MODULE II

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• The Industrial Revolution was a time when the

manufacturing of goods moved from small shops and
homes to large factories.
• This shift brought about changes in culture as people
moved from rural areas to big cities in order to work.
• It also introduced new technologies, new types of
transportation, and a different way of life for many.

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the
late 1700s.
• Many of the first innovations that enabled the Industrial
Revolution began in the textile industry.
• Making cloth moved from homes to large factories.
• Britain also had plenty of coal and iron which was
important to power and make machines for the factories.
• The Industrial Revolution lasted for about100 years.
• After beginning in Britain in the late 1700s it spread to
Europe and the United States

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Before Industrial revolution (before 18th century)
• The cities before the industrial revolution had a smaller core
area with religious precinct or a palace or a market place.
• These cities mainly had developed near a waterfront and
along a access road.
• Major gathering and transactions took place in the core.
Cities before Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution (18th Century To Mid 20th Century)
• The cities started expanding and the core activities changed.
• The revolution brought in large industries in the city
Centre resulting in mass production and mass
consumption.
• The major transportation axis sprung from the city
centers to the periphery. .
Cities during Industrial Revolution with
Post industrial revolution (late 20th century) industries in centre
• Post Industrial revolution , i.e. after second world war ,the
industries were relocated to the suburbs.
• This gave space for the cities to set up there
administrative buildings in the core leading to better city
functioning.
• The core areas thus had commercial and administrative
After Industrial Revolution with industries
activities housed in the city core. shifted to the periphery of the city

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MIGRATION TO CITIES

URBANIZATION

• The movement of people to cities

• Changes in farming, rising population, and an
increase in demand for workers led people to move
from farms to the cities to work in factories
• Small towns near natural resources and cities near
factories grew instantly

THE IMPACT OF THE RAILROAD

• Transportation innovation that most changed the

way raw materials, goods, and people moved
• Allowed communication and trade between places
previously deemed too far

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 CULTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND CITY PLANNING
• Small industries and farming having very small Increased work
amount of royal people hours
Insecure working
• After banks etc. the lifestyle improved dramatically
Conditions
• Middle class increased and this section also
consumed most of the products and lived a royal
life style
• Mass of the people to achieve the income,
education and leisure time necessary to enjoy fine
books, good music, and beautiful sculptures and Living Standards
paintings •Houses had to be in direct vicinity to
• Inventions such as the printing press, radio and factories
•Lodging of workers in overcrowded
television that enabled works of culture to reach houses.
more people at lower cost, enabled men to acquire
great wealth, part of which they returned to society
by financing libraries, symphony orchestras,
museums and scholarships for promising writers
and artists, and encouraged the growth of
Formation of Slums:
democracy, thus providing the atmosphere of •Lack of sanitation gave way
freedom so necessary for writers and artists to to unhealthy living conditions
produce great works.

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HOUSING

Tenement = a substandard, multi-family

dwelling, usually old and occupied by the
poor

• Built cheaply
• Multiple stories
• No running water
• No toilet
• Sewer down the middle of street
• Trash thrown out into street
• Crowded (5+ people living in one room)
• Breeding grounds for diseases
• Pollution from factory smoke

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 HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGE THE WAY OF LIFE?

CHANGES BROUGHT BY
INDUSTRIALIZATION

Living Working Class

Cities
Conditions Conditions Tensions

Factories No safety codes Long hours, The rise of the

Little pay middle class

Rapid increase Dangerous

Sickness Large gaps
in size conditions
between the
rich and the poor

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Advantages of the Industrial Revolution
• Goods were able to be produced much
more cheaply
• There were greater job opportunities
• There was an increase in wealth and in
general quality of life
• An independent urban manufacturing
business
• force arose
• New inventions and innovations
occurred; information spread, making
the world “smaller”
• Spurred the rise of large cities
Negative Effects Of Industrial Revolution
• Child labor used in factories & mines
• Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous
• working conditions
• Monotonous(boring) work with heavy,
noisy, repetitive machinery
• Long working hours –six days a week, with
little pay
• Rigid schedules ruled each day
• Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and
smoke in factories
• Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis
spread through factories
• Tenement housing was poorly constructed,
crowded, and cold
• Human and industrial waste contaminated
water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread
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Implications of industrialization

