Ethiopian Studies

at the
End of the Second Millennium

Edited by
Baye Yimam
Richard Pankhurst
David Chapple
Yonas Admassu
Alula Pankhurst
Berhanu Teferra

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF ETHIOPIAN STUDIES
November 6-11, 2000, Addis Ababa
(IN THREE VOLUMES)
VOLUME 3

Institute of Ethiopian Studies

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

 û1983 πOè”Y| H´ÿ vâI πTY^o ‘ÕT —v_¨Ç

π—÷VÄ´ ˙Hz*ü™* ”ÿUÇ**

ዶ|ር —+z,
—+z ገላዬ፣ ggelaye@yahoo.com
የአፍሪቃ እና የኢትዮጵያ ጥናቶች ተቋም
ሐምቡርግ ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ ጀርመን

‡Rm, ÈK#ı (Abstract)

æF πÿç| ®[m| vô&|øº û1983 Æ.T πOè”Y| H´ÿ ®¬F πTY^o ‘ÕT
—v_¨Ç π—÷VÄ´èñ º±+VÄ´èç ºè‘^‘bÄ´è ˙Hz*ü™* ”ÿUÇ æOHû{J""
π”ÿUÄ% ™äì ‡xÿ v®o{™* π—÷` ôez√¿`ç v—v_¨Ç Ráv^™* Mæ®| Iæ
πQºzû#` c&Gèñ vOè”Y| wHYJ◊ç|ñ vô—` ôè≈ä| ÿºm,ç vzHæT ¿”U
vo`v# v1989 Æ.T vôR^ xK+^™* °JI™* Oè”Y| πzüE¿´è π—÷` O_| j”j”
˙H&c& ôÔËÁTçñ j”j—# ºeûzH´è zÈØõê ænìJ"" vz¤R]T wè≈ vû#J ûo`x
—&±+ ®¬F v—÷\ Ráv[cx ±è≈ õπzwwc πO◊´è Oè”Y|è πO÷^÷`ñ πõ`ev`e
ÿIÅç zn´Uñ vH+I vû#J ¿”U πT”x õÿ[|ñ πT`| RjpJpJñ ≈Fä|ñ e¿|ç
vcIT ôxa πOê` zeÛ O¤HT ºdcwÄ´ π‘ÕT —v_¨Ç xÄì Ax{Ä´ vGä´
±æv+º™*ç oé Hve ôR`ì nJ”ÿT (Amharic oral poetry) eS|è πQ¢[û#\ç Jxè
πQäû# OJõ°}Ç õè¿Qcä≥\ vTdH+ vz¿—Ò ”ÿUÇ |è{é ºm`wJ"" π—v_¨Ä%
YäJyç™* ôezdcxñ wFI™* Ø´m|ç eH ôüwv& ºIÄ´ ÿJo ”è≤v+ñ eH wFI™* √îä|ç
ôez√¿`ñ eH JR|ç O_| ôºº≥ñ ®±z. πQºm`w;Ä´ KdyÇ πQ—HÁ#v| ôè¡
Oè—≈ H±Oç| wüvz%| πYänJ (oral literature) o`e ôRüîä| vOGãñ vRáv^™*
dæèeç v—÷` JR| zO^R]¨Çñ vYä|TF`|ñ vYäcxõç vYänJ TB^èñ
õè¬BT vOè”Y| ˙H&c& ô´‡¨Ç ±è≈ ûızì |û#[| zcÿ}| vÿènm,
Ocxcxç vÿJm| O÷ç| õè√Hv| æF πÿç| ®[m| ºOH°{J""

1. O”v&º

æF ô‡` πÿç| ®[m| 55 ºR`ì nJ”ÿUÇè |è{é ºm`wJ"" ”ÿUÄ%è

πcvcxâÄ´ TY^o ‘ÕT ´eÿ ûJ∫ J∫ π—÷` mvH+ Oez√≈aÇ c&Gè û1983
πOè”Y| H´ÿ ®¬F π—v_¨Ç ®o{™*ñ Ráv^™*ñ ôez√¿^™*ñ ˙Hz*ü™*ç JR{™*
—#√øÇ vôR`ì nI™* ”ÿUÇ õèƒ| õè¿zèÎw[m% ûRáv^™* Yäcxõ õç ûYänJ
ô£º HRÿç| v1983ñ v1984ñ v1989 õç v1990 Æ.T πOe° ÿç|ç T`T`
w¿[”BwÄ´ —&±+º| äv`"" YänI™* ”ÿUÄ% v1986 Æ.T ü±“ B| π≈á[ T[n
»z**ee» õç v1992 Æ.T ü÷çmoB| π˜*. ô+Ç ¬. πÿç|ç T`T` Y^Ω ´eÿ πz®c¡
õœ” ÿm*}Ç çÄ´"" ”ÿUÄ% wFI™*ñ ±+R™*ñ äw`ñ vz®cä ®o| vnJ πQ—÷Pç

*
This is a revised version of a paper which was presented at the 14th International Conference of Ethiopian
Studies held in Addis Ababa, November 6-11, 2000 and later peer-reviewed and published in the Proceedings of
the Conference by Baye Yimam (et al eds.,), 2002, Addis University Press, Vol. 3, p.2044—2058.

2045
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wFI™*ñ {]ü™*ñ Ráv^™*ç vzHæT ¿”U ˙Hz*ü™* Ûæ√ Rÿçz% π—÷\è M≥x
OèÔd™*ç m%d™* ôezdcx HO[√|ç û±Oç™* ®æT dæèd™* Ø´m| “` v®—#
HRcçí| ûızì ”J“H:| ôH´"" wè≈ vû#J ”ÿUÄ% H{]°ñ HwFJñ H|TF`|ñ
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2.nJ”ÿT vô&|øº π—÷\ M≥x o`eç ´e◊™* eS| ™äì Rez“v&º

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2046
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vô&|øº π—v_¨Çè {]ü™*ç ˙Hz*ü™* zd|ˆ nJ”ÿRÄ´èç ±ÔçÄ´è1 vOcxcx

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HRx^^| U°^HÇ"" Iè— (1979) vm≈U´ ±Oè ‡pçè õç zn´Uè πQOHûz%
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2047
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3. û 1983 vâI vTY^o ‘ÕT —v_¨Ç πz—÷P ˙Hz*ü™* ”ÿUÇ

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¿e ævJF ‘ÕT ≈ıè ô&|øº
º mRì Oè”Y| —w T≈[ |v&º""

