CE455

Foundation and Earth Design

1

Dr. Hatem Gasmi

 Lecture Topic

Introduction to Foundation Engineering

Site Exploration For Foundation Design

Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Vertical Stress Increase in Soil

Settlement of Shallow Foundations

Mat Foundations

Pile Foundations

2
III/ Settlement of Shallow
Foundations

3
 Introduction
4

 The settlement of a shallow foundation can be divided into two major

categories:
(a) elastic, or immediate, settlement and
(b) consolidation settlement.

 Immediate, or elastