EDUC.

204 EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS

PA 299.1 RESEARCH METHODS IN PA 1
MODULE 4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
I. Introduction:
Descriptive Statistics is the method of collecting and presenting data. This is one function of statistics
which covers the computation of measures of central tendency, measures of central location, likewise
the measures of dispersion or variability. These tools are used to describe the data gathered in
research.

With the knowledge of these statistical tools, the student in research will be able to present and
describe the result of the research output in a meaningful manner.

II. Course Content:

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Lesson 1 Measures Of Central Tendency
Lesson 2 Measures of Central Location
Lesson 3 Measures of Variation & Disperson

Lesson 1 Measures Of Central Tendency

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Weighted Mean

Weighted Mean equation is a statistical method which calculates the average by multiplying the weights with its
respective mean and taking its sum. It is a type of average in which weights are assigned to individual values
in order to determine the relative importance of each observation.

Weighted mean is calculated by multiplying the weight with the quantitative outcome associated with it and
then adding all the products together. If all the weights are equal, then the weighted mean and arithmetic
mean will be the same.

Where

∑ denotes the sum

w is the weight and

x is the value

Steps in the calculation of the weighted mean:

Step 1: List the numbers and weights in tabular form. Presentation in tabular form is not compulsory but
makes the calculations easy.

Step 2: Multiply each number and relevant weight assigned to that number (w1 by x1, w2 by x2 and so on)

Step 3: Add the numbers obtained in Step 2 (∑x1wi)

Step 4: Find the sum of the weights (∑wi)

Step 5: Divide the total of the values obtained in Step 3 by the sum of the weights obtained in Step 4
(∑x1wi/∑wi)

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Example 1:
Grades of Student A during the first Semester

Subject Grade Units total

( Xi) (wi) (xi) (wi)
Math 101 85 3 255
English 102 86 3 258
Filipino 101 82 3 246
Science 201 80 5 400
Computer 202 88 4 352
Research 85 3 255
PE 1 92 2 184
∑ wi =23 ∑(xi) (wi)= 1950

∑( xi)(wi)
Xw =
∑ wi

= 1950
23

Xw = 84.78

Example 2:
The following data presents the results of a survey made by a team of researchers on the extent by
which Enhanced Community Quarantine due to COVID 19 contributed to changes in the way of life of the
residents of Tabuk City.
The research made use of four point scale in categorizing the data collected from a sample of 150
Tabukeños.
SCALE LIMITS DECRIPTION SYMBOL
4 3.25 - 4.00 Very Much Contribute VMC
3 2.50 - 3.24 Much Contribute MC
2 1.25 - 2.49 Moderately Contribute MoC
1 1.00 - 1.24 Less Contribute LC

VM Mo
C MC C LC
The Enhanced Community Quarantine . . . (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Provided an opportunity for families to have closer relationship among the
members. 53 42 25 30
2. Increased awareness on the importance of life 55 40 22 33
3. Realization on the importance of sensitivity to the needs of others 58 41 31 20
4. Increased awareness in going back to basics. 49 33 28 40
5. It brought about a new normal way of life. 44 52 20 34

Required: Compute (1) the weighted mean for each indicator, and (2) the total average weighted mean for
the survey. Describe the data using the description equivalent no. 1 & 2.
Answers:
The Enhanced Community Quarantine . . . VMC MC MoC LC
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 (4) (3) (2) (1) Xw VMC
1. Provided an opportunity for families to have closer 53 42 25 30
relationship among the members. (212) (126) (50) (30) 2.79 MC
55 40 22 33
2. Increased awareness on the importance of life (220) (120) (44) (33) 2.78 MC
3. Realization on the importance of sensitivity to the needs 58 41 31 20
of others (232) (123) (62) (20) 2.91 MC
49 33 28 40
4. Increased awareness in going back to basics. (196) (99) (56) (40) 2.61 MC
44 52 20 34
5. It brought about a new normal way of life. (176) (156) (60) (34) 2.84 MC
TOTAL AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 2.79 MC

Solution: Process:
1. Multiply the frequency by the weight of the indicator
Indicator 1 1st Column (53 X 4) = 212
nd
2 Column (42 X 3) = 126
3rd Column (25 X 2) = 50
4th Column (30 X 1) = 30
Total 418

2. Divide the total with the total no. of respondents (n) 150

∑( xi)(wi) 418
Xw = = = 2.786 Much Contribute (MC)
∑ wi 150

3. Repeat process 1 and 2 to the rest of the indicators

4. To compute the TOTAL AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN, take the sum of the weighted
means of all indicators and divide by the total no. of Observations.