¿`”è vRhäı —&±+º™* cITç O[““| ºO◊IÄ´è πô&Môƒ” Oè”Y|ç vzHæT

¿”U π|”^æè z“√øÇ (z“√IøÇ) õè¬F vRH| äv` v”ÿT º®¿gÄ´""
zÿπ äv[ õè¿ ôa—+ m%ç
x≈” ô`‘ ôäXî ô&Môƒ” O◊ç""
|”_ zèmdof ô&Môƒ” wæO◊
|èj m`}è äv` äıdÇè J|®◊""

2049
 ô&Môƒ” wæO◊ wæcR ®_
æ{[≈ äv[ ‡m%è õè¿ v_""

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äv` πQ÷\|ñ) O]¨Ä% H‘ÕT —v_ vO O]º nJ π—v#H|ç πc÷#| —&±+º™* õˆæ{
πQûzH#| —#√øÇ äv\"" 1ì. M≥v# ^c# —&±&º™* cITç O[““| ¢Qz,¨Çè väÏç
vƒU°^c&º™* Oè—≈ õè¬O`ÿñ 2ì. v¿`” ±Oè vÜæJ æz—v\ πäv\
πO_| ≈J≈Jñ π¢{ñ π”x`ç πJ∫ J∫ O™·¨Ç õè¬äW#ñ ºT^ÉÇç º—HJ”H:|
πáx[| Y^ Ráv^| PH# vPH# õè¬Ô`c#ç —v_¨Ç vcÔ^ç vOè¿` TY[{
|õ≤≥ πWbÄ´è ô√¬e v+}Ç ôı`c´ õÔH—#| y{ Iæ õè¬W\ñ 3ì. v”√œ HŸ`ä|
OOJOJ õè¿Ræê`ñ ®I–Ç J–ÅÄ´è HôoO ô√Tç HôoO E™è dæ¿`c#
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πô&Môƒ” {“øÇ vzHæT °ıH M≥xç π¢` ôwJ πQwH#| ô√¬e ü≈_¨Ç û‘çÄ´
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π¬U°^c& Ox{Ä´T õè¿Q[“—ÿIÄ´ zä—^Ä´"" z÷^◊]´ π‘ÕT —v_ ”è me
vme H´÷#è zû|H´ æez“v# Häv\ ®o{™*ñ ôez√¿^™*ç ˙Hz*ü™* ô™–Ç v”ÿT
TIj HOe÷| x±# —&±+ ôJ®c¿v|T""

õée ô&Môƒ”è IOc”ä´Tñ IR´T Ä—[î

ôTí x÷“´ °Ij ûHûHî""

“¬U°^c&” xH: ô®  HM≥x

TèT HRæÿÔ´ TèT HRºäx""

ô&Môƒ” zO◊ ôI[”BT üJc&

æ¥Jî πO◊ w∆ ¬U°^c&""

GêT ”è H‘ÕT —v_¨Ç “°Ih#T æûJûIÄ´”ñ “w∆ ¬U°^c&T æT◊IÄ´”ñ Häc#

|Jm% õˆæ{ π¿`” ô—≤≥ O®—≈ç πOè”Yz% [ÜæH R`ºT] ûYJÿè O´[≈ äv`""
õçT ®¬º´ã |≥x{Ä´èç ôez´H:{Ä´è õè¬F c&H# äv` v”ÿT π—H÷#|""
õì Tèz√Çè º O◊ñ º O◊?
Oè”Yz% ®¿m πR{ πR{""

õπ™H õº¿[ñ mç| vdTè{|ñ dTè{| v®^|ñ ®^| vÆO{| õπzp÷\ c&E¡
π‘ÕT —v_¨Ç HzHº∫ ˙Hz*ü™*ñ ôez√¿^™*ñ JR{™*ç ”x`ç™* OO]º¨Çç
|õ≤≥Ç KdwÄ´èç eS{Ä´è vô√¬e ”ÿUÇ RèÎw[o xÅ dæGè v¿`” ±Oè

2050
πz—÷P|èT õºe{®c# R±+T æ T^H#"" HTdH+ v1983 õç v1984 vπmvH+´ O÷äì
πGä πO_| °ııJ z¿`‘ äv`"" πO_| °ııH# wx≤ì´ w—` jR”H+¨Ç πzûç®ä
v&GèT YJ◊è Iæ π®÷#|ç ô√¬e h#O| πzc◊Ä´ πô&Môƒ” zO^·Ç (õIæ
ûz÷mc#| π¢` ôwI| vz¤R]) Uv&Iæ±+jèñ ü≈_ñ Tåiç {◊m* vQwH#| äv`
πzüE¿´"" me vmeT v¿`” ±Oè æ¿[” õè¿äv[´ Hh#RTèz% —#y Oe÷|ñ ≈”e
RxI|ç R÷◊| v≈xoT væÛT c&ûç®ã O{π| æ T^H#"" vè¬F Ææäz% ô≈H:ô™*
πO_| °ııJ —&±+ H¢Qz,¨Ä% —#y Oe÷|ç O“v≥ ôoT ºäc´ç û¢Qz,¨Ä% ≥T≈ç
πH+H´ Teû&è —v_ xfz%èç m%‡z%è õè¬F vRH| äv` ºè‘^‘[´""

¢Qz,T “õœ”ôHñ õéT õœ ô÷[î

õˆüü´ O_| ôT±”≥‘ ◊Hî""

HH&mOèv\ ôè≈ w´è≈ ôÿÄ,

H¢Qz,¨Ä% ôè≈ ÷`Pe ôÿÄ,
zR¥]º´ O_| m[B zHæÄ,""

õé z¢Qz, ôvJœ xçX

æc÷î äv[ z≈vH# Rd""

zcw| ¢Qz, ôvJœ ôÿÄ,

ôH vpH: õh| û[P J–Ä,""

v¿`” —&±+ π¢Qz,¨Ç m%ÿ` ôY^ ôTe| äv`"" ûH´÷# vâI ”è m%ÿ^Ä´ ®¿ cw|
≥o xI;J"" vO O]º´ eèî πz—HÁ´ πO_| Ææä| “ˆüü” πQH´ nJ HT ºJGä
®æT ÷ı O_| HRH| ä´"" õè¬BT vBHzì´ ”ÿT ´eÿ “w´è≈” πQJ nJ
æ—ìJ"" vôüwv&´ ôR`ì ®æT ±Ω “w´è≈” πc+}Ç ij ®æT π^e Rc]º RH|
v&GèT õ±&F Iæ ”è ôY` x` πQJ |`’S õè√H´ O[√| ºeÔJ“J"" —◊Q´
vBHzì´ç vZezì´ ”ÿUÇ πz÷mOwÄ´ “R¥]º” õç “≈vJ” πzcí%| nI|ñ
wüwv&´ ôä“—` ´D —x ®æT HT O_| πQJ |`—#T ôIÄ´"" πQûzH´ ”ÿT
v¿`” ±Oè TY^o ‘ÕT ´eÿ Häv[ ôè≈ π—v_ wHYJ◊è πz—÷O ä´"" ”ÿPè
^c# π—v_ wHYJ◊ã õè¿—÷O´ vReOcJ πzcç√ c&Gè v®oz% Hô&Môƒ” ™ç
ÁKÚç Hj””\ Oè”Y| ˘_±&¿è| Häv\| Hô} OHe ±+ç™* πm[v πæo`{ æ¿[”Jî
Ææä| TÎ{™* ôv+z%{ ä´"" õ”[ Oè—¡è ”è v¿`” ô—≤≥ ±Oè vM≥x Iæ º¿[c´è
T≥v^ç v¿J dæ¿xo æç—^J"" æF Ææäz% eIn™* ôm^[x |Jm% π”ÿT wM`æç
π—◊QT ÇH:{ OGãè Jx æI;J""

