-law-ensuring-regular-budget-each

https://www.ofdc.org.tw/components/Editor/webs/files/Republic%20Act%20No%2010654.pdf

https://www.cbd.int/doc/lifeweb/Philippines/Philippines%20LifeWeb_System%20level%20expression_v08July.doc

http://alystraveltours.ph/beautiful-batanes/

https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/mountains-and-volcanoes/73/last-tropical-rain-forest-mt-isarog

https://touristspotsfinder.com/mount-makiling-legend-maria-makiling/
Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927)
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