Description of the Data: The total average weighted mean of 2.79 indicates that the Tabukeños
believed that the
ECQ implemented because of COVID 19 much contributed to the changes in the
way of life in Tabuk City. This can also be observed in the computed weighted
mean in all indicators. It can be noted that “Realization on the importance of
sensitivity to the needs of others” was rated as the highest with a weighted mean
of 2.91 though it has the same description of “much contribute”.

Lesson 2. Measures Of Central Location

Specific Objectives: At the end of this lesson the student will be able to:

1. develop the ability to follow the step by step procedure in the computation of the measures of central
location.
2. gain knowledge and understanding on the use and or application of the measures of central location.
3. To appreciate and be able to describe the data using the measures of central location.

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Measures Of Central Location
These are important measures which divide the distributions into parts or sub-groups

 Percentiles are used to divide the distribution into 100 parts.

 Deciles divide the distribution into 10 subgroups.
 Quartiles divide the distribution into four subgroups

Relevance and Uses

 These measures are important in looking at the position of an individual in a group.

 This may be also used in categorizing data:

Example: Quartiles for 4 categories

Deciles for 10 categories
Percentiles for any desired number of categories

When data is arranged in ascending or descending order, it can be divided into various parts by different
values such as quartiles, deciles and percentiles. These values are collectively called quantiles and are the
extension of median formula which divides data into two equal parts.

Since the basic purpose of these partition values is to divide data into different parts therefore a relationship
exists between them. This relationship is given below and is elaborated with the help of simple problems.

The Quartile for Ungrouped Data

The following are the formula for Q1, Q2, Q3:

Q1 = n /4

Q2 = 2n/4

Q3 = 3n/4

Example 1. The following is a list of scores resulting from an English examination

Administered to 40 students:

91 62 48 94 89 91 85 98
61 93 83 52 100 73 43 69
46 90 59 51 92 68 78 77
62 99 96 59 70 49 50 42
54 76 66 62 59 54 45 46

Solution: Arrange the scores from the lowest to the highest as indicated below
18 Prepared by: Leah Rosete-Garming, MPA
 42 48 54 6 68 77 90 94
1
43 49 54 6 69 78 91 96
2
45 50 59 6 70 83 91 98
2
46 51 59 6 73 85 92 99
2
46 Q1 10th 52 59 Q2 20th 6 76 Q3 30th 89 93 100
6

Q1 = n /4 Q2 = 2n/4 Q3 = 3n/4

= 40/4 = 2(40)/4 = 3(40)/4

= 10 = 80/4 = 120/4

= 20 = 30

The Quartile for Grouped Data

Quartiles are score-points which divide the distribution into four equal parts. Twenty-five percent fall below the
first quartile Q1. Fifty percent are below the second quartile Q2 and scoring seventy five percent is less than
the 3rd quartile Q3.

The following are the formulas for Q1 Q2 and Q3 under grouped data:

1n
−F
Q1 = L + ( 4 )i
f

2n
−F
Q2 = L +( 4 )i
f

3n
−F
Q3 = L +( 4 )i
f

Thus,

kn
−F
Qk = L +( 4 )i
f

Where:

Qk = quartile where k is from 1,2 and 3

L = lower limit
N = sample size
F = cumulative frequency
f = the frequency where the lower limit is located
Example:
Find the first, second and third quartiles of the frequency distribution of the scores of fifty students in a History
Class. Divide them into four equal sub-groups.

Scores f F

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 45-49 2 50
40-44 6 48
Q3 L 34.5 35-39 11 42
Q2L 29.5 30-34 10 31
Q1L 24.5 25-29 12 21
20-24 5 9
15-19 4 4
N= 50

First Quartile

1n
−F 1n
Q1 = L +( 4 )I Solve for −¿= 50/4
4
f

= 12.5

12.5−9
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

3.5
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

17.5
=24.5 +
12

=24.5 + 1.46

= 25.96

Second Quartile

2n
−F 2n
Q2 = L +( 4 )I Solve for −¿= 100/4
4
f

= 25

25−21
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

4
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

20
=29.5 +
10

=29.5 + 2

= 31.5

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Third Quartile

3n
−F 3n
Q3 = L +( 4 )I Solve for −¿= 3 (50)/4
4
f

= 150/4 = 37.5

37.5−31
= 34.5 + ( )5
11

6.5
= 34.5 + ( )5
11

32.5
=34.5 +
11

=34.5 + 2.95

= 37.45

To divide the distribution into four subgroups or categories:

Quartile Score Ranges Groups

Q3 37-49 A
Q2 32-36 B
Q1 26-31 C
Lowest Score 15-25 D

Students with the lowest scores of 15 to 25 will be categorized under letter D; from 26-31, group C, from 32-36,
group B from 37 to the highest score of 49, group A.