2051
 ™jÄ, õè√JvI ô&W¯ Ô[c
ô`h+ õè√JvI õŒ HcHc
c`m,T õè√Jê` ô&Môƒ” ¿[c
“ù[! Tè æiIJ ôxΩ OHc?”

π‘ÕTè —v_¨Ç Yä wM`æç ôezdcx HO[√|ñ eH O_| ®æT `e|ñ eH õ`i v_ç
πŸ` OX]º ôeÔI—&ä|ç õè¬BT eH Qe| ºIÄ´è π÷Hmç Y` πc¿¿ ôOHüû|
vJ∫ J∫ ±ƒ¨Ç OO`O`ç Rÿç| ºeÔJ“J"" vO_| ®æT vôw| `e| πzäX eèz%
—v_ U~Jñ eèz% z“≈I;J ®æT ¿T znx~Jñ eèz% hı~Jñ eèz% ô—` ÿH: zc¿;J""
πO_| æ¥{ ™e|ç H—v_´ ûBH#T πvH÷ °x\ç RØ[—# ä´"" O_| H—v_´ Mæ®z%ñ
—#aa´ñ |√\ñ Axz% RH| ä´"" O_z%èñ Ax|-èx[z%èñ ^c#èñ v+zcv#èç ±O∆Ä%è
äo} HO÷voç û÷I| HOûIûJ ¿”U õè√oPñ õè√üwv&´ç õ迱Oã wFI™* ®æT
±Oç™* πŸ` OX]º ææ≤J ®æT æ{÷nJ"" ûÅHç ûzÔm¿H| üIjè¢˝ñ Tåj`ñ
¬U|Ô`ñ ®æT vJœ” æ—≤J"" üJÅH ¿”U œèˆ ºH´ ÷èü^ jOJ ®æT ¡Iñ Ÿ`
®æT ôèüc+ñ dèÕ ®æT ‹v+ ææ≤J"" Oº≥ xÅ dæGè vzHæ vm[`}ç vÒû^ —&±+
πQ®¿´è ¡I ®æT πŸ` OX]º õºjû[û[ ®è≈äz%èñ ÜæHìäz%èñ —√æäz%èñ
—#≤Täz%èñ õè¬BT Axz%èñ wHv+z%è ôwz%èç ±O∆Ä%è v”ÿT õºäX ºU”dJ"" ÷Iz%è
ºè£edJ"" π‘ÕT —v_¨Ç õè¿QH#| m[`} c&cP õœ” æäh◊H#"" m[`}´è
vzû{{æ ûcP ®æT ^dÄ´ HQºo^^´ c´ ”ÿT ûc÷# vâI áH&çÄ´è
Op◊÷` ºo{Ä™J"" û±&ºTñ
±^ı! ±^ı! ±^ı!
π¢e|`4 ôjû` πwH ´H#
Ææã Oä÷` ÷vèÕ´ eH#""

vRH| ±H´ õÒû^ ´eÿ æ—wH#"" õ蔬F v±&Fè õœ” eS{™*ç ≈^R™* vGä´
πm[`}ç Òû^ °™é —&±+ ä´ —v_´ G¡èç Jv#è c&ºxcJeH´ πê[´è ´e◊™* xf|ñ
o_{´èç èƒz%è vQOeÿ ”ÿT πQ—JÁ´"" v±&Fè —&±+ ä´ v≈xo ´eÿ H´eÿ
c&xII πpπ´ π¢Qz,¨Çñ πmvH+ ôez√√]¨Çñ πOè”Y| ®û&H:Çñ wüwv&´ πzûcz%
π`ev`e ”‡}Çç π±Oã ≠væ| Ç”aÇ vP—dT Gä v|Ç| OJ° v”ÿT πQ®÷#|ç
πQez“v#|"" vzHæ vOè”Y| ôez√¿^™* H´ÿ ®o| π”ÿUÄ% ˙Hz*ü™* ıæ√
‘J} æ{ºJ"" õIæ ®¿zäXèv| πO_| —#√æ õèOHeç õez* πQûzH#| ôY` ”ÿUÇ
πQºäX<Ä´è —#√øÇ vÿUç õèO`T`"" x±#¨Ä% πm[`}ç πÒû^ ”ÿUÇ c&Gã
ôè√è∆Ä% ¿”U πõè—#`—#a ®æT πxf| πQwH#| Ææä| çÄ´"" ”ÿUÄ% v1989

4
አባ ኮስትር የደጃዝማች በላይ ዘለቀ የፈረስ ስም ነው። እዚህ ላይ የኮስትር ታማኝ እንደማለት ነው።
እግረመንገዳቸውንም በላይ ዘለቀን በፉከራ ማንሳታቸው፣ ማሞገሳቸው ነው።

2052
Æ.T vôR^ xK+^™* °JI™* Oè”Y| πz¿[—´è π—÷` O_| j”j” ˙H&c& ôÔËÁTç
vzHæ πj”j” ˙H&c&´ v—v_´ Mæ®| Iæ ºeûzH´è ôH#{™* —È{ æOHû{H#""

4. π1989 πO_| j”j” ˙H&c&ñ πô&Môƒ” h#UÇç π—v_¨Ç õaa

π±&F ÈK#ı ôo^v& vQûzH#| Y^¨Ä% (1994ñ 1998ñ 1999añ 1999bñ 2000añ
2000cñ 2001añ 2001b) õè√÷ç´ç H+H:Ç TB^è vzHæ zÔ] (1997)ñ æ”[O´
(1997) õç ô&— (1997) õè√ez™H#|ñ v1989 vôR^ °JJ xÅ πz¿[—´ 槴 πO_|
j”j” ˙H&c& —v_¨Çè vZe| ‘^ ûÛıI;Ä™J""5 o]| Ú∫√Jñ v&a°^| õç ‡m%è
®æT ≈D ô`f ô¿` vRH|"" ûO_| j”j—# m¿T c&J v±&B °JJ (TçJw| vH+H:Ç
°JH:ÇT H&Gè æÇIJ) π—÷` mvH+¨Çèç ®[√¨Çè Rj“h”6 vQJ OO]º ºüwv&´
M≥x ıI‘|ç Kdx dæ÷πo πô&Môƒ” ü≈_¨Çñ πmvH+ wHYJ◊ç|ç π”x`ç
W^zïÇñ ®[√¨Çèñ mvH+¨Çèç Oè¿aÇè ûôè¡ ®¿ H+I´ vR÷ı O÷]º eUÇè
dæm` õè¿ÔH“Ä´ H™´÷™J""

