CLASSICAL METHODS:

1. Double Integration Method (DIM)

2. Area-Moment Method (AMM)
3. Conjugate Beam Method (CBM)
4. Superposition Method (SPM)
5. Three-Moment Equation (3ME)
6. Unit Load Method (ULM)

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method

Theorem 1. Change in Slope

M
 AB  Area
EI A B

Theorem 2. Tangential Deviation

M
tB A  Area  xB
EI A B

M
tA B  Area  xA
EI A B

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method

AMM is dependent on the moment

diagram. For non- prismatic sections,
modify first the moment diagram
before the application of the
theorems.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
A. Abrupt change

EI
A 2EI L/2
B C
L/2
VA VC

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
A. Abrupt change
ω

EI
A 2EI L/2
B C
L/2
VA VC

ωL2/8

M/EI
0
for prismatic Diagram

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
A. Abrupt change
ω

EI
A 2EI L/2
B C
L/2
VA VC
ωL2/16
ωL2/8

M/EI
0
Diagram

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
A. Abrupt change
ω

EI
A 2EI L/2
B C
L/2
VA ωL2/4 VC
ωL2/8

M/2EI
0
Diagram

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
B. Gradual change
ω

2EI 1.75EI 1.5EI 1.25EI EI

B
A L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
VB
VA
ωL2/8
M1 M1

0 M/EI
for prismatic Diagram

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
B. Gradual change
ω

2EI 1.75EI 1.5EI 1.25EI EI

B
A L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
VB
VA
(ωL2/8)/1.5
M1/1.75 M1/1.25

0 M/EI
Diagram

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method
Modification of moment diagrams
B. Gradual change
ω

2EI 1.75EI 1.5EI 1.25EI EI

B
A L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
VB
VA (ωL2/8)*2/1.5
M1*2/1.25
M1*2/1.75

0 M/2EI
Diagram

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Area-moment method

Use any mathematical method to compute for

the area of the modified moment diagrams.

For this course (ONLY), each segment may be

treated as trapezoidal for expediency.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Conjugate beam METHOD

EIy - deflection - moment

EIyI - slope - shear
EIyII - moment - load
EIyIII - shear
EIyIV - load

The actual deflection and slope are the fictitious

moment and shear, respectively, with the moment
diagram as the new load.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Conjugate beam METHOD

CBM makes great use of moment diagrams

similar to AMM. For non-prismatic sections,
modify the moment diagram first before taking
moment and shear of the new load.

Transformation of supports are the same in the

analysis of prismatic sections.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Superposition METHOD
The total deflection/slope is the summation of the
deflection/slope due to a simplified load assumed to be
acting one at a time. For non-prismatic sections,
formulas & coefficients of moment/shear/deflection
should be available, otherwise SPM can not be used.
ω

MA EI MD
2EI 2EI
B L/3 C
L/3 L/3
A D
*M, V, Δ at increments of L are known
VA in terms of coefficients. VD
Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2
Three moment equation
P
ω MB

MA MC
EI
2EI C
A L2
L1 B
VA VC

General equation:
M A L1  L1 L2  M C L2 6 Aa 6 Ab
 2M B      
2I  2I I  I L1 2 I L2 I
A  1 1   C  *with support movement
 6E    B      at A, B, and C.
 L1  L1 L2  L2 
Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2
Three moment equation
P
ω MB

MA MC
EI
2EI C
A L2
L1 B
VA VC

General equation:
M A L1  L1 L2  M C L2 6 Aa 6 Ab
 2M B      
2I  2I I  I L1 2 I L2 I
  A C 
 6E   
*with support movement
at A and C.
 L1 L2 
Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2
Three moment equation
P
ω MB

MA MC
EI
2EI C
A L2
L1 B
VA VC

General equation:
M A L1  L1 L2  M C L2 6 Aa 6 Ab
 2M B      
2I  2I I  I L1 2 I L2 I

0 *no support settlement

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Three moment equation

where:
Aa , Ab -statical moment of area of the given load
on simple supports taken at left and right
end, respectively. Tables or formulas are
available for selected loadings. Modify
loadings for non-prismatic sections.
 A ,  B , C -movements at supports A, B, & C
respectively
M A, M B , MC -unknown moments at support

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Three moment equation

3ME transforms fixed supports into an imaginary span

and considers overlaps for multi-span beams

For non-prismatic beams of:

(1) gradual/varying sections, NOT APPLICABLE
(2) abrupt change on span to span basis, APPLICABLE
(3) abrupt change within a span, APPLICABLE provided
that the conditions at the middle part are known or
given, i.e., deflection and moment.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Three moment equation

To illustrate (3):

MB

MA MC
EI
2EI B C
A L2
L1
VA ΔB and MB VC
must be known

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

Unit load method

Mm1dx Mm2 dx
     
L L

0 EI x 0 EI x
where:
δ - deflection
θ - rotation
M - moment eqn due to original load per
segment
m1,m2 - moment eqn due to unit load/couple,
respectively, per segment
L - length of segment
Ix - moment of inertia
Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2