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Shoring | 3 Types of Shoring | Raking Shoring |

Flying Shoring | Dead Shoring

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Shoring is a temporary structure constructed to provide support to an

unsafe structure. It provides lateral support to any unsafe structure.
The props that are used to provide such support are commonly
referred to as the shores. Shoring may be horizontal, vertical or even
inclined.

Conditions to Employ Shoring

1. When the walls of a structure crack due to unequal or varied
settlement of the foundation.

2. When the walls bulge out of the structure.

3. When repair and maintenance works have to be done.

4. When an adjacent structure is to be demolished.

Primary Objectives 

1. To provide support and stability to the unsafe structures which are

prone to structural instability and collapse due to bad workmanship,
unequal settlement of the foundation or other similar reasons.

2. To provide support to the structures when certain alterations

(additions or omissions) are necessary to be done in the structure such
as the underpinning of the foundations, demolishing of adjacent
buildings, re-modelling of the walls etc.

Types of Shoring
 

1. Raking Shoring
Raking Shoring is also called inclined shoring. It can be defined as the
shoring in which the inclined members are used to provide lateral
support to the unsafe structure. Such inclined members are known as
the rakers or the inclined shores.
The raking shoring mainly consists of the following components:

1. Rakers or inclined member

2. Wallplate

3. Needles

4. Cleats

5. Bracing

6. Soleplate

Usually, the wall plates of sizes 23cm * 5 cm to  23cm * 76cm are
used. These wall plates are fixed or secured to the walls of the
structures utilizing the needles. The needles of size 10cm * 76cm are
commonly used for this purpose. The needles penetrate the walls up to
a depth of about 10cm. The wooden cleats are further used to provide
additional strength to the needles.

Then, the top ends of the inclined shores are rested against the
needles. The sole pieces are bedded at the base of the rakers in an
inclined position in the ground to support the rakers. The rakers are
fixed to such sole pieces utilizing the cleats and dogs. In case the
ground consists of soft soil layers, then the area of the sole pieces are
duly increased to distribute the pressure over a larger area. When
multiple rakers are required, the rakers are held together employing the
hoop iron or braces. Such braces are about 25 cm thick and 15cm
wide.

The important points that must be considered during the raking

shoring can be listed as follows:

1. The rakers are positioned such that they are inclined at an angle of
45 degrees to the ground as far as possible. However, the inclination
angle may vary from 45 degrees to 75 degrees.

2. The rakers must be properly braced at regular intervals.

3. In the case of tall buildings, rider rakers may be used to reduce the
length of the rakers.

4. The suitable size of the rakers must be decided based on the thrust
expected to be imposed by the wall.

5. It must be noted that the centre line of the wall and the raker meet at
the floor level.

6. The spacing of the rakers may vary from 3 to 4.5 m to cover the
longer length of the bar.

7. The sole plates of the suitable size must be used and must be
properly embedded into the ground.

8. The use of wedges on the sole plate must be prohibited. This is

because it increases the possibility of unnecessary vibrations to occur.

The method of erection of the raking shores can be explained in brief

as follows:

1. Fixing of Wall Plate:

As far as possible, the wall plate must be continuous throughout its

length. The wall plates when used for a bulging wall, it must be backed
up with the timber pieces to deliver continuous bearing throughout its
entire length.

Before commencing the erection of the raker, the wall plate is nailed to
a cleat such that the wall plate meets the head of the raker. It must be
noted that the wall plate is secured properly to prevent it from sliding
upwards. After the completion of nailing the cleat in position, the wall
plate is held firmly against the wall and the raker is fixed.

2. Fixing of the Sole Piece:

The next step includes fixing of the sole piece. The sole piece must be
placed such that it can resist the thrust of the raker at an angle greater
than a right angle so that when the raker is tightened up a right angle is
duly formed The tightening up of the raker must not be done by a
duly formed. The tightening up of the raker must not be done by a
hammer.

Then, a small rebate is cut from the foot of the raker such that a lever
can be inserted for the tightening up. Additionally, folding wedges may
be inserted between the foot of the raker. The sole piece must be built

up to the required angle and then duly spiked to prevent the outward
movements. On the other hand, in the soft grounds, excavation must
be done towards the unsafe wall to provide the necessary angle.

