EXEQUIEL R.

LINA HIGH SCHOOL

(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedures used in this study.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers used an experimental research.

This is to develop alternative paper using Oryza Sativa (Rice Hulls)

and use an evaluation method to determine final results. The group

also correlated the significant relationship or differences between

Data Gathering
Research Local

Data Analysis
the developed paper and commercial paper.
Techniques

Intruments

Procedure
Sampling

Research
Alternative Paper
Rice Hulls as

Develop paper

Sativa (rice

differences between
the alternative and
commercial paper in

Durability/Strength
using Oryza

hulls)

Eligibility for
What are the
significant

terms of;

Thickness
Density
Texture

Writing
 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Figure 3. Research Paradigm

Locale of The Study

Due to the ongoing pandemic and community quarantine, the study

was conducted at Brgy. Villarosa Licab Nueva Ecija, where various

steps in making the alternative paper was performed. Evaluation method

was used to form a conclusion regarding the alternative paper. The

collection of rice hulls was also gathered within the same place.

Since the rice hulls paper was handmade, it was performed in one of

the researchers’ household. It is also, to provide the safety of the

researchers and to abide with the community guidelines and protocols

implemented by the government.

EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

LEGEND:

LICAB

LEGEND:

075, BRGY.
VILLAROSA
LICAB NUEVA
ECIJA

SOURCE:

GOOGLE MAP

Figure 4. Map of the Locale of the Study

 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Procedures

Preparing and Blending, pulp

Gathering of
cooking the rice making, and boiling
materials
hulls thickened water

Placing the pulp Testing the quality

Compressing and
into a mold and of the handmade
drying
deckle rice hulls paper

A. Gathering of materials

The researchers first gathered all the materials needed for

papermaking.

B. Preparing and cooking the rice hulls

To lessen the decomposition time of the rice hulls, the

researchers first soaked it in hot water for 30 minutes, before

boiling them for 1 ½ to 2 hours in 12%-15% NaOH solution. After

 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

boiling, the mixture was set aside to cool down for 1 hour. Once

cooled down, the researchers rinsed the cooked rice hulls with tap

water to remove sodium hydroxide content. This was done repeatedly

until the excess water runs clear. After wards, it will be

transferred into a bucket covered with fine cloth (Rose, D., 2015).

C. Blending, pulp making, and boiling thickened water

The researchers blended the rice hulls. They added 700 ml of

water to the blender and continued to blend until it reaches a pulpy

consistency (it should be uniform throughout). Again, to remove

excess NaOH, the pulp was poured over a fine cloth for rinsing and

straining. After done thoroughly, excess water was squeezed out and

the pulp was rolled into a ball (Rose, D., 2015).

D. Placing the pulp into a mold and deckle

Following the process that Rose, D. (2015) did, the researchers

weighed 15 g of pulp, mixed it, then blended it to separate fibers

from the solution (600 mL water). After, the pulp mixture was poured

in a storage tub filled with 2/3 of water. One of the researchers

then used his hands to mix and disturb the pulp, which enabled the

mixture to sit on top of the mold and deckle rapidly once it was

placed inside the storage tub. The mold and deckle were removed from

the storage tub to be drained completely. The group then couched the

drained pulp on a baking sheet to prepare it for pressing.

E. Compressing and drying

 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The researchers placed the baking sheet containing the fiber in

between two (2) plywood boards and then used two (2) clamps along

with heavy blocks and stones around the board to compress the paper

with more pressure. The researchers then left it at the veranda of

the house overnight and removed it from the board. Then, they opened

the baking sheet to let it air dry for an hour. Finally, they peeled

the paper from the baking sheet and placed it inside a folder.

F. Testing the quality of the handmade rice hulls paper

In this study, the researchers used evaluation method. They

distributed and evaluation form to five (5) professionals and

tallied the results to form a conclusion. It is to test the paper

based on its density, texture, thickness, strength, and

eligibility for writing.

Data Gathering

After creating five pieces of paper from rice hulls, the

researchers distributed the rice hull papers to five individuals
who use paper for writing most of the time. The researchers also
distributed the common paper, the bond paper. The respondents
were then required to write on both kinds of paper. Afterwards,
they were given a survey sheet. The survey contained questions
asking the respondents to rate their experiences in writing on
both rice hull paper and the common paper. The respondents rated
their experiences on a scale of 1-5. Furthermore, they rated
 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

their experiences in terms of texture, density, thickness,

durability, and eligibility for writing.