ûBH#T vIæ ”è ºI”wx πŸ` OX]º æ≤ÇâJñ ®æT HOè”Y| d{e{´m%

OX]º ¿xnÇâJ zxH´ πzè—Iz%ñ πz—[Òç π{c\ —v_¨Ç m%ÿ` v◊T x±# ä´""
ûO_| j”j—# vâIñ O_| πz®c¿wÄ´ π‘ÕT —v_¨Ç v¿IÄ´èç ôv+z%{Ä´è
HRcR|ñ Oè”Y| ôHñ ı|F-`|õ ôH xH´ ®¿Qºev#| ®¿ ô¬e ôvw ûzR
võ”` z—#±´ äv`"" õ±&º õè¿¿[c#T v˙H&e zûv´ñ z`v´ç z÷Tz´ HdTè{|
ûzè—Iz% vâI “πO_| j”j—#è ô™œ ºÁ¿m´ç ºeÔÁO´ π°JJIÄB πôR^
Oè”Y| eHGä ®¿ wM` √` E√ÇB ôv+z%{ÇBè Oç—` |ÇIIÇB” πQJ OJe
ûOè”Y| z®üæ æä—^Ä™J"" x±#¨Ä% —v_¨Ç ®¿ Oè¿^Ä´ c&OHc# vô&Môƒ”
ü≈_¨Çç {◊m*¨Ç õπzÔH—#ç õπzº±# z¿x≈v™Jñ Hõe^|T z√`—™J"" ®¿
”ÿUÄ% õèOHeç πO O]º´ ”ÿT O_z% πz®c¿v| —v_ ºo^^´ ä´"" —◊Q´
ûOè”Y| ô—≤≥ñ ûO_| Y]|ñ û”x` õç ûO™· “` πzºº±# Ze|
{]ü™* õ´ä{¨Çç πOè”Y| ô—≤¥Ç ºäËÈ^J"" πO O]º´ ”ÿT vôÁ+´ ±Oä

5
πôR^ °JJ Jdè vGã| ≥°[ M” (1989)ñ vû#` (1989) õç RÖ}| (1989) Iæ v”JÈ õè¿cÔ[´ñ
m¿T c&J v—v_´ ±è≈ zcTz´ πRæ{®m%| o]| Ú∫√Jç v&a°^| cÛ ºH |`’Sç Rx^]º
zcÿ~Ä™J"" o]| Ú∫√J ûôÁ+ ÜæH YIc+ ±Oä Oè”Y|  Ta vO_| ûv`z,ä|ç vwIw|ä| HTç
cÚ πõ`i O_| vM— ®ÿ Oè—≈ æ±´ πQ—í%|èç v¿`” —&±+ O_{Ä´ ºJz®e¿wÄ´è —v_¨Ç æ
OHû{J"" v&a°^| πzwH#| ¿”U v¿`” ô—≤≥ ±Oè vmvH+ zO^‡ä{Ä´ x±# O_| vM— ®ÿ Oè
—≈ ûH+H:Ç äÿm´ π®c¡|èñ û1967  Ta vπ—&±+´ O_| c&ûÛÔJ z÷nQ πäv\|èç vJ∫ J∫ ¢Q
z,¨ÇzO`÷´ ¿`”è º—H—H# —v_¨Ç πQOHû| ä´"" ‡m%è ®æT ≈D ô`f ô¿` πQwH#| vm√R™*
ÜæH YIc+ ±Oä Oè”Y|T Gä v¿`” —&±+ TèT O_| ºJäv^Ä´ñ ®◊}Çñ wJ πH+IÄ´ c+| ô`
f ô¿aÇç vzHæT πô&Môƒ” Oè”Y| ¿“Ú¨Çç h#UÇ çÄ´"" πO_| j”j—#è ˙H&c& ôeÔËQç
™äì ¿“ÚT õä±&B ‡m%è ô`f ô¿aÇ çÄ´""
6
æFè vzOHûz πôR^ xK+^™* °JI™* Oè”e|ñ vôR^ °JJ ®[√¨Çè πR÷ıç πRh“h” z”w`
ôÔËÁT OO]ºñ wM` √`"" äKc+ 1987 Æ.Tñ 6 —ÍÇ õç πmvH+ Rh“h” z”w` ôÔËÁT z”w` OO
]ºñ wM` √`"" ÿoT| 1988ñ 4 —ÍÇ æOJûz%""

2053
Oè”Y| πäv[´è π“ôY^|” °ıº õç v¿`” ô—≤≥ πäv[´è õFJ v”√œ πOä÷oè
®æT “¢{”è “ô[ıB” xH:ç zeÛ ô≈`‘ πäv[´ —v_ñ v±Oä ô&Môƒ” “π¢` ôwJ”
πQwJ ü≈_ç ûvÚ}Ä% “πwc mRì” Oÿ}ñ O_z%è vOfiì cıa õè¿®c¿v| T_z%è
æ—JËJ"" BHzì´ ”ÿT ¿”Uñ 槴 π¢` ôwJ πQwH´ πô&Môƒ” wHYJ◊è
π—÷\è M≥x õèƒ| õè√cnπ´ —◊Q´ wüwv&´ ûQ—îç “¢`/Ç” ûQwJ õk•R
õè¤| “` vRäËÁ` vzH™‡ ±æv+ ºOdeH™J"" π¢` ôwI| vO_| j”j—# ®o|
—v_´è vRè—I{|ñ õ`e v`e vR“¤|ç O_z%è vO´c≈ Hô&Môƒ” Oè”Y|
{Rîä{Ä´è ºeOcû\ “πm%`ÿ mè J–Ç” çÄ´"" õä±&B π¢` ôwI|T Hô—\ Oı[e
z÷ºm*¨Ç õè¿Gã ”ÿUÄ% ºOH°{H#""

ôY^| m[ xΩ ô`Ù ezì

¢{ m[ xΩ ô`Ù ezì
π¢` ôwJ O◊ πwc´ mRì
O_z,è ®c¿´ cıa vOfiì""

