Distinguish between a LAN, WAN and MAN

LNA: Is a high-speed data network covers a small geographic area. LANs use to
connect
Devices located very close to each other such as devices used Home, School or office
Building.
LANs are designed to allow devices to sharing resources like personal computer
And workstation shared resources can be hardware (printer, database) or soft wear

WAN: Is used to connect the devices which are geographically located at large
distances. Wan can be used to connect two or more LANs together that may be
geographically separated. A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect
the internet.
There are three types of serial WAN connections.
• Point to Point
• Circuit-Switched
• Packet –Switched

MAN: It’s usually spans a city or large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a
number of local area networks using a high-capacity backbone technology such as
fiber-optical and provides up-link services to wide area networks and the internet.

The OSI protocol suite

Application Layer Upper

Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer Lower
Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Explain in Detail

● Peer to Peer network consists of two directly connected or more using a

wire or wireless connection
● Server: A computer or device on a network used network resource and
managed by an administor

● NICs: Network interface card the interface between the computer and the
LAN. The NIC is typically inserted into an expansion slot in a computer and
connects to the network medium.
● Protocol: transmitting data between two devices.

● Hub: A device that serves as the central point connection for device in LAN
 ● Server NOS: an operating system that includes special functions for
connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN).

● Switch: a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.

Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network
layer (layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model and therefore support any packet
protocol.

Wiring usually used in a network

Use straight-through cables for the following cabling:
● Switch to router
● Switch to PC or server
● Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

● Switch to switch
● Switch to hub
● Hub to hub
● Router to router
● PC to PC
● Router to PC

Features and functions of Routers and Gateways

A router runs software that allows the device to move data from one network to
another .
In networks perform the following functions:
● Restrict network broadcasts to the Lan
● Act as the default gateway
● Move the data between networks
● Learn and advertise loop free paths
Gateways: In a network it is simply a point of entry or exit in a network, enabling connection to other
networks. To access to the network we need know Gateways

Different topologies
● Start Topology : In star topology, the entire device such as Host connected to
a central device (hub, switch).The central connection allows us to have a fully
functioning network even when other devices fail and that greatest things in
start topology

● Extended star topology is more developed and advance Instead of connecting

all devices to a central unit, we have sub-central devices added to the mix.
Allow us more functionality for subnetting .also creates more point of failure

● Tree or (hierarchical) topology is much similar to star topology but not use a

central device. Tree topology allows us to have many devices on the network
and divided network to many ways such like network in college,
universities that are meaning each branch can use a device in their own
 network and connect to each other in some way.

● Ring topology is shaped in a ring Cables pass from computer to

Computer until take shape of ring as we see in diagrams .ring topology not
require termination because all the system connected to each other in a loop

● Mesh Topology: In Mesh topology each of the network node, computer and
other devices, are interconnected with one another. Every node not only
sends its own signals but also relays data from other devices.

Describe the role of permissions in relation to files and drives

The permission grant or deny access to the files and folders

Jobs a Network Administrator may have to do (server 2k3).

The network administrator has to do many things:
● Responsibility of network mange and security
● Install new hardware and application
● Monitoring software upgrade and activity
● Ensure all the equipments running properly

Detail the term Packet Assembly

 Is a communications device which provides multiple asynchronous terminal
connectivity to an X.25 (packet-switching) network or host computer .It collects data
from a group of terminals and places the data into X.25 packets (assembly).

TCP/IP protocol
 TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols based upon the two
original protocols TCP and IP.
TCP is used for transmission of data from an application to the network.
TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and
for assembling the packets when they arrive.
IP takes care of the communication with other computers.
IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet.
TCP/IP has four Layer starting from down to up

Application
Transport
Internet
Network Interface