UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA,

UTM SKUDAI, 81310 JOHOR,

MALAYSIA.

SKMM2123 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS II

CORNERSTONE PROJECT

NAME MATRIX NO
AKBER BIN BERKATULLAH SX133101KMMF01
RUBENKUMAR A/L KAMARAJ SX160721KMMS01
LECTURER

ASSOC. PROF. IR. DR. TS. ZAINI BIN AHMAD

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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ON MECHANICS OF MATERIAL ............................................................................... 3
2.0 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT............................................................................................................... 4
4.0 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT ..................................................................................................................... 6
5.0 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND FREE BODY DIAGRAM .......................................................................... 7
6.0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 8
7.0 FINDING........................................................................................................................................... 14
8.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 16
9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 17
10.0 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................... 18

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 1.0 INTRODUCTION ON MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of

stress and strain in a solid body. Stress is associated with the strength of the material from
which the body is made, while strain is a measure of the deformation of the body. A thorough
understanding of the fundamentals of this subject is of vital importance for the design of any
machine or structure, because many of the formulas and rules of design cited in engineering
codes are based upon the principles of this subject.

Solid mechanics analyse the effects of loads on physical structures and their
components. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand loads,
such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, machinery, furniture, attire, soil strata, prostheses and
biological tissue. Solid mechanics employs the fields of applied mechanics, materials science
and applied mathematics to compute a structure's deformations, internal forces, stresses,
support reactions, accelerations, and stability. The results of the analysis are used to verify a
structure's fitness for use, often precluding physical tests.

The origin of mechanics of materials dates back to the beginning of the seventeenth
century, when Galileo Galilei performed experiments to study the effects of loads on rods and
beams made of various materials. However, it was not until the beginning of the nineteenth
century when experimental methods for testing materials were vastly improved. At that time
many experimental and theoretical studies in this subject were undertaken, primarily in
France, by such notables as Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lamé, and Navier. Through the years,
after many fundamental problems had been solved, it became necessary to use advanced
mathematical and computer techniques to solve more complex problems. As a result,
mechanics of materials has expanded into other areas of mechanics, such as the theory of
elasticity and the theory of plasticity.

Stress has two components, one acting perpendicular to the plane of the area and the
other acting parallel to the area. Mathematically, the former component is expressed as a
normal stress which is the intensity of the internal force acting normal to an incremental area.
The latter component is expressed as a shear stress which is the intensity of the internal force
acting tangent to an incremental area.

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 2.0 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

In our project, a foot stepper used in lorry is selected as an actual mildly complex
mechanical structure. Throughout the project we do analysis on critical points, principal
stresses, Mohr’s circle, safety factor, failure criterion and deflection of the mechanical
structure. We also developed a MATLAB programming code to analyse the stress conditions.

In this case, this foot stepper acts as a cantilever beam which is fixed at one end and
set to be free at the other end and distributes the load back to the support where it is forced
against a moment and shear stress. The foot stepper is a structural member that is designed to
support transverse loads that are applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Figure below
shows a simply supported beam, subject to a transverse load(weight of human).

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Material Properties :

AISI4340HR STEEL

σ yield = 910MPa

E= 207GPa

G=79GPa

v= 0.30

Minimum safety factor = 3

 All these data gather from book Fundamentals Machine Component Design 5th edition

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 4.0 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

1. To study an engineering problem and propose appropriate solutions based on the

knowledge of solid mechanics II.

2. To develop a MATLAB programming code to analyse the stress conditions on the

structure.

3. To demonstrate good understanding and commitment within a group in solving the

engineering problem.

4. To write a technical report related to solid mechanics project.

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 5.0 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND FREE BODY DIAGRAM

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM :

305mm

150kg

90mm

A B 8mm N.A

z
1.5mm

FREE BODY DIAGRAM :

1471.5N

MA

AY

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 6.0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

 STRESS ANALYSIS AT POINT Z BASED ON TRANSVERSE

LOADING
F= 150kg x 9.81 = 1471.5N

∑MA = 0 = MA - (1471.5N)(0.305m)

MA = 448.81 N.m

σx = (-MC)/I
= (-448.81)(0.0025)/ (1/12)(0.09)(0.009)^3

= -292.19MPa

σy = 0

τxy = VQ/It = - [(1471.5)(0.0015)(0.09)(0.00325) / (1/12)(0.09)(0.009^3)(0.09)]

=- 2.49MPa

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  STRESS TRANSFORMATION IN PLANE STRESS
To design components against failure the maximum and minimum normal and shear
stresses acting on the inclined plane must be derived. The maxi- mum normal stress and shear
stress can be found when we differentiate the stress transformation equations with respect to
θ and equate to zero. The maximum and minimum stresses are known as principal stresses
and the plane of acting is named as principal planes.

