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Effect of La On Piezoelectric Properties of PB (Ni SB) O - PB (Zrti) O Ferroelectric Ceramics
Effect of La On Piezoelectric Properties of PB (Ni SB) O - PB (Zrti) O Ferroelectric Ceramics
DOI 10.1007/s10854-012-0765-y
Received: 14 February 2012 / Accepted: 16 May 2012 / Published online: 31 May 2012
Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
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412 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2013) 24:411–417
quality factor (Qm) and dielectric loss factor (tan d) [15]. were carried out using ‘‘TF analyzer-2000’’ Make Aixact.
Zahi et al. investigated the properties K3T , kp and curie The following standard empirical relations were used to
temperature (Tc) for the components sintered at 1,180 °C calculate K3T , g33, kp and Qm [17–19].
for 2 h [16]. Wang et al. studied density, kp and Qm [17]. Ct
The objective of the present work was to study the effect K3T ¼ ð1Þ
e0 A
of La on structural, piezoelectric, dielectric and ferro-
electric properties of compositions Pb1-zLaz(NiSb)0.05 d33
g33 ¼ ð2Þ
[(Zr0.52Ti0.48)1-Z/4]0.95O3 with Z = 0.01–0.05 and its K3T e0
optimization for sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
fa fr
kp ¼ 2:51 ð3Þ
(a) values of piezoelectric charge constant (d33), piezo- fr
electric voltage constant (g33), product of piezoelec- 2
tric charge constant and voltage constant (d33 9 g33) 1 fa
Qm ¼ ð4Þ
i.e. Figure of Merit so that it could be suitable for 2pfr Zm C fa fr2 2
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J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2013) 24:411–417 413
was indicated by the splitting in the peak intensity at triplet Figure 2a–e represents the effect of La substitution on
(002), (102), and (112) [17, 19–23]. However, peaks of microstructure of PNS-PZT. For 1 mol% La substitution
excess PbO were also seen [20]. (Fig. 2a), the grain size is distributed widely up to 12 lm.
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414 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2013) 24:411–417
The grain size was measured by linear intercept method. polarisability of the material due to increase in domain wall
The average grain size was about 7.05 lm. Much of the movement. On further increasing it, kp was decreased to
grains were polygonal in shape and few ovals. Some pores 0.57 at 5 mol% of La. Since, kp alone can indicate the
were also seen. For 2 mol% La substitution (Fig. 2b) the strength of poling, it can be concluded that the composition
grain size and porosity was seen to be reduced; size dis- Pb1-zLaz(NiSb)0.05[(Zr0.52Ti0.48)1-Z/4]0.95O3 has maxi-
tribution was also narrowed down in comparison with mum polarisability when La substitution is 3 mol% at
earlier one. The average grain size was about 6.45 lm. In which comparatively dense and uniform microstructure
case of 3 mol% La substitution, the grains were reduced in was obtained. Maximum polarisability has resulted into
size (Fig. 2c). Grain size distribution was still narrowed minimum Qm and maximum kp.
down and dense microstructure was seen. Most of the Figure 4 shows the effect of La substitution on piezo-
grains were polygonal in shape with straight sides. Porosity electric charge constant (d33) and dielectric constant (K3T ).
at triple grain point was reduced. The average grain size d33 is the charge generating ability of the ceramic in direct
measured was about 5.35 lm. It is known that electrome- piezoelectric effect while it indicates the strain or dis-
chanical properties are greatly influenced by the grain size placement ability in converse piezoelectric effect. With the
[24]. Similarly, dense microstructure with optimum grain increase in the La from 1 to 3 mol%, d33 was increased.
size results in better piezoelectric properties [25]. On fur- For 3 mol% of La, optimum value of d33 (468 9 10-12
ther increasing the La substitution to 4 and 5 mol%, grains C/N) was obtained. This was attributed to the reduction in
were reduced dramatically in size to 1.2 lm (Fig. 2d) and the porosity and maximum polarisability for the composi-
1 lm (Fig. 2e) respectively where in fine microstructure tion containing 3 mol% La. The reductions in porosity
with increased porosity was seen. Over all, it was observed increase the polarization per unit volume [17] resulted into
that the grain growth was retarded as the La concentration
was increased. For 2 and 3 mol% addition of La, dense and
uniform microstructure with minimum porosity was seen.
Figure 3 shows the effect of La substitution on
mechanical quality factor (Qm) and electro-mechanical
coupling factor (kp). Qm is the power handling capacity
while kp is the energy conversion efficiency of the ceramic.
From the figure it is evident that as the La content was
increased from 1 to 3 mol%, Qm reduced from 272 to 75.
Reduction in Qm indicates the increase in domain wall
mobility due to creation of Pb vacancies in the lattice.
Further, dramatically decrease in grain size was seen.
Slight increase in Qm to 89 for 5 mol% of La due to
reduction in domain wall motion. On the other hand kp was
increased from 0.60 to 0.68 as the La substitution was
increased from 1 to 3 mol% indicating the increasing Fig. 4 Effect of La on d33 and K3T
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J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2013) 24:411–417 415
a b
c d
increase in the d33. On further increasing the La, d33 was Figure 5 shows the effect of La substitution on piezo-
slightly decreased attributed to the increase in porosity and electric voltage constant (g33) and on product d33 9 g33 i.e.
reduced polarisability. It is seen that on increasing the La Figure of Merit (FoM). As indicated by Eq. 2, g33 is
substitutions, the dielectric constant (K3T ) was increased to directly proportional to d33 and inversely proportional
2,571 for 5 mol% of La. This may be due to the redistri- toK3T . With increase in La content to 2 mol%, g33 slightly
bution of electrons in the defective areas occurring on decreased from 41.5 to 39.3(9 10-12 V m/N). Further it
substitution of La for Pb atom in PZT, which promotes the reduced substantially to 26.4(9 10-12 V m/N) at 3 mol%
covalent bonding in Ti–O and in Zr–O. Increase in cova- and to 19.4(9 10-12 V m/N) at 5 mol% of La. In general,
lent nature has improved the K3T [26]. This could also be it was observed that increase in La content has reduced the
the reason for drastic reduction in grain size for the com- sensitivity and voltage generation ability of the composi-
position containing 4 and 5 mol% of La. tion. Though the value of g33 was slightly higher for the
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416 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2013) 24:411–417
Table 1 Hysteretic properties of PNS-PZT as function of La content resulted in optimum d33 (468 9 10-12 C/N), kp (0.68), Pr
La content Remanent Coercieve Displacement/
(24.65 lC/cm2) and strain/displacement (D = 2,012 nm).
(mol%) polarisation, field, Ec strain, This indicates that, this composition could be suitable for
Pr (lC/cm2) (V/mm) D (nm) actuator applications.
1 19.01 1,040 837 Acknowledgments Authors would like thank to Director, Arma-
2 24.03 976 1,681 ment Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune for
3 24.65 956 2,012 encouragement and permission to publish this paper. Thanks are also
4 21.33 969 1,307 due to Director, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Mumbai for
XRD facility and Director, High Energy Materials Research Labo-
5 20.07 1,017 1,217 ratory, Pune for extending the SEM facility.
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J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2013) 24:411–417 417
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