◊H&ºè ôJO◊xè zû#e ôJzz¢c

®æ ®^] ôJO◊ Ç”` ôJ¿[c?
v¢` πzäX ô—\ Ô[c""

®|aT ä—[ì äv[ zÿè|

¢` ä´ ºeÄ—[è ÷RR´ õè¤|""

õée ô`e äv` π—v_´ñ π—w\ Jœ

O_z,è v&Hû#| v&®e¡| ä´ õèœ""
mÿH: πm[v#| BH| [∂∑T ”ÿUÇ ¿”U O_{Ä´ vô&Môƒ” ü≈_¨Ç v”≈
πz®c¿wÄ´ πTY^o ‘ÕT —v_¨Ç π¿[cwÄ´è ôd≤î ”ıç ô&cxô™* v¿J w÷nIæ
Hô—^Ä´ H‘ÕT M≥xñ vzHæ ¿”U wüwv&ºÄ´ HQê\ πRÅ°Jñ π‘≤Tèñ πv[è{ñ
πÿI|”èñ πõäc+ñ π‘èÅñ πX` T≈`ñ πô™vJ õç πôä¿≈ ®[√¨Ç ®—êÅÄ´ ôv+|
æIH#ñ ‹§{Ä´èç ÿJo Ö±çÄ´è ºcRH#""
æ{æF RÅ°Jñ æcRF7 ‘≤Tè
æ{æF v[è{ñ æcRF ÿI|”è
õ”±&¨ vJ õäc+ ñ‘èÅç X` T≈`
õ”±&¨ vJ ô™vJñ õ”±&¨ vJ ôä¿≈
õèƒ| æ®c√J O_{Çè v”≈?

7
“ይታይህና ይሰማህ” የሚሉት ቃላት አቤቱታ ማሰሚያ ናቸው። በደሌን እዩልኝ፣ ስሙልኝ እንደማለት።

2054
 ®æ! ô—_ñ ù[! ô—_ ‘ÕT!
®c¡| O_z,è õ`e|ç —#Jz,è
π^x OûJûº Jxeç mHv+è
ôºz,,ñ oRz, õez TèœIz,
π®◊Bx|èñ π—wBv|è
—x_ñ moΩ πê`Bv|è
®c¡| O_z,è cı[´ v—O≈
zõ蔬F ¿üR´ zõ蔬F ôa—#
ù[! ®ƒ| J”w ù[! π| JC≈?

—v_¨Ä% ûôº| o≈Rº}ÅÄ´ π®[c#| πO_| æ¥{Ä´ vOä÷m% πOê` FJ´çÄ´

õè√ûzOç õè¿Uz% ºFJ Gê æcRÄ™J"" ûO O]º´ ”ÿT õè¿Tè[√´ Iè¡ —v_
ºwz% w≈R O®c≈ πU| ºFJ c&cR´ñ H+I´ πO_z% O®c≈ñ vO_| õÿ[|
T°èº| ®¿Ú| H&¿`e πQÇH´ π[Dx ô¿“ ºe¤èm™J"" Zezì´ —v_ ¿”U
vô&Môƒ” º—≤≥ ±Oè Iæ õaa´è ºcRJ"" õè¿—◊Q´ ™æ{ v “±Oä ®ºé” O_z%
eHz®c¿v| “J–Ä,è Tè IxIÄ´?ñ vTè Id≈“Ä´?” õºH xfz%è ºcRJ"" H+I´
zeÛ πp[÷ —v_ ¿”U ûä‡^h# vaÄ%T õè¿O_z% õè√æ®c¡v| vOe“| “vaÄ,è
ôT÷#Jî ô`Œ JxIÄ´ ... ” vRH| πô&Môƒ” ü≈_¨Çç πmvH+ zO^·Ç
º¿[c#v|è cpnç v¿J H±O∆Ä% º™ºJ""
ôJUz OeH:{J õ_d´ ôJ®◊
ºwz%è w≈R c&üÔH#| võ◊""

z±è≈a´ õ^x πû`U´ æxdJ

O_z% z®e∆ Tã æ{[dJ?

±Oä ®ºéñ ±Oä ô&Môƒ”

O_z, z®e∆ Jœ vTè Id≈”?

vaÄ,è ôT÷#Jî ô`Œ JxIÄ´

¿U õè¿ O_z% dæp^`⁄Ä´""

vH+I vû#J ”èñ vO_| j”j—# ˙H&c& z÷nQ πGã|ç ‡m%è ®æT ≈D ô`f ô¿`
πzwH#| ®◊}Çç |√` πH+IÄ´ c+}Çñ c&Gã πj”j” ˙H&c&´è vReÔÁT [—≈T
ûızì zd|ˆ ô≈`—™J"" vzHæT |`ı O_| æ±™J πzwH#|è (o]| Ú∫√J õç
v&a°^|) —v_¨Ç ûR“Hÿ wi—` πO_| j”j—#è ˙H&c& ı|Ü™*ä|ç ôÔËÁT vQO
Hû| cIR™* cJˆÇè ô≈`—™J"" π≈“ı ”ÿUÇèT ôcTz™J"" πQûzH#| Ze| ”

2055
ÿUÇ õä±&B ‡m%èç ≈D ô`f ô¿` πzwH#| —v_¨Ç O_| Hc◊Ä´ πô&Môƒ” Oè
”Y| Te“çÄ´è π—HÁ#wÄ´ çÄ´""

jèjêñ jèjê ôûÛÔH´

ô`f HQvI HõeIT IR^´""

π‡m%êÇ ôw| Kmì´ Oè”Y|

HBH# õè¬√[e Hc+|ñ H®◊|
O_| ôüÔH õ◊ vR´◊|""

—¿xç fR ®◊| zcxcv#

Ôè÷`—+ñ õä—ç ‡m%è zcxcv#
—+{è Hô&Môƒ” Ø≈S õèHTä´
Hô^| ≈`x8 ’ºñ ITe| ≈`x ôz`ñ
HBH| ≈`x ÷+ı O≥]º õQcÿ Rä´?
ù[! ô&Môƒ”è ≥è{HT ºã[´""