Principal stress is given by :

Therefore, σp1 = 0.0212MPa , σp2 = -292.2MPa

Hence the principal plane, θp1 and θp2 is calculated as :

tan θp1 = (σp1 - σx) / τxy

= (0)-(-292.2)/2.49

θp1 = 89.5⁰

θp2 = 90- θp1 = 0.5⁰

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Maximum shear stress is given by :

Therefore , τmax = 146.1 Mpa

Hence the shear plane, θs is calculated as :

tan 2θs = -(σx - σy)/2τxy

θs = -44.5⁰

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  MOHR CIRCLE

We can represent the problem solution for stress transformation of an element on

stress plane in graphical method using Mohr circle. This method able to solve problem much
faster from stress transformation equation but it slightly inaccurate that the equation where
the answer only whole number or 1 decimal place number while the equation’s answer in 2 or
3 decimal placed number.

Our result from Mohr circle are almost same to finding from stress equation. The
max shear stress and normal stress are 146.1mpa. The principle stress is 292.2mpa. All this
value is in both methods. However, the angle shown of principle stress in Mohr circle is -89
while the angle gather in equation is -89.51. this differ value may cause limitation of Mohr
circle.

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  FAILURE TEST

This test to know the value max stress cause a certain force at a point or
combination of farce acting on certain points that can be carried by a specific ductile material
before it yield where the it reach its limit of elasticity. In this study, we will use 2 theory which
is TRESCA theory and VON MISES theory to identify whether the FOOT STEP can stand or
will yield after force been applied .

BASED ON MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY (TRESCA) :

If principal stresses are SAME sign :

I σp2 I = σY/F.S IF I σp2 I ≥ I σp1 I

If principal stresses are OPPOSITE sign :

I σp1 - σp2 I = σY/F.S

So, 292.2Mpa < 303.33Mpa .

Failure do not occur. The steel does not yield according to TRESCA.

BASED ON MAXIMUM DISTORTION ENERGY THEORY (VON MISES) :

σp1² - σp1 σp2 + σp2² = (σy /F.S)²

So, 85380.84 < 92011.11.

Failure do not occur. The steel does not yield according to VON MISES.

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  DEFLECTION, Vmax:

A beam or any elastic long part will have deflection when force acting on area
that not supported in same point. If the deflection too high value, the structure may be yield
due to this effect. For our case subject, the component can be classified as cantilever beam.

Vmax = -PL³/ 3EI

= -(1471.5)(0.305³)/ 3(207G)(1/12)(0.09)(0.008³)

= - 0.0175m

= -17.5mm

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 7.0 FINDING

Below are result shown from MATLAB after program was ran.

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 8.0 CONCLUSION

As summary, our study subjects The FOOTSTEP able to stand the load of 1
human. If this load or the safety factor was increase, the FOOTSTEP needs to be fabricated
from a stronger material which has higher value of σ yield or modulus young. If the
manufacturer is using same material, then the design of FOOTSTEP need be change or an
additional support structure will need to place on. The coding wrote in MATLAB will be
shown in appendix.

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 9.0 REFERENCES

 Website

https://www.linearmotiontips.com/mechanical-properties-of-materials-stress-and-strain/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle#:~:text=Mohr's%20circle%20is%20a%20tw
o,for%20the%20Cauchy%20stress%20tensor.

https://blog.prepineer.com/how-to-construct-a-mohrs-circle/.

https://mechanicalc.com/reference/beam-deflection-tables

https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/matlab/matlab_plotting.htm

 Book

Fundamentals Machine Component Design 5th edition

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 10.0 APPENDIX
%CORNERSTONE PROJECT
clc;
clear;
sx=-292.19; %(ENTER 'sigma_x=');
sy=0;%(ENTER'sigma_y=');
txy=2.49; %(ENTER'tau_xy=');

disp('Principle Stresses and Angles')

