MODULE I

TOPIC I

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HUMAN SETTLEMENT??

•Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings

of any type or size where human beings live.

•For this purpose, people erected houses and other

HUMAN
structures and command some area or territory as
their economic support-base.

• Thus, the process of settlement inherently

involved grouping of people and apportioning
SETTLEMENTS EVOLUTION
of territory as their resource base.

•Settlements vary in size and type. They range

from a hamlet to metropolitan cities.

•With size, the economic character and social

structure of settlements changed and so did its
ecology and technology.

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 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

PRIMITIVE NON ORGANISED PRIMITIVE ORGANISED

SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT

FARMERS AND HUMANS SETTING

PRIMITIVE MAN MAN AS NOMAD
HERDERS OF TOWNS

PALIOLITHIC AGE MESOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE BRONZE AGE

SHELTER
Non agricultural
Temporary shelter Permanent shelter fortification
Tree holes,caves,tree Hamlets Village formation Town formation
tops Built using bones ,wood. Construction included Construction with moats
Straw, and rocks use of timber beams with and the beginning of city
reed thatch Centre migration for
work

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 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

STATIC URBAN DYNAMIC URBAN

SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT

EXCESSIVE IN
DYNAPOLIS METROPOLIS MEGALOPOLIS
MIGRATION

17TH CENTURY
IRON AGE ONWARDS

Formation of fort cities

Increase in non 30 miles in diameter 100 Sq.m in Diameter 1000 Sq.m in diameter
agricultural activities
and formation of larger
cities

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According to Lewis Mumford, the urban growth or town growth takes place in six stages with respect to their social order.
Each town may pass through these six stages, i.e. Eopolis, Polis, Metropolis, Megalopolis, Tyranopolis and Necropolis.

Eopolis:
The Eopolis indicates the first stage of town as a village community whose economic base is agriculture.

Polis:
The Polis indicates and association of population with some mechanization and specialization

Metropolis:
The metropolis is a city or town which serves as a capital of a state or region.

Megalopolis:
The megalopolis indicates the first stage of decline in town or city due to mega problems & issues, or the
reign of town or city shows the signs of decline and deterioration.

Tyranopolis:
The Tyranopolis is the town or city which shows drastic deteriorating situation for example the trade
depression or military powers may occur with different war lords.

Necropolis:
The necropolis is the worst stage of town or city. For example the citizens are shifting to rural areas or
hinter land or village due to war, disease or economic break down.

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Lewis Mumford an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology
and literary critic has also suggested six stages of development of cities.
His six stages of development of cities are:

❑ ECOPOLIS :
• The beginning of urbanization of course is rooted in the rural scene.
• Men used to be involved in hunting.
• As they slowly learned, they became producers and caused them to settle
down that gave rise to first village. They also indulged in fishing and
mining.
• At this juncture of time depending upon their religion, they set up a
temple, cathedral or mosque.
• Then a market also developed around the religious edifices.
• It will have a 2500 to 5000 persons

❑ POLIS
• As more and more villages developed many found that they have certain
things common with their neighbors.
• The settlements slowly developed into a brotherhood of traders and
became richer because of accumulation of wealth from nearby villages.
• The religious establishments extend further and so does the market squares.
• There was a social stratification according to which people belonging to
the higher hierarchy occupy a central place while the others spread
outwardly such that the people of lower level took peripheral places.

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❑ Metropolis
• Small towns and villages in a region come together as a
single entity called the city.
• The city has many advantages over separate but similar,
smaller settlements.
• It has a compact site, good water and food supply, ample
land etc. this becomes metropolis, the mother of city.
• As the city streamlines its production, a surplus occurs.
• The surplus at this stage is characterized by the
specialization of trades. Metropolis

❑ Megalopolis
• The stage is marked by more diversity of cultures.
• There is migration from all around.
• Indifference between the people increases.
• There is also a class struggle.
• Further developments are hence downwards.
• The city begins to decline.
• An example of a megalopolis is BosWash, the metropolitan
area in northeast U.S. that stretches from Boston to
Washington D.C.
Megalopolis

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❑ Tyrannopolis
• The economic and social scene slowly metamorphoses into more or less
parasitic state. This stage of the development of city is marked by the
indifference.
• People are involved in pomp and pleasure.
• This is what happened towards the end of Roman era.
• The environment of the city deteriorates and people flee towards the
countryside.
• The commercial activities are marked by booms and slumps.