The Decile for Ungrouped Data

Formula for decile

Dk = kn/10

Where:
D= the decile
k= from 1, 2, 9
n =the sample size

Example 1 Using the same data from the previous example on quartiles (arranged in array from lowest to
highest). Solver for D3,D5, and D8.ution: Arrange the scores from the lowest to the highest as indicated
below

42 48 54 61 68 77 90 94
43 49 12th 54 D3 62 69 78 32nd 91 D8 96
45 50 59 62 70 83 91 98
46 51 59 62 73 85 92 99

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 46 52 59 20th 66 D5 76 Q3 30th 89 93 100

For D3 For D5 For D8

D3 = 3n /10 D5 = 5n/10 D8 = 8n/10

= 3(40)/10 = 5(40)/10 = 8(40)/10

= 120/10 = 200/10 = 320/10

= 12 = 20 = 32

The Decile for Grouped Data

Deciles are used to divide a distribution into ten equal parts. These are denoted by D1, D2, D5 . . .D9

The following are the formulas for D1 D2, D5 and D9 under grouped data:

1n
−F
D1 = L + ( 10 )i
f

2n
−F
D2 = L +( 10 )i
f

5n
−F
D5 = L +( 10 )i
f

9n
−F
D9 = L +( 10 )i
f

Thus,

kn
−F
Dk = L +( 10 )i
f

Where:

Dk = the deciles where k from 1,2,3 . . .9

L = lower limit
n = sample size
F = cumulative frequency
f = frequency where the lower limit is located
i = interval

Example 2 Find the values of D1, D5 and D9 from the given frequency distribution of the scores in a
History class of fifty students.

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 Scores f F
45-49 2 50
D9 L 39.5 40-44 6 48
35-39 11 42
D2 L 29.5 30-34 10 31
25-29 12 21
D1 L 19.5 20-24 5 9
15-19 4 4
N = 50

First Decile

1n
−F 1n
D1 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 1(50)/10
10
f

= 50/10 =5

5−4
= 19.5 + ( )5
5

1
= 19.5 + ( )5
5

5
=19.5 +
5

=19.5 + 1

= 20.5

Fifth Decile

5n
−F 5n
D5 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 5(50)/10
10
f

= 250/10 = 25

25−21
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

4
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

20
=29.5 +
10

=29.5 + 2

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 = 31.5

Ninth Decile

9n
−F 9n
D5 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 9(50)/10
10
f

= 450/10 = 45

45−42
= 39.5 + ( )5
6

3
= 39.5 + ( )5
6

15
=39.5 +
6

=39.5 + 2.5

= 42

One of the uses of the deciles is to divide the distribution into 10 sub-groups. It can be used to divide the
distribution into 5 sub-groups by computing the values D2, D4, D6, and D8

Example:

Scores f F

45-49 2 50
40-44 6 48
D8 L 34.5 35-39 11 42
D6 L 29.5 30-34 10 31
D4 D2 L 24.5 25-29 12 21
20-24 5 9
15-19 4 4
N = 50

Second Decile

2n
−F 2n
D2 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 2(50)/10
10
f

= 100/10 = 10

10−9
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

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 1
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

5
=24.5 +
12

=24.5 + .42

= 24.92
Fourth Decile

4n
−F 4n
D4 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 4(50)/10
10
f

= 200/10 = 20

20−9
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

11
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

55
=24.5 +
12

=24.5 + .4.58

= 29.08

Sixth Decile

6n
−F 6n
D6 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 6(50)/10
10
f

= 300/10 = 30

30−21
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

9
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

45
=29.5 +
10

=29.5 + .4.5

= 34

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Eigth Decile

8n
−F 8n
D8 = L +( 10 )I Solve for −¿= 8(50)/10
10
f

= 400/10 = 40

40−31
= 34.5 + ( )5
11

9
= 34.5 + ( )5
11

45
=34.5 +
11

=34.5 + .4.09

= 38.59

Deciles Score Ranges Groups

D8 39-49 A
D6 34-38 B
D4 29-33 C
D4 25-28 D
Lowest Score 15-24 E

The above table indicates that scores from 39-49 will be considered group A; scores from 34-38, B;
from 29-33, group C; from 25-28, D and 15-24 group E.

The Percentile for Ungrouped Data

Formula for percentile

Pk = kn/100

Where:
P= the percentile
k= from 1, 2, 3 99
n= the sample size
Example 1 Using the same data from the previous example on quartiles (arranged in array from lowest to
highest). Solve for P50, P66, and P98.
ution: Arrange the scores from the lowest to the highest as indicated below
42 48 54 61 68 26th 77 P66 90 94
43 49 54 62 69 78 91 96
45 50 59 62 70 83 91 98
th
46 51 59 62 73 85 92 39 99 P98
46 52 59 20th 66 P50 76 89 93 10
0

For P50 For P66 For P98

P50 = 50n /100 P66 = 66n/100 P98 = 98n/100

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 = 50(40)/100 = 66(40)/100 = 98(40)/100

= 2000/100 = 2640/100 = 3920/100

= 20 = 26.4 = 39.2
It can be noted that the position of the score of 66 in the above distribution are the same when the following
measures are computed such as the Md = Q2 = D5 = P50

Md = Q2 = D5 = P50

Md = 20th = 66
Q2 = 20th = 66
D5 = 20th = 66
P50 = 20th = 66

The Percentile for Grouped Data

Percentiles are the ninety-nine score points which divide a distribution into one hundred equal parts. For
example, the 2nd percentile (P2) separates the lowest 2% from 98%. The formula for percentile is shown below.

kn
−F
Pk = L +( 100 )i
f

Where:

Pk = Percentiles where k is from 1, 2, 3 . . . 99

L = lower limit
n = sample size
F = cumulative frequency
f = frequency where the lower limit is located
i = the interval

The following are the formulas for D1 D2, D5 and D9 under grouped data:

33 n
−F
P33 = L + ( 100 )i
f

66 n
−F
P66 = L +( 100 )i
f

75 n
−F
P75 = L +( 100 )i
f

Example 1. Solve for P20, P50, and P80 from the frequency distribution of the scores of 50 students in
History.

Scores f F
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 45-49 2 50
40-44 6 48
P80 L 34.5 35-39 11 42
P50 L 29.5 30-34 10 31
P20 L 24.5 25-29 12 21
20-24 5 9
15-19 4 4
n = 50

20th Percentile

20 n
−F 20 n
P20 = L +( 100 )I Solve for −¿=20(50)/100
100
f

= 1000/100 = 10

10−9
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

1
= 24.5 + ( )5
12

5
=24.5 +
12

=24.5 + ..41

= 24.91

50th Percentile

50 n
−F 50 n
P50 = L +( 100 )I Solve for −¿=50(50)/100
100
f

= 2500/100 = 25

25−21
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

4
= 29.5 + ( )5
10

20
=29.5 +
10

=29.5 + ..2

= 31.5

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80th Percentile

80 n
−F 80 n
P80 = L +( 100 )I Solve for −¿=80(50)/100
100
f

= 4000/100 = 40

40−31
= 34.5 + ( )5
11

9
= 34.5 + ( )5
11

45
=34.5 +
11

=34.5 + ..4.09

= 38.59

LESSON 3. MEASURES OF VARIATION & DISPERSION FOR GROUPED DATA

In order to describe fully a distribution, it is necessary to present the mean or many of the measure of central
tendency. To give more meaning to these measure, there is nother measure of spread, more popularly known
as measure of dispersion or measures of variation composed of the range, average deviation, standard
deviation, quartile deviation and variance.

The Range for Grouped Data

To find the range for a frequency distribution, just get the difference between the upper limit of the highest
class and the lower limit of the lowest class interval.
Example: Find the range for the frequency distribution shown below:

Scores f
45-49 49.5 2
40-44 6
35-39 11
30-34 10
25-29 12
20-24 5
14.5 15-19 4
n = 50

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Range = 49.5 - 14.5
= 35

The range is the least reliable of the measures and is used only when one is in a hurry to get a measure of
variability. It may be used with ordinal, interval or ratio data.