sig_avg=((sx+sy)/2);
R=sqrt(((sx-sy)/2)^2+txy^2);
t1=R;
t2=-R;
sig1=sig_avg+R;
sig2=sig_avg-R;
sigm1=sig_avg-((sx-sy)/2);
sigm2=sig_avg+((sx-sy)/2);
tp=.5*atan(2*txy/((sx-sy)))*180/pi;
ts=.5*atan(-(sx-sy)/(2*txy))*180/pi;
tp2=tp+90;
ts2=ts+90;
disp('Sigma Average and In Plane Maximum Shear Stress');
formatspe='\nsigma_avg = %4.2f\n Tau_maxip = %4.2f\n';
fprintf(formatspe,sig_avg,R);
disp('Angles Corresponding to Sigma_1');
xo=sig_avg;
formatsp='\nsigma_1 = %4.2f\n Theta_p1 = %4.2f\n Theta_s1 = %4.2f\n';
fprintf(formatsp,sig1,tp,ts);
formats='\nsigma_2 = %4.2f\n Theta_p2 = %4.2f\n Theta_s2 = %4.2f\n';
disp('Angles Sorresponding to Sigma_2');
fprintf(formats,sig2,tp2,ts2);
yo=0;
n=100;
r=R*ones(1,n);
theta1=linspace(0,2*pi,n);
[X,Y]=pol2cart(theta1,r);
X=X+xo;
Y=Y+yo;
x1=sig2:1:sig1;
y1=(txy/((((sx-sy)/2)+sig_avg)-sig_avg))*(x1-sig_avg);
x2=sig2:1:sig1;
y2=0;
x3=sig_avg;
y3=-R:1:R;
plot(X,Y,'b-',x1,y1,'r-',x2,y2,x3,y3)
set(gca,'Ydir','reverse')
title('Mohrs Cirlce')
xlabel('\sigma_{1} \rightarrow')
ylabel('\tau \leftarrow')
hold on
grid off
axis equal
xC=sig_avg;
yC=0;
txtC=['\sigma= ',num2str(xC)];
text(xC,yC,txtC);
xb=sig2;
yb=0;

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txt2= ['\leftarrow\sigma_2= ',num2str(xb)];
text(xb,yb,txt2);
xa=sig1;
ya=0;
txt1=['\rightarrow\sigma_1= ',num2str(xa)];
text(xa,ya,txt1);
x3=R;
y3=txy;
txt3=['\tau_xy= ',num2str(R)];
text(x3,y3,txt3);
x4=xC+((sx-sy)/2);
y4=txy;
txt4=['\sigma=',num2str(x4)];
txt41=['\tau=',num2str(y4)];
text(x4,y4,{txt4,txt41},'color','red','Fontsize',11);
x5=xC-((sx-sy)/2);
y5=(-txy);
txt5=['\sigma =',num2str(x5)];
txt51=['\tau =',num2str(y5)];
text(x5,y5,{txt5,txt51},'color','red','FontSize',11);
if (sig1>0) && (sig2>0)
t_am=sig1/2;
sig3=sig2-t_am;
disp('Absolute Maximun Shear Stress');
form='Tau_abs in xz = %4.2f\n';
fprintf(form,t_am);
form2='Sigma_1 = %4.2f\n Sigma_3 = %4.2f\n Sigma_2 = %4.2f\n ';
disp('Principle Stresses from smallest to largest');
fprintf(form2,sig1,ya,sig2);
else
t_am=(sig1-sig2)/2;
sig3=sig2-t_am;
disp('Absolute Maximun Shear Stress');
form1='Tau_abs in xy = %4.2f\n';
fprintf(form1,t_am);
form3='Sigma_1 = %4.2f\n Sigma_3 = %4.2f\n Sigma_2 = %4.2f\n ';
disp('Principle Stresses from largest to smallest');
fprintf(form3,sig1,ya,sig2);
end
xo1=sig1-t_am;
yo1=-2;
N=100;
theta3=linspace(0,2*pi,N);
r1=t_am*ones(1,N);
[X1,Y1]=pol2cart(theta3,r1);
x3=X1+xo1;
y3=Y1+yo;
plot(x3,y3,'b-')

xo2=sig2/2;
yo2=0;
n1=100;
theta4=linspace(0,2*pi*n1);
if (sig2>0)
r2=sig2/2*ones(1,n1);
else
r2=-sig2/2*ones(1,n1);
end
[X2,Y2]=pol2cart(theta4,r2);
x4=X2+xo2;
y4=Y2+yo2;

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plot(x4,y4,'b-')
if (sig2<0)
xC2=sig1/2;
y03=sig2/2;
y003=sig1/2;
N3=100;
theta11=linspace(0,2*pi,N3);
r4=sig1/2*ones(1,N3);
[X5,Y5]=pol2cart(theta11,r4);
x6=X5+xC2;
y6=Y5+yo;
plot(x6,y6,'b-')
txt=['\tau_xz =',num2str(xC2)];
text(xC2,y003,txt);
txt02=['\tau_yz =',num2str(xo2)];
text(xo2,y03,txt02);
else
xC5=sig2/2;
y03=(sig1-t_am);
y003=sig2/2;
txt01=['\tau_xz =',num2str(t_am)];
text(xo1,y03,txt01);
txt001=['\tau_yz =',num2str(xC5)];
text(xC5,y003,txt001);
end

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