πQûzH#| ô^| ”ÿUÇ vO_| j”j—# —&±+ o]| Ú∫√Jç v&a°^| zxH´
πzûÔH#|è —v_¨Ç æzÅH#"" ”ÿUÄ%è π—÷VÄ´ ‡m%è ®æT ≈F ô`f ô¿`
πzwH#|ç ûO_| ¿J√æ ¢Qz,¨Çç ûô&Môƒ” ü≈_¨Ç “` πO_| j”j—#è ˙H&c&
ºeÔÁP ”HcyÇ õè¿G㠺䓗`âÄ´ —v_¨Ç ôe[≈z´ìJ"" o]| Ú∫√Jç
v&a°^| πzwH# —v_¨Ç O_{Ä´è Oä÷o xÅ dæGè πH+H:Çè —v_¨Ç O_|
z÷T¿´ ®æT zû^æz´ õè√º`c# zûJ°H™J"" võ≈`ñ võm%xñ vcèvz,çñ
vRÖv` ûÖx[zcv# õ謗HH#ç ôè—{Ä´è ¿ız´ õè¬mO÷# ûôüwv&´ πOè”Y|
wHYJ◊ç| OO]º zcÿ~ÄJ""9 vz¤R]T vRçÄ´T πmvH+ excw Iæ õè√æ—í%
ÿxo °||Jç zÈê z¿`‘wÄ™J"" ôè√è∆Ä% ô—` ÿH´ zc¿™J"" x±#¨Ä% ¿”U
vjzì Gä™J"" ôè—{Ä´è ¿ız´ π “¿Öç mè”è OT◊| πQ÷xm%T ôH#"" ”ÿUÄ%
o]| Ú∫√Jç v&a°^| πzwH#|è —v_¨Ç xÅ dæGè J–ÅÄ´èç v+zcwÄ´èT
æn®RH#"" æzÅH#""
ù[! v&a°^| ù[! wITv^e
O_z% c&Hü hzz ô^e ô^e""

ôèz v&a°^| ô|Hı v¿Œ!

õè¿ m|` õd| |÷ÛHF võŒ""

8
“ድርብ” ባካባቢው አጠራር የእህል መሥፈሪያ ዓይነት ነው።
9
æFè —#√æ vzOHûz vzHæ π—+z,è (1999b" 183ñ 2000c" 15) ç πzÔ]è (1997" 12) ÿç}Ç æOJûz%""

2056
 πv&a°^| Jœ X` xI õè¿ v_
O_|F zcÿ~J H≈D´ —v_""

Ú∫√J x|HÔJı IènF õez*ûÔ|

zõ蔬F ôæ—î ôiJR O_|""

πTY^o ‘ÕT —v_¨Ç π¿[cwÄ´ ”ıç v¿J vO_| j”j” ˙H&c&´ xÅ dæGèñ
vzHº∫ π—÷` JR|ç ”x`ç ä° z”w^| zcR`z´ —v_´è æ[√H#ñ ±Oç™* πT`|
z,°êH:œè H—v_´ ºez™´nH#ñ ºezT^H# zxH´ vOè”Y| πzO¿v#|è π”x`ç
wHUº¨ÇT v”ÿRÄ´ ºR`^H#"" πQûzH´ ”ÿT õè¿QºOH°z´ñ m¿T c&J
R√v]º vRûÛÔJ πQ{®m%| π”x`ç W^zïÇ ûô&Môƒ” ü≈_¨Ç “`
“vOOd÷`” TY^o ‘ÕT ´eÿ πQ—í´è πõç`œ õç´“ ®[√ M≥x Henæ
õè¿√[—#| vmÿ{ æn®RJ""

π”x`ç ôHpÇ ≈a õTç´nÄ´

R√v]º R¿J äv[ Y^Ä´
ôBè zOdÿ[´ zô&Môƒ” “^
õç`œç õç´“è ôd∫| Oû^""

v1987 Æ.T πô&|øº Oè”Y| H”x`ç´ °ıH ô&¢êQ |û#[| vOe÷| πzmç 
π—÷` JR| HRüE≈ ô√¬eç T`ÿ ±aÇè (—xeç eèƒ) HTY^o ‘ÕT —v_¨Ç
vx≈` cÿ} äv`"" õä±&F T`ÿ ±aÇ πz—í%| Oè”Y{™* üJGä ≈`œ| c&Gè ûm
≈U´ πôS]ü ˘_±&¿è| œQ ü`z` (πü`z` RØûJ) “”H:wJ 2000” vQJ O`M
võ`√{ πO÷# äv\"" v¿`” ô—≤≥ ±Oè Oè”Y| H—v_´ º¿`” πäv[´è πR√v]
ºç πÁ[ ô≥`õ| ≈‘R ”T| ´eÿ vRe—w|ñ x±# —v_¨Ç “πô&Môƒ” Oè”Y|T
≈‘R º¿`Jè æGçJ” vRH| vzHæ wüwv&´ “π”H:wJ e胔 õπzwH πQ{®m´è
vx±# x≈` õπ®c¡ O≥^| æ T^H#"" mÿH: ûz±+P| ”ÿUÇ O[√|
õè¿QÅH´ ”èñ ûÿoP æJo —#√z% äv` H—v_´ πz[Ô´"" —v_¨Ä% π®c¡|è
x≈` v®oz% O°ÔJ wHOÅIÄ´ v_ºÄ´è õeûOhÿ õè¿z—¿¡T õè[√Hè""
π”H:wJ eèƒ z±^ v&H#î
eJÅΩè æµ, ´`‡ ô¿[xî""

π”H:wJ eèƒ |`Ò —Hw ä´

ºèè ô^| O} 10Rä´ πQûıH´?

10
አራት መቶውን ብር ብድር ወይም እዳ ማለት ነው።

2057
 π”H:wJ eèƒ ôJ±^T zõ蔬F
πmèv\ v_ zzh÷ ®¬F""

5. πzûcz% ôüwv&º™* ”‡}Çç v—v_´ Iæ ºeûzH#| zÈõê

õIæ vz—HÁ#| Ç”aÇç vzHº∫ ”‡}Ç T°èº| π‘ÕT —v_¨Ç ûmvH+

¢Qz,¨Çñ ûô&Môƒ” ôwI|ç û”x`ç wHUº¨Ç “` o^é ´eÿ æ—wH#"" ôı
ô´ÿz´ HOç—`ç zn´UôÄ´è Ú| HÚ| HRcR| πQU°\T v¢` ôwI|ç
v{◊m*¨Ç õπ{¿ã æ{c^H#"" vz®H¡v| Oè¿^Ä´ñ ûôxa ô¿‘ÅÄ´ “` vcIT
ôxa Oê` wHOÅIÄ´ xf{Ä´èç õaaôÄ´è v”ÿT õè¿QûzH´ æ—JËH#""

Tè Ææä| ◊◊ ä´? Tè Ææä| Oû^?

c´ õèƒ| ôæê`T {xa ô¿—# “^?