The Average Deviation for Grouped Data

The formula for finding the average deviation for the grouped data in a frequency distribution is given
below:

∑f (m−x)
AD¿
n
Where:
AD = average deviation
∑ f /m−x /¿ = sum of the products of the frequency times the difference between the midpoint
and the mean
n = sample size

Scores f m fm / m- x /
45-49 2 47 94 15.5
40-44 6 42 252 10.5
35-39 11 37 407 5.5
30-34 10 32 320 .5
25-29 12 27 324 - 4.5
20-24 5 22 110 - 9.5
14.5 4 17 68 -14.5
n = 50 ∑fm = 1575 ∑f/m- x /=319.0

AD¿∑f/m- x / X = ∑ fm
n n

= 319 = 1575
50 50

= 6.38 = 31.50

The Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

Formula:

2
(∑ fd)
SD =
i
√ ∑ f d 2−
n−1
n

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 Where:
SD = Standard Deviation
∑ fd 2 = sum of the products between the deviation and fd.
n = sample size
i = interval

Example:
Scores f d fd fd2
45-49 2 +3 +6 +18
40-44 6 +2 +12 +29 +24
35-39 11 +1 +11 +11
30-34 10 0 0 0
25-29 12 -1 -12 +12
20-24 5 -2 -10 -34 +20
14.5 4 -3 -12 +36
n = 50 ∑fd2 = -5 ∑fd2 =121

Solution:

(∑ fd)2
SD =
i
√ ∑ f d 2−
n−1
n

(−5)2
SD =
5
√ 121−
50
50−1

121−.5
SD = 5
√ 49

120.5
SD = 5
√ 49

SD = 5 √ 2.46
SD = 5 ¿
SD = 7.85
The standard deviation is used whenever a distribution approximates a normal distribution. It is the most
reliable measure of variability which is used with interval and ratio data.

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III. Learning Activities

ACTIVITY:1
The following data is a result of the survey on the students’ level of awareness of the serious symptoms
of COVID 19. The survey was administered to the senior students of public and private secondary
schools in Tabuk who were selected at random. Total number of samples considered was 120.
M
VMA A MoA LA
Serious Symptoms of COVID 19 (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Trouble breathing 47 20 25 28
2. Constant pain or pressure in your
chest 44 26 30 20
3. Bluish lips or face 22 27 31 40
4. Sudden confusion 25 33 18 44
5. Sore throat 62 35 15 8
6. Headache 52 40 19 9
7. Chills, sometime with shaking 20 29 22 49
8. Loss of smell or taste 23 32 36 29
9. Nausea or vomiting 23 28 30 39
10. Diarrhea 43 17 25 35

REQUIRED:

Compute the weighted mean for each indicator

1. the total average weighted mean
2. Describe the findings of the survey

ACTIVITY:2
The following frequency distribution presents the training experiences in years of 50 faculty members of
St. Louis College of Bulanao, Inc.

Years in teaching frequency

30-34 7
25-29 9
20-24 14
15-19 10
10-14 8
5-9 2
n = 50
Required: Find the following measures under grouped data: (Show your solutions)

Symbol
Mean X
Median Md
Quartile 1 Q1
Quartile 3 Q3

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 Decile 3 D3
Decile 5 D5
Decile 8 D8
Percentile 99 P99
Average Deviation AD
Standard Deviation SD
Quartile Q
Range

IV. Assessment

1. In one paragraph give reactions/comments on whether the objectives of the lessons presented
were attained. Explain.

PLEASE SUBMIT THE ACTIVITY ON OR BEFORE July 10, 2021

Activities/Exercises required should be submitted on or before the date set for submission online through PM
or to my email: garmingleah@yahoo.com or personally at SLCB.

References:

Arao, Rosalia R. , et. al. Statistics (Based on CMO 03 Series of 2007) Rex Book Store. Reprinted
2011.

Broto, Antonio S. Statistics Made Simple, University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Northern
Samar, 2003.

Calmorin, Laurentina Paler, Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics Computer Application, Revised
Edition, Rex Book Store, 2016.

Downie N.M. and Heath Robert W. Basic Statistical Methods, Basic Statistical Methods, National Book
Store 1984.

Fraenkel, Jack R and Wallen Norman E., How to Design and Evluate Research in Education, McGraw-
Hill International Edition, 2006

Yazon Alberto D, Callo Eden C and Buenvinida, Lerma P. Learning Guide in Methods of Research.
Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc. 2019
Data on COVID19 retrieve from https//endcov.ph/dashboard

33 Prepared by: Leah Rosete-Garming, MPA