Stress Analysis

Dr. Eng. Mohamed El-Tantawy

Example:
A cross section of a concrete dam with
3 m breadth is shown in figure, find the
length (a) so that no tensile stresses
would occurs at its base. (= 2.5 t/m3)

1m

h=6m

3m

0.5m a
Solution: 1m
a + 0.5 a
X1 = − 0.25 =
2 2
a + 0.5 a a  4m
X2 = − − 0.5 =  − 0.25 
2 3 6 
H
Straining actions:
2m W1 W2
W1 = 0.5  7  3  2.5 = 26.25 t
W2 = 0.5  a  7  3  2.5 = 26.25a t h=6
0.5m a
H = 0.5  6  6  3 = 54 t
Y
N = −26.25 − 26.25a X1
M x = 0.0 X2

a a  1.5m
W1 W2
M y = −54  2 + 26.25  + 26.25a  − 0.25  H X
2 6  1.5m
= 4.375a + 6.5625a − 108
2

0.5m a
 Y
Properties of section:

A = 3 ( a + 0.5) 1.5m
1 X
3 ( a + 0.5)
3
1.5m
Iy =
12

Equation of stress: 0.5m a

N Mx M
= + . y + y .x = -
A Ix Iy
The normal stress at point (1) must be zero
−26.25 − 26.25a 4.375a 2 + 6.5625a − 108  a + 0.5 
0.0 = + . − 
3 ( a + 0.5) 3 ( a + 0.5)
3
 2 
12
52.5a 2 + 78.75a − 634.875 = 0.0
a = 2.81 m
 Stresses due to an eccentric normal force
1. Normal Force acting at a point on the Y-axis :
N=N M x = N * ey
Y
N Mx N
= + .y
A Ix
ey +
The equation of the neutral axis is :
X 
N Mx
+ . yn = 0.0 N.A yn
A Ix
N * ey

-
N
+ . yn = 0.0
A Ix
1 ey
+ . yn = 0.0
A Ix
Ix
e y * yn = − → ey * yn = −ix2
A
2. Normal Force acting at a point on the X-axis :

N.A Y
N=N M y = N * ex
N My
= + .x
A Iy xn ex
The equation of the neutral axis is : N X
N My
+ .x n = 0.0
A Iy
N N * ex
+ .x n = 0.0
A Iy
1 ex 
+ .x n = 0.0
-
A Iy +
Iy
ex .x n = − → ex .x n = −i y2
A
3. Normal Force acting at an arbitrary location :

N=N Y
M x = N  ey M y = N  ex ex N

Ix Iy N.A ey
ix = iy =
A A xn X
The equation of the neutral axis is : yn
N Mx My
+ .y + .x = 0.0
A Ix Iy +

N N  ey N  ex 
+ . y + .x = 0.0
A A  ix
2
A  iy
2

-
N e e
(1 + 2y . y + 2x .x) = 0.0
A ix iy
ey ex
1+ 2
.y + 2
.x = 0.0
ix iy
 ey ex
1+ 2
.y + 2
.x = 0.0
ix iy
ey
at x = 0.0 → 1 + 2
. y = 0.0 → e y . y n = − i 2
x
ix
ex
at y = 0.0 → 1 + . x = 0.0 → e .
x nx = −i 2
y
i y2

✓ Notes
1. The position of the N.A. does not depend upon the value of N.F.
2. The N.A. lies in the quarter opposite to that the N.F. acts.
3. N=0.0 → N.A. passes through the C.G.
4. ( ex , xn ),( e y , yn ) have opposite signs.
Example: 20cm

Draw the normal stress

4cm 10t
distribution for the given (ten.)
section due to the given
3cm
loads.
2 5cm 5cm 2 Y

Solution: 4cm X

y=4.38cm
3cm
A = 14  7 − 10  3 = 68 cm 2
Xo
14  7  3.5 − 3  10  1.5 2 5cm 5cm 2
y= = 4.38 cm
68

Properties of section:
14  ( 7 )3 2 10  (13)3 2
Ix =  + 14  7  ( 0.88 )  −  + 10  3  ( 2.88 )  = 204.73 cm 4
 12   12 
7  (14 ) 3  (10 )
3 3