Alternately, the soleplate can also be constructed by using a plank that

is as wide as the wall plate. When the bottom of the wall plate is
touching the ground, it could be allowed to rest on the end of the sole-
plate nearest the wall and later a cleat may be nailed into position in
the right angle thus formed. The cleats must be nailed on to the sole
plate about 50mm away from the foot of the raker. This is done to
ensure that space is provided for the insertion of the folding wedges
between the raker and the cleat.

During the tightening and positioning of the wedges, care must be

taken to ensure that it does not permit the wall plate to ride up the wall.
The end of the soleplate outside the raker must be secured by a stake
or a spike to prevent such movement.

3. Fixing of Brace (or Strut):

Finally, the brace or the strut is fixed. This is done to ensure that any
movement by the foot of the wall plate is prevented and ensure that the
riding up of the wall plate under the stress is avoided. The strut, if
required, must be dogged or spiked.

2. Flying Shoring
Flying shoring is also commonly referred to as the horizontal shoring. It
can be defined as the shoring which is used to provide the temporary
support to the party walls of the two buildings where the intermediate
building is to be pulled down and rebuilt.  This type of shoring includes
all the arrangements for supporting the unsafe structure in which the
shores do not reach the ground. Hence, the name flying shoring has
been given. The shore used for this purpose is known as the flying
 g p p y g
shore.

Fig: Flying Shoring

The major components of a flying shore can be listed as follows:

a. Wall Plates

b. Needles

c. Cleats
d. Horizontal Struts (also referred to as the horizontal shores)

e. Inclined Struts

In this type of shoring, the wall plates are placed against the wall and
are duly secured to it. The system of cleats and needles are used for
providing support to the inclined struts.
The incline struts are supported by using the needle at the top and the
straining piece at the feet. Such straining piece is also referred to as
the straining sill. It is usually spiked to the horizontal shore. The width
of the strut and the straining piece is the same. When the distance
between the walls to be strutted apart is considerable, a horizontal
shore alone cannot be effective and thus a trussed framework of
members are used to serve the function of a flying sore.

The method of erection of the flying shore can be explained in brief as

follows:

1. Initially, the ground is set before the erection of the flying shore such
that the measurements and the angles get adequate attention.

2. Then, the cleats are duly nailed to their positions on the wall plates.
The first pair is provided to impart additional support to the horizontal
shore whereas the remaining pairs are provided for imparting strength
to the struts.

3. It must be ensured that the cleat for the horizontal beam adjacent to
the surrounding wall is thick enough to allow for the wedges as well as
for a  good overlay by the beam.

4. The horizontal beam must be given equal cleat-bearing surface at

each end.

5. The struts must then be placed at an angle not greater than 45

degrees to the horizontal beam. The struts must be kept apart on the
horizontal beam utilizing the straining pieces. The length of such
straining pieces must be determined according to the length of the
horizontal beam.

6. The horizontal beams along with straining pieces are placed on the
central cleat and further tightened by the folding wedges that are
inserted between the shore and the wall plate.
7. The struts are finally fixed into position between the top portion of
the lower cleats and the lower struts.

3. Dead Shoring
Dead shoring is also called the vertical shoring. It can be defined as the
type of shoring which is mostly used to provide support to the walls,
roofs, floors etc particularly when the lower part of a wall has been
removed to provide an additional opening in the wall or even to rebuild
a defective load-bearing wall in a structure. The shores that are used
for such purpose are known as the dead shores.

The dead shores consist of the arrangement of posts and beams.

These are necessary for providing support to the weight of the overall
structure and transfer the weight to the ground lying underneath the
foundation.

 
Fig: Vertical Shoring

In the case, where the openings are to be made on an existing wall, the
holes are cut in the wall at such a height that provides sufficient space
for the insertion of the beam or the girder which is necessary for
for the insertion of the beam or the girder which is necessary for
carrying the weight of the structure above permanently. The distance at
which such holes are formed depends upon the type of the masonry
structure. The common distance ranges from 1.2m to 1.8 m.

Then, the beams referred to as the needles are placed in the cut holes
and are supported by the dead shores at their ends on either side of
the wall. The needles may be made up of steel or timber as per the
requirement. The dead shores are placed away from the wall on either
side to allow the space for working when the props and the needles are
in position. The props are tightened up by folding wedges provided at
their bases while the junction between the prop and the needle is
secured with the help of dogs.

The process of wall cutting may result in the occurrence of vibrations

and shocks and thus for the safety sometimes the raking shores are
erected before the operation. If such a raking system is used then it
must be removed only after the entire dead shore system has been
removed.

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