❑ New agents – factory and railroad

❑ New industries- smelting and manufacturing
❑ Rapid increase in urban population

❑ Hazardous environment – massive pollution

• Water (residential and commercial waste)
• Land (household and factory waste)
• Air (smoke from coal consumption and factories)

❑ Public health impacts – contamination of water land

and air

❑ Poor housing – lack of sanitation , lack of clean

water , endemic diseases

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 HOUSING
• Due to rapid urban growth in late 19th century the city was over crowded and populated
• Nearly 4/5th of the ground covered buildings
• Escalating land values forced cities to grow vertically
• An ordinary street block (25X100feet )could house 4000 people
• In 1900 some 42700 tenements housing housed more than 1.5 million people

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THE EVOLUTION OF TENEMENTS

• During the Industrial Revolution, many tenements

were built to house working-class families, many
of whom were moving to cities to work
manufacturing jobs.
• Other buildings, such as middle-class houses or
warehouses, were repurposed as tenements.
• These repurposed buildings were known as
"rookeries," after the term for a collection of
nests.
• In 1867 the New York State Legislature passed
the Tenement House Act, which defined a
tenement as any building rented out to at least
three families, each of which lives independently
but shares halls, stairways and yards.
• In the late-nineteenth century, tenements came to
be contrasted with middle-class apartment
buildings.

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HOUSING IN NEW YORK: DUMBBELL TENEMENT

• Developed in a competition in 1879

• Multifamily housing widely built in new york
• 24 families on to a lot 25 feet wide 100 feet deep
• 14 rooms on each floor
• 10 out of 14 had no access to appropriate windows – openings to a lightless and airless light
well (lack of light air and space)

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"RAILROAD FLATS"

• Some of the most well-known tenements existed on the

Lower East Side of Manhattan in the nineteenth century.
• Many of these were three- and four-story buildings
converted into so-called "railroad flats," many of whose
rooms lacked windows.
• These buildings were poorly regulated and were under
constant threat of collapse or fire.
• Communal water taps and water closets could often be
found in the narrow spaces between tenements.
• An 1865 report asserted that 500,000 people lived in
tenements.
• Many of these residents were immigrant families.
• The Tenement Act of 1901 improved tenement conditions
dramatically, mandating better lighting and fireproofing,
as well as requiring privies to be replaced with indoor toilet
facilities connected to the city sewers.
• At this time the Lower East Side was one of the most densely
populated places on earth.

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1901 TENEMENT HOUSING ACT

• Enforced on all tenement houses constructed after the law

• Cut plot coverage to 70% on interior plots and 90% on corner plots
• Mandated separate bath for each apartment
• Inner courts or rear yards for light and ventilation
• Improved fore safety measures – all tenement erected thereafter (exceeding 60
feet in height ) should be fireproof
• At least one window of specific dimensions required for each room including
the bath room
• Minimum size of rooms specified
• Requirements for running water and water closets in each apartment in new
tenement houses
• Permits before occupying the house
• Set up tenement housing commission with a staff of inspection and
enforcement powers

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 UTOPIAN PROPOSALS -ROBERT OWEN AND J S BUCKINGHAM

Description Of Buckingham's Plan Of A Model Town For A

Temperance Community Of About 10,000 Inhabitants.

H
A. Outer Square of 1,000 Houses and Gardens, 20 feet frontage, 100 feet
G
deep.
F
E
B. Second Square : Covered Arcade for Workshops, 100 feet wide.
D C. Third Square : 560 Houses and Gardens, 28 feet frontage, 130 feet
B
C
deep.
D. Fourth Square : Covered Arcade for Retail Bazaars, 100 feet wide.
A

J S Buckingham town Model
E. Fifth Square : 296 Houses and Gardens, 38 feet frontage, 160 feet
deep.
F. Sixth Square : Covered Arcade for Winter Promenade, 100 feet wide.
G. Seventh Square : 120 Houses and Gardens, 54 feet frontage, 200 feet
deep.
H. Central Square : 24 Mansions and Gardens, 80 feet frontage, 250 feet
deep.
I. 5 Churches or Places of Public Worship, 200 feet by 130.
J. Library below and Gallery of the Fine Arts and Antiquities above.
K. University below and Museum of Natural History above.