πì √ïÅÇè vaÅÇèñ O_{Çè çÄ´

ôIemTÿ ºH#è ¢Qz,¨Çñ {◊m*¨Ç çÄ´""

ÿ[| w¿[—# õœ IHOe÷|

ÿ[| w¿[—# x[| IHOe÷|
nIÄ´ zm≈} —v# z®Få v+|""

—v_è ô|èû#|! õ±&º´ æmOÿ

‡m%ãè ô|èû#|! õ±&º´ æmOÿ
x±# —#≈ æ®◊J c&—Hwvÿ""

O_{Ä´ πz®c¿wÄ´ç πzv¿\|è πOè”Y| õ√ O°ÔJ ºJÅH# —v_¨Ç

ûx}ÅÄ´è õπh÷#ñ v+zcwÄ´èç mºÄ´è õπHmm% π—#Jv| Y^ ıH“ ®¿ ûzUÇç
®¿ ô‘^wÇ °JH:Ç Oc¿≈ æ T^H#"" õIæ õè¿z—HÁ´ñ π—v_¨Ç T_| wüwv&´
πOè”Y| wHYJ◊ç|ñ vô&Môƒ” ü≈_¨Çç vmvH+ π¢Qz, ôwI| Iæ πQºä◊ÿ`
õè¿Gä ûQûzH#| ”ÿUÇ õè[√Hè""

ôæzä´ñ ôæzä´ {JGä ä—\

õìT ô´_ õèBè õäc#T º≈ã""

õE√HB õèœ Tä ôHOEƒ?

π¢Qz,è ¿w õº®m´ Gƒ""

2058
 π¢Qz,è ¿w zRæ zmT¤
π®ºéè ¿w zRæ zmT¤
πü≈_è ¿w zRæ zmT¤
e¿| OEƒ ä´ ô—` ôu`¤""

Æwæ —O—P {πî õ±&º R∆

πQi—`v| ®è≈ Jœ zç∆
O_z% z®e∆ v+z% Bê w∆""

UÔ\è mèv\è °zz%| v‘{

õç`ev{Jè mè π®◊ H{""

ôè√è≈ —v_¨Ç ûôüwv&ºÄ´ ôJÔ´ ®o{™*ç ô—^™* π˙Hz*ü —#√øÇèT v”ÿT

RèX{Ä´ ôJm[T"" ä—\ vπmvH+´ ûQc÷´ πôoT ”Tw{ eJ÷çç oemd “`
zºæ¥ πO◊ æOeIJ"" π¢` ôwJñ Uv&Iæ±+jèñ ü≈_ñ {◊m*ñ Tåiç °ıH M≥x
πQwH#| πô&Môƒ” π˙Hz*ü h#RTè| π‘ÕTè —v_¨Ç dæm` π^eè Ø≈J v^e
eHO®cèñ eH xK+` xK+[cyÇ õû#Jä|ñ eH °JJ ˙Hz*üñ ®±z. vπ—&±+´
æcx£Ä™J"" ûô—^Ä´ û‘ÕT æJo eH |”^æ M≥x  ”èä|ñ {“æä|ç ôhçÚä|ñ
ôR^ πQwH´ M≥x ûÿè|  Ta vH+I´ πô&|øº xK+[cx Iæ eI¿[c´ πv¿J
{]°T æä—q^Ä™J""

û¿`” fiH&e{™* ô—≥≥ ´≈m| vâI ô&|øºè v±`ç v‘X πûÛÔH´è πô&Môƒ”
Oè”Y| v—÷\ π‘ÕT M≥x xÅ dæGè wR^´ Iæ õº¿[c ºH´è ˙Hz*ü™* zÈõêT
æn®RH#"" —v_¨Ä% x±# ûzOHûz%ç üez™H# vâI πQûzH#|è xeJ ˙Hz*ü™* ”ÿUÇ
º±+RH#"" ”ÿUÄ% vj””\ Oè”Y| ®o| vW`”ñ vÒû^ñ vm[`}ç v÷+ı ô¤√ Iæ
veÛ| πQ¿O÷#ç πQ±+P äv\"" ”ÿUÄ% H|”^æ M≥x πQ¿[—´è ô≈J¨ æzÅH#""
vôR^´ M≥x Iæ õπ¿[c ºH´èT v¿J ºäXH#""

c&ûÛÛè —&±+ xçè‘^—#`

“õä±&º äı÷ïÇ” õèwJ  O`""

®æ ô—_ ‘ÕT ô“P ”^\

BH#èT p[÷#| HR—` õºH#""

OmH+ {¿c ûzR´T cÛ

|”_ xÅ ä®æ I—\ πHÛ?

2059
 ôR^è “zì” ôH |”_´è “ä”≈”
õè¬F ä´ º—` Jœ eèÔnm≈?

vO¤[iT —v_¨Ä% û±OÅñ ûŸ`ä|ñ û[Dxñ ûÄäÔ`ñ ®±z. zO°aôÄ´

vOäX|ç ºHÔ {]üÄ´è vRe{®eñ õ´ä{ ºH´è ôè≈ {]ü™* äm%ÿ æ÷odH#""
ûÿè|  Ta πOû^´ OTfi ûπ| õè¿Gäç HÇ”\T z÷ºm*¨Ç õäRè õè¿Gã
v”ÿRÄ´ v”JÈ º®dH#ñ õè¬F xH´""

voH: ”±#ñ ”±#ñ ”^fiñ ”^fi

®|aT z|”_ ä´ πOû^´ OTfi""

õì OÇ ÔH”ä´ π|”^æè ÷œ
õπv÷v÷# ºÛÀçJ õèœ""

6. R÷nHº

vA—^Çè π—v_¨Ç nI™* o`e (oral heritage) õç wFI™* Ø´m| (indigenous knowledge)
vÄJzîä|ç vTB^è õÿ[| HwFJñ H|TF`|ñ H{]°ñ HJ∫ J∫ ”x`ç-ä°
˙H&c&¨Çñ HJR|ç HØ≈—| πQºv[°z%| ôez™Èú v®—# ôJz÷çT"" eH±&Fñ π—÷\
M≥x nI™* o`eç wFI™* Ø´m| wÛ◊î πÿç|ç πT`T` `õe OGè æ—w™J""
ûTY^oÕT —v_¨Ç vzcvcv# ˙Hz*ü™* ”ÿUÇ ÿç| Iæ zOY`} πQûzH#|è
πR÷nHº äÿyÇ Ro[x ôeÔI—& ä´"" ”ÿUÄ% v1983 π¿[—´è πOè”Y| H´ÿç
û±&º vâI πzûcz%|è ®o|™*ç ôüwv&º™* ”‡}Çñ õè¬BT ”x`ç-ä° ˙H&c&¨Ç
æOHû{H#"" vzHæT v1989 πz¿[—´è π—÷` O_| j”j” ˙H&c& vOn®T πô&M
ôƒ” ü≈_¨Ç v—v_¨Ç Iæ º¿[c#|è v¿J vT_| æzÅH#"" —v_¨Ä%T Gè zxH:
vZe| ‘^ RH|Tñ o]| Ú∫√Jñ v&a°^|ç ‡m%è ®æT ≈D ô`f ô¿` zxH´
OûÔIÄ´ v—÷\ M≥x ±è≈ ûızì e“|èç π`e v`e ”‡|è ôeû|I;J"" ôè√è∆
ÇèT He¿| √`’J""