Iy = − = 1350.67 cm 4
12 12
 Y
N.A
I x 204.73 (7, 2.62)
ix2 = = = 3.01 cm 2 B
A 68
X
I y 1350.67
iy = =
2
= 19.86 cm 2
A 68
A B
Neutral axis location:
(−7, −4.38) +

ex = 20 cm e y = 2.62 cm
ex .x n = −i y2 20 * xn = −19.86 xn = −0.993cm
-

A
ey * yn = −i 2
x 2.62 * yn = −3.01 yn = −1.15cm

Stress distribution:
N ey e
 = (1 + 2 . y + 2x .x)
A ix iy
10 2.62 20
= (1 + .y + .x)
68 3.01 19.86  A = −1.45t / cm 2
 = 0.147 + 0.128 y + 0.148 x  B = 1.52t / cm 2
Example: Y
The hollow circular section shown in Fig.
is subjected to a tensile force N = 25 t and a
bending moment My = 2.5 m.t, find the
distribution of normal stresses in the N=25t X

14cm
11cm
section.
M y=2.5m.t
Solution:
Straining actions:
N = 25 t M y = −2.5 m.t A =r 2
Ix = I y =
 r4
4
Properties of section:
A =  (7 2 − 5.52 ) = 58.9 cm 2
 Iy 1167.05
Iy =
4
(7 4
− 5.5 4
) = 1167.05 cm 4
i =
2
y
A
=
58.9
= 19.8 cm 2

The eccentricity of the normal force:

My −2.5
ex = = = −0.1 m = −10 cm
N 25
Neutral axis location: Y
N.A
2
i 19.8 xn = 1.98
xn = − y
=− = 1.98 cm
ex −10

Stress distribution: A B C D X

N ey e
 = (1 + 2 . y + 2x .x)
A ix iy
25 −10
= (1 + .x )
58.9 19.8
 = 0.4244 − 0.2142.x A
+
 A = 0.4244 − 0.2142  −7 = 1.924 t / cm 2 -

 D = 0.4244 − 0.2142  7 = −1.075 t / cm 2 D

 B = 0.4244 − 0.2142  −5.5 = 1.602 t / cm 2

 C = 0.4244 − 0.2142  5.5 = −0.7537 t / cm 2
 General Equation of Normal Stresses

For all previous, it was for a section of I xy = 0.0

The general form can be used when

the central axes are not the principal axes.
N M y I x − M x I xy M x I y − M y I xy
= + x+ y
A I x I y − I xy
2
I x I y − I xy
2

If the cross section is symmetric about X - axis or about Y - axis or both

then I xy = 0.0 and the equation becomes

N Mx M
= + . y + y .x
A Ix Iy
Example:
10
Draw the normal stress distribution for the N=100t
shown cross section due to a normal force
N= +100 . 40cm

Solution: 10

Properties of section:
20 10 20

A = 2  30  10 + 40  10 = 1000 cm 2 Y

10  403  30  103 
Ix = + 2 + 30  10  252  = 433333.33 cm 4 10
12  12 
40  103  10  303  X
Iy = + 2 + 30  10  102  = 108333.33 cm 4 40cm

12  12 
I xy = 30  10  10  −25 + 30  10  −10  25 = −150000 cm 4 10

20 10 20
Straining actions:
N = 100 t
M x = 100  20 = 2000 cm.t
M y = −100  5 = −500 cm.t
Equation of stress:
N M y I x − M x I xy M x I y − M y I xy
= + x+ y
A I x I y − I xy2 I x I y − I xy2

100 −500 * 433333.33 − 2000 * ( −150000 )

= + x
1000 433333.33*108333.33 − ( −150000 ) 2

2000 *108333.33 − ( −500) *( −150000)

+ y
433333.33*108333.33 − ( −150000 )
2

 = 0.1 + 0.003409 x + 0.005795 y

Neutral axis location:

0.0 = 0.1 + 0.003409 x + 0.005795 y

at x = 0.0 → yn = −17.256 cm
at y = 0.0 → xn = −29.334 cm
A
+ Y

A(5,30)
Stress distribution:

 = 0.1 + 0.003409 x + 0.005795 y

-
Extreme points are A & B B
X

at A(5,30) →  A = 0.290t / cm 2
B(-5,-30) N.A
at B (−5, −30) →  B = −0.0909t / cm 2