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 UTOPIAN DESIGN OBJECTIVES Agricultural field
URBAN DESIGN PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
OBJECTIVES
Character A distinct sense of place
responding to the local context
Continuity and Continuity of frontages,
enclosure defined public &private
Industries
spaces
Quality of public safe, attractive, lively and
realm functional public space
Ease of movement An accessible, well connected, Housing for worker with
pedestrian friendly garden in front
legibility A readily understandable,
easily navigable environment In 1849 published a treatise entitled
Adaptability flexible & adaptable public & “national evils and practical remedies”
private environnent in which Buckingham described his
diversity A varied environment offering plan for a model town for an
a range of experiences “associated temperance community of
about 10,000 inhabitants

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• Robert Owen , a British textile manufacturer,
philanthropist and social reformer, was one founder
of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.
• He is known for efforts to improve factory working
conditions for his workers and promote
experimental socialistic communities.
• In 1799, he and his business partners bought the
largest cotton mill on earth, the New Lanark Mill,
powered by a waterfall on the River Clyde.
• Built in 1783, the mill was a tourist attraction, the
“Poster Mill,” as it were, of the Industrial Revolution.
• The Mill employed 2,000 workers— 500 of whom
were children, “recruited” from Scottish Poor
Houses. Children as young as 5 worked 13 hour
days.
• Owen changed this. As he himself had worked very
young , children now went to work at age 10, and
worked 10 hour days, until the age of 18. As no new
children joined the workforce, child labor was phased
out.

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• Until turning 10, New Lanark’s children went to
school. Adults took classes at night. Owen founded
the world’s first pre-school and adult classes.

• For Owen, nurture trumped nature.

• He founded a “company store,” which sold goods at

cost, almost.

• This was the world’s first consumer-cooperative.

Modest profits from the store funded educational
projects.

• The mill was now an “attraction” for social

reformers. It seemed a functioning Utopia.

• In 1825 he bought 30,000 acres in Indiana, U.S.A.,

and founded an agrarian commune, named New
Harmony.
• It was to be the ultimate UTOPIA but it was never
Done

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 REVIEW AND
ANALYSIS
THE UTOPIANS
Rorbert Owen proposed Self –Supporting
industrial towns
• Communal buildings at the center ,
surrounded by dwellings (grouped about a
large open space)
• Main roads encircled the entire area, on one
side were factories , workshops.
• Beyond these, was the Agricultural belt.
J.S. Buckingham’s proposal–multitude
features
• Industries about half a mile away from town
• Finer houses near the center & humbler
dwellings and workshops at periphery
MODEL TOWNS
• Extensive Community Facilities were
introduced to workers
• Intended to improve the housing
conditions of the workers.
• Small area were experimented.
• First Model town : Bessbrook, Ireland
• Followed by were at Holland,
Bourneville, Italy, Liverpool, etc.
GARDEN CITY
Drawbacks and loopholes for failure :
•Most of the Utopian proposals remained
unexecuted.
•These projects represented 2 extremes:
1. congested urban areas with 6 –7 stories
of tenements –resulting into slums
2. Single houses were built at outskirts
–which were unaffordable by the working
class
Reasons for failure :
• These model towns were very few,
contributing little solutions to real
problems of housing in factory centers
• Ambitious proposals remained as
diagrams.
• Natural features were ignored.
• Henceforth, grid became the basic pattern
leading to gridiron plan of cities
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TONY GARNIER’S CITE INDUSTRIELLE (INDUSTRIAL CITY) - PROPOSAL
• He was an French architect and city
planner.
• His basic idea included the separation of
spaces by function through zoning into
several categories.
• Tony Garnier first produced plan for the ideal
industrial town in 1904.
• In industrial city of Tony Garnier, he
determine general standards of city and with
these standards.
• He developed some designs that supplied
people’s materially and morally needs.
• Garnier ‘s proposal was an industrial city for
approx 35.000 inhabitants situated on a
area in southeast France on a plateau with
high land and a lake to the north, a valley
and river to the south.
• He envisaged a town of segregated uses with
a residential area, a train station quarter
and an industrial zone.