❑ Necropolis
• The city decays further.
• The civilization follows a downward trend.
• War, famine and diseases erupt and lead the city towards destruction.
• The cultural institutions also erode greatly

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 RURAL SETTLEMENTS
• Food, Shelter and Clothing are the three basic needs of
man.
• A rural area is an open swath of land that has few
homes or other buildings, and not very many people.
• Their homes and businesses are located very close to
one another.
• Agriculture is the primary industry in most rural areas.
• Most people live or work on farms or ranches.
• Hamlets, villages, towns, and other small settlements
are in or surrounded by rural areas.
• The settlement patterns are defined by topography.
• Rural Settlements/ communities are small in size. The
census in India designates a place with 5000 inhabitants
as a village community. 80% of the Indian villages
have less than 1000 population each.
• The joint family system still forms the basic structural
unit in the village community. All the members live
together under the same roof, take food cooked in the
common hearth, hold property together and participate in
common worship

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN URBAN SETTLEMENT

❑ An urban settlement is mainly a built-up area.

• There are many tall buildings with little open space.
• The natural landscape is almost totally modified
into a cultural landscape.
❑ Urban land use is intensive.
• There is keen land use competition.
• The land rent is the high.
❑ An urban settlement has a large population size and a
high population density.
❑ Urban dwellers have a higher living standard.
❑ Secondary and tertiary activities are dominant.
❑ An urban settlement performs many functions, e.g.
commercial, industrial, administrative functions.
❑ An urban settlement has a hinterland which it serves and
is served.
• The hinterland provides food and raw materials to the
urban settlement.
• The hinterland provides a big market for the urban
settlement.

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So what are the differences between a rural and an urban settlement?

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 RURAL SETTLEMENT URBAN SETTLEMENT

Population Not Highly populated Is Highly populated

Economy Mainly Agricultural based Non Agricultural – secondary and

tertiary sectors
Density High density of population and Low density of both buildings and
buildings population
Infrastructure Efficient Infrastructure and Lack of Infrastructure and services
services
Migration High net in migration leading to High out migration
congestion
Land use Land use classification based on No specific Land use classification
use of land and density of
population
Traffic High rate of traffic and Reduced and minimized traffic
congestion

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Major determinants to influence the settlement patterns
are:

NATURAL : Climate Topography,resources and

geography

CLIMATE : Mainly construction responsive to

climatic conditions

EXAMPLE : BHUNGA
•It is the traditional house of Rajasthan and Kutch.
•It is built very strong such that it can even withstand
large earthquakes.
• They are climate responsive structures.
These structures have a circular form which ensures
minimum expose to the extremely hot and dry desert.
The structure is built using materials like mud for walls
and thatch for the roof.

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Topography : For Vernacular or rural settlements
Topography plays as an important determinant

EXAMPLE : RURAL BUILDINGS IN KASHMIR

• A number of building systems in various parts of
Kashmir have developed over time to
accommodate local climatic and cultural factors,
including the impact of earthquakes.
• The buildings have depended completely upon
stone, mud, bricks and wood for roofing as well as
walling. Until very recently, non-local materials did
not represent a valid option for local constructions.
• Winter is cold which is common in Kashmir, Thick
walls of brick and stone with mud plaster provide
excellent protection against this, as does a thick
mud-timber roof.
• The steep pitch of the light roof permits little
accumulation of snow and prevents any water
leakages.

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RESOURCES :
INDUSTRIAL TOWN–JAMSHEDPUR

• The Founder of the Tata Group, Jamsetji

Nusserwanji Tata, was committed to the idea of
setting up an iron and steel company to propel India
to economic prosperity.
• The city was planned in various phases
• Julian Kennedy planned the city on the basis of J N
Tata's blueprint, apart from undertaking his task of
designing the Steel Works.
• His 1908 Plan was for a small industrial town of
10,000 people with the steel plan housed in the
Centre.
• It introduced to India a new kind of spatial order,
rows of housing separated by roads that followed a
grid pattern.
• Every expansion of the steel making facilities was
accompanied by planned growth of the city.

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MANMADE FACTORS EFFECTING THE URBAN FORM ARE

• CULTURE
• ECONOMY
• RELIGION
• POLITICS
• ADMINISTRATION

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THANK YOU

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