Treatment of Data

To determine if there is a significant difference between the

rice hull paper and the common paper in terms of texture,
density, thickness, durability, and eligibility for writing, a
one-tailed t-test was performed on the samples.

A one-tailed test is a statistical hypothesis test used to

determine if the sample mean is higher or lower than the
population mean, but not both (Neuhauser & Ruxton, 2010). With a
confidence level of 95 %, tα0.05= 2.13, where 2.13 is the critical
value. The computed statistics for the texture, density,
thickness, durability, and eligibility for writing will be
compared to the critical value. A computed value greater than the
critical implies that there is a significant difference while a
computed value lesser than the critical value implies no

significant difference.The formula for the t-test is:

- where x bar 1 and x bar 2 are the sample means, s²

is the pooled sample variance, n1 and n2 are the
sample sizes with n1  + n2  - 2 degrees of freedom.
 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the research findings are presented in

various forms including tables, statistics, and interpretations.

A) Development of Paper from Rice Hulls

Figure No. 5.1. Cooking of Figure No. 5.2. Strained

rice hulls rice hulls

 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Figure No. 5.3. Blending the pulp Figure No. 5.4. Blending until

fibers separate
 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Figure No. 5.5. Pouring the pulp on Figure No. 5.6. Placed pulp on

the the mold & deckle mold & deckle

 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Figure No. 5.7. Drying the paper Figure No. 5.8. Compressing

the paper

Figure No. 5.9. Final alternative paper

 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

B. STATISTICAL COMPUTATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS

TEXTURE Rice Hull Paper Common Paper

1 3 2
2 4 2
3 3 4
4 4 2
5 3 3

Sample Mean 1: 3.4 Sample Mean 2: 2.6

Sample Variance 1: 0.3 Sample Variance 2: 0.8
N1+N2= (5+5)=10 Degrees of freedom: 2

For the paper’s texture, the critical value is 2.13. The test
statistic is 1.37. Since 1.37<2.13, there is no significant
difference in the texture of the rice hull paper and the common
paper.

DENSITY Rice Hull Paper Common Paper

1 4 2
2 5 3
3 4 1
4 3 1
5 3 2

Sample Mean 1: 3.8 Sample Mean 2: 1.8

Sample Variance 1: 0.7 Sample Variance 2: 0.7
N1+N2= (5+5)=10 Degrees of freedom: 2

For the paper’s density, the critical value is 2.13. The test
statistic is 6.32. Since 6.32>2.13, there is significant
 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

difference in the Density of the rice hull paper and the common
paper.

THICKNESS Rice Hull Paper Common Paper

1 5 3
2 4 2
3 5 2
4 3 2
5 4 2
Sample Mean 1: 4.2 Sample Mean 2: 2.2
Sample Variance 1: 0.7 Sample Variance 2: 0.2
N1+N2= (5+5)=10 Degrees of freedom: 2

For the paper’s thickness , the critical value is 2.13. The test
statistic is 6.32. Since 6.32>2.13, there is significant
difference in the thickness of the rice hull paper and the
common paper.

DURABILITY Rice Hull Paper Common Paper

1 4 2
2 5 3
3 4 2
4 4 2
5 5 2

Sample Mean 1: 4.4 Sample Mean 2: 2.2

Sample Variance 1: 0.3 Sample Variance 2: 0.2
N1+N2= (5+5)=10 Degrees of freedom: 2

For the paper’s durability , the critical value is 2.13. The test
statistic is 11. Since 11>2.13, there is significant difference
in the durability of the rice hull paper and the common paper.
 EXEQUIEL R. LINA HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly San Cristobal High School)
Poblacion Norte, Licab, Nueva Ecija
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ELIGIBILITY FOR Rice Hull Paper Common Paper

WRITING
1 3 4
2 2 5
3 3 4
4 2 3
5 3 4
Sample Mean 1: 2.6 Sample Mean 2: 4
Sample Variance 1: 0.3 Sample Variance 2: 0.5
N1+N2= (5+5)=10 Degrees of freedom: 2

For the paper’s eligibility for writing, the critical value is

2.13. The test statistic is -3.5. Since -3.5<2.13, there is no
significant difference in the eligibility for writing of the rice
hull paper and the common paper.