—v_¨Ä% v”ÿUÅÄ´ ºäX<ˇÄ´ RÖv^™*ñ ô&¢êQº™*ñ ˙Hz*ü™*ç ôez≈√¿^™* Ç”aÇ

vO O]º ¿[Õ πOè”Y| ˙H&c& ô´‡¨Çèç π—÷` JR| wHUº¨Çè H&ºdev#ç
ô¨è{™* TIj H&º—í% æ—wJ"" vBHzì ¿[Õ ¿”U π”x`çñ π—÷` JR|ñ πwFJñ
πYä |TF`|ñ πYäcxõñ π{]°ç πYänJ TB^è Pº™* zmçœ} vQ÷æm´
πT`T` ±ƒ (interdisciplinary approach) πnJ o`e ÿç|ç T`T` Iæ |û#[| R≈[”ç
πvû#IÄ´è ôez™Èú Rv`û| æ÷vowÄ™J"" ô—^Çè IHÇv| πz®dcv# RÖv^™*ñ

2060
ô&¢êQº™*ç ˙Hz*ü™* Ç”aÇ11 ôè¡ —È{ñ π—÷\è ሕ≥x m`y üHR®oñ ãa´è
z“`} üHOê`ñ Kdv#è vÿUç üHOeR|çñ vzHæT ¿”U wFI™*ç ô—`-vmJ
Ø´mz%è z[≈} võc#´ ıI‘| Iæ πzOW[zñ õc#ã ºdzÔ πôez√¿`ñ πJR|ç
π”x`ç `M ôHOä¿Ò õè¿Gä veÛ| æ{OçJ"" π‘ÕT —v_¨Ç vxf| ”ÿUÅÄ´
ºäX<Ç´ ôè£` π˙Hz*üñ π—÷` ôez√¿`ç πO_|-ä° Ç”aÇT æFèã õ´ä{ πQ
ºOI°z% çÄ´""
™v& OËMı|

Abdussamad H. Ahmad. 1987. ‘Peasant Conditions in Gojjam During the Great Famine
1888- 1892’. Journal of Ethiopian Studies. XX: 1, 1-18.
πôR^ xK+^™* °JI™* Oè”Y|"" 1987 Æ.T"" vôR^ °JJ ®[√¨Çè πR÷ıç
πRh“h” z”w` ôÔËÁT OO]º"" wሕ` √`ñ äKc+""
_______. 1988. Æ.T"" πmvH+ Rh“h” z”w` ôÔËÁT OO]º"" wሕ` √`ñ ÿoT|""
Andrzejewski, B.W. and G. Innes. 1975. ‘Reflections on African Oral Literature’. African
Languages/Langues Africaines. 1, 4-57.
¿vv cæÒ"" 1983. ‘ºR`ì ሕ≥w™* Yä”ÿT Ixä| ºFJ’"" Journal of the Institute of
Language Studies. 1:1, 31-39.
Dessalegn Rahmato. 1993. ‘Agrarian Change and Agrarian Crisis: State and Peasantry in Post-
Revolution Ethiopia’. Africa. 63: 1, 36-55.
______.1994. ‘The Unquiet Countryside: The Collapse of Socialism and Agitation, 1990 and
1991’. In: Abebe Zegeye and Siegfried Pausewang (eds.). Ethiopia in Change:
Peasantry, Nationalism and Democracy. British Academic Press. London and New
York. 242-278.
Ege, Svein. 1997. The Promised Land: The Amhara Land Redistribution of 1997. Centre for
Environment and Development. Working Papers on Ethiopian Development. 12,
Trondheim.
Ôn¿ ô±±"" 1988 Æ.T"" YänJ |TF`|ç T`T` Ûæ√ vô&|øº"" Huèu¨Ç ÿç|
zuT 8ì c+Qç` πm[v ®[m|ñ ô¬e ôvw ∫å˚`c&z*ñ wFJ RØûJ""
______.1998. Unheard Voices: Drought, Famine and God in Ethiopian Oral Poetry. Addis
Ababa University Press and Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Addis
Ababa and Trondheim.

11
vô&|øº π—÷` JR|èñ πO_| æ¥{èñ π—v_´è Ç”`ñ ≈Fä|èñ πT”x õFJ õÿ[|èñ ”x`ç
ä° ˙H&c&¨Çèç πÇ”aÄ%è Oèeô+ vzHº∫ ôüwv&¨Ç z±™´a Hv`ü{ ÆO{| vÿJm| º÷ç ¿dHî
^FO} OGãè Oÿme z—v& ä´"" eH±&F —#√æ vzHæ π¿dHîè (1993ñ 1994) õç π¯´±¸è”è (1983)
ÿç}Ç æOJûz%""

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Finnegan, Ruth. 1992. Oral Poetry: Its Nature, Significance and Social Context. Indiana
University Press. Bloomington and Indianapolis.
Furniss, Graham. 1995. Ideology in Practice: Hausa Poetry as Exposition of Values and
Viewpoints. Ruediger Koeppe Verlag. Koeln.
Gebru Tareke. 1991. Ethiopia, Power and Protest: Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Getie Gelaye. 1994. The Social Life of Yetnora Agricultural Producers’ Cooperative and Its
Reflections in Amharic Oral Poetry. Unpublished M.A. Thesis Submitted to the
School of Graduate Studies in Social Anthropology. Addis Ababa University.
______.1998. Doing Fieldwork in a Native’s Community: Ethiopian Peasants and Their
Reflections on Local Politics. Paper presented at the 5th Biennial European Association
of Social Anthropologists Conference. Frankfurt am Main. 4-7 September.
______.1999a. ‘Contemporary Amharic Oral Poetry From Gojjam: Classification and a
Sample Analysis’. Aethiopica, International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 2, 124-141.
______.1999b. ‘Peasant Poetics and State Discourse in Ethiopia: Amharic Oral Poetry as a
Response to the 1996-97 Land Redistribution Policy’. Northeast African Studies. 6: 1,
2, 171-206.
______.2000a. Peasants and the Ethiopian State: Agricultural Producers’ Co-operatives and
Their Reflections in Amharic Oral Poetry, A Case Study in Yetnora, East Gojjam,
1975-1991. Lit Verlag. Muenster-Hamburg-London.
______. 2000b. ‘Voices of the Rural People in Ethiopia: Agrarian Change and Local Politics
as Reflected in Amharic Oral Poetry ’. Africa Today. (forthcoming).
______.2001a. Amharic Oral Poems of the Peasantry in East Gojjam: Text, Classification,
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