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 • Concept of zoning was strongly similar with Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of
To-morrow because he divided the city into three parts as well like Garnier.
• Garnier tries to take into account all aspects of the city including governmental,
residential, manufacturing and agricultural practices.
• The various function of the city were clearly related, but separated from each by location
and patterns.
• The city of labor divided into Four main Functions:
✔ Work,
✔ housing,
✔ health
✔ leisure.
• The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into three sections:
✔ Administrative
✔ services and assembly halls,
✔ museum collections and sport facilities.

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• Region of station in centre of the city and
it includes all public trade facilities
together.
• A railway passes between the factory and
the city, which is on a plateau, and further
up are the medical facilities.
• The residential area is made up of
rectangular blocks running east-west
which gives the city its characteristic
elongated form.
• The houses were situated into the large
green areas to benefit from sun and fresh
air. Tony Garnier was one of the pioneers of
• The residential districts are the first attempt the modern architecture in terms of
towards passive solar architecture. material.
Garnier had energy efficiently in mind as The materials used are concrete for the
the city was to be powered by a foundations and walls, and reinforced
hydroelectric station with a dam which concrete for floors and ceilings.
was located in the mountains along with All important buildings are
the hospital. constructed of reinforced concrete.

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'BOURNVILLE‘ BY GEORGE CADBURY
• In 1847, the Cadbury brothers' booming business
moved into a larger factory in Bridge Street in the
centre of Birmingham.
• When the Bridge Street factory became too small, George
Cadbury had a new vision of the future.
• 'Why should an industrial area be squalid and
depressing?’ he asked.
• In 1878 they chose a 14½ acre greenfield site between
the villages of Stirchley, King's Norton and Selly Oak,
about four miles south of central Birmingham.
• The site comprised a meadow with a cottage and a
stream – Bourn (the stream is called Bourn)
• The factory was initially going to be called, Bournbrook,
after the cottage and Bournbrook Hall which stood
nearby. But instead, 'Bournville' was chosen - combining
the name of the stream with 'ville', the French word for
town.
• At Bournville, workers lived in far better conditions
than they'd experienced in the crowded slums of the
city.

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• The new site had canal, train and road links and a good
water supply.
• There was lots of room to expand, which was lucky, because
George’s plans for the future were ambitious.
• He wanted to build a place full of green spaces, where
industrial workers could thrive away from city pollution.
• Birmingham architect, George H. Gadd worked closely
with George Cadbury to draw up plans for the factory.
• The first bricks were laid in January 1879 and 16 houses for
foremen and senior employees were built on the site.
• These mostly semi-detached houses were well-built and
spaced out with ample gardens.
• When the workers arrived they found facilities that were
simply unknown in Victorian times(ie the revolution
time).
• There was a field next to the factory where men were
encouraged to play cricket and football; a garden and
playground for the girls; a kitchen where workers could heat
up their meals, and properly heated dressing rooms where
they could get changed.
https://www.cadbury.co.uk/about-bournville

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• In 1893, he bought another 120 acres near the
works and started to build houses in line with
the ideals of the embryonic Garden City
movement
• George Cadbury decided not to go for
tunnel-backs (more or less like dummbell house
with less ventilation ) because it limited the
amount of light in the houses.
• Instead he chose rectangular cottages, each one
with a large garden. In 1895, 143 cottages were
built on the land he had bought privately, a
total of 140 acres.
• All cottages were well built with light airy
rooms and good sanitation.
• Bournville’s green environment reflected the
aim of George Cadbury that one-tenth of the
Estate should be 'laid out and used as parks,
recreation grounds and open space.’
• It attracted great interest from housing reformers,
including the Garden City Association.

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THANK YOU

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