AIAS

Lecture 2
MODULE -1: Water Technology

Introduction, Specifications and Hardness of water

By Dr. Tejendra Kumar Gupta

Dept. of Applied Chemistry,
AIAS, Amity University, Noida
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Contents:
Introduction and specifications of water,

Hardness and its determination (EDTA method only),

Alkalinity

Boiler feed water boiler problems – Scale, Sludge, Priming & Foaming Causes & Prevention, Caustic Embrittlement &
Corrosion : Causes & Prevention, Carbonate & Phosphate conditioning, Colloidal Conditioning & Calgon Treatment,

Water softening processes : Lime – soda process, Zeolite, Ion exchange method,

Water for domestic use.

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• As a valuable natural resource, water is found in different forms in

the environment.
• Through the water cycle, the movement of water in the
environment and its management can be understood.
• To get fresh water is a major problem and it is not easy to get
because fresh water is limited and vulnerable.

Introduction • Due to an increasing population, economic growth and climate

change, water shortages are becoming a global issue, .
• A lack of clean, fresh water can hinder the efforts to reduce poverty
and progress national development, resulting in poor health, low
productivity, food insecurity and restricted economic development.
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Water Cycle/Hydrological Cycle

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Water Distribution on Earth

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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Table 1: Permissible limits of different Parameters:

• WHO (World Health

Organization)
• BIS (Bureau of India
Standards)

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
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Our main sources of water for drinking, washing, agriculture and

industry are surface water, groundwater and collected
rainwater, all of which are dependent on rain and snow falling on
the Earth’s surface.

Sources Surface water

of Water creeks, and wetlands. This may also be referred to as blue water. The vast
• Surface water is water located on top of the Earth's surface such as rivers,

majority is produced by precipitation and water runoff from nearby areas.

• Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds are widely used as water sources,
especially in rural areas. The amount of available surface water depends
largely on rainfall. When rainfall is limited, the supply of surface water will
vary considerably between wet and dry seasons and also between years.
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Groundwater

Groundwater is the water contained in

aquifers.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-
bearing rock.
Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning
that liquids and gases can pass through them.
This is replenished or recharged by
precipitation that percolates through the soil to
the water table, and by water seeping from
streams, as well as other bodies of surface
water, such as lakes and wetlands.
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• Groundwater reaches the surface naturally through springs or artificially through

wells. Springs typically rise up where the water table meets the land surface.
Springs are important sources of water to feed streams and are attractive cultural
and landscape features in themselves. Wells and boreholes are dug by hand or
Ground drilled by machine. These have to be deep enough to extend below the water table
so that water can be drawn up by bucket or by pumping.

water and Rainwater

• Rainwater is also an important source of water, although on a relatively small scale.

Rainwater Collecting rain from roofs or other hard-surfaced areas and storing it until it is
needed can provide a valuable source of water for many purposes.
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• The water, which does not form lather with soap easily is
called as hard water. Hardness of water is a measure of its
capacity to precipitate soap. Hardness is caused mainly by
the presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+).
Other multivalent cations also cause water hardness such as
Fe3+, Sr2+, Zn2+, Mn2+.
Hardness of • If Water is hard , Then calcium and magnesium salts react
with soluble sodium soap to form insoluble salts of calcium
water •
and magnesium.
2C17H35COONa + CaSO4 −→ (C17H35COO)2Ca ↓ +
Na2SO4
(sodium stearate) (insoluble salt)
2C17H35COONa + MgCl2 −→ (C17H35COO)2Mg ↓ + 2NaCl
(sodium stearate) (insoluble salt)
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• 1) Temporary Hardness (Carbonate hardness): It

is due to the presence of bicarbonates of Calcium
and magnesium. It can be removed by mere
boiling, so it is named as temporary hardness.

Types of • Ca(HCO3)2 −→ CaCO3↓ + H2O + CO2

• Mg(HCO3)2 −→ Mg(OH)2↓ + 2CO2
Hardness
• 2) Permanent Hardness(Non carbonate
of Water hardness): It is due to the presence of sulphates,
nitrates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.
It can’t be removed by boiling so other special
methods are used to remove it. Eg. Lime soda,
zeolite, ion exchange etc.
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The reason for choosing CaCO3 as a standard

for calculating hardness of water is due to:
• Molecular weight of CaCO3 is 100 so
Hardness in terms calculation is easy. Moreover it is insoluble in
of Calcium water so it can be easily precipitated in water
treatment process.
Carbonate
Equivalents 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ×
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
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• 1) Parts /Million(ppm) : It is Parts of CaCO3 equivalent

hardness per 106 parts of water.
• 2) Mg/Ltr: It is number of mgs of CaCO3 equivalent
hardness present per litre of water.
• 1mg/L= 1mg of CaCO3 equivalent hardness /Ltr of
water.
Units of • 1Ltr of water = 1000 gms. = 1000*1000 mgs
• 1mg/L = 1mg/ 106 mg = 1ppm.
Hardness • 3) Degree Clarke (0Cl) : It is parts of CaCO3 equivalent
hardness per 70,000 parts of water.
• 4) Degree French (0Fr) : It is parts of CaCO3 equivalent
hardness per 105 parts of water.

• 1ppm= 1mg/L= 0.1 0Fr = 0.07 0Cl

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Calculate temporary and permanent hardness of water in 0Fr and 0Cl from the following
water sample: Mg(HCO3)2= 10.2 mg/L, Mg(NO3)2= 20.8mg/L, MgSO4= 20 mg/L,
CaCO3= 23 mg/L, KCl= 67 mg/L

Solution:
CaCO3 Equivalents of

Numerical 2) Mg(NO ) = 20.8 * 50/74 = 14.05mg/L,

1) Mg(HCO3)2 = 10.2*50/73 =6.99mg/L,
3 2
3) MgSO4 = 20*50/60 = 16.67mg/L,
4) CaCO3 = 23*50/50=23mg/L
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 6.99 + 14.05 + 16.67 + 23.0 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 60.71𝑚𝑔/𝐿 = 60.71 × 0.1℉𝑟 = 6.071℉𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 60.71𝑚𝑔/𝐿 = 60.71 × 0.070𝐶𝑙 = 4.24970𝐶𝑙

Temporary Hardness = 6.99 + 23= 29.99mg/L= 2.999 0Fr, 0.20993 0Cl

Permanent Hardness=Total hardness –Temporary hardness= 30.72 mg/L, 3.072 0Fr, 2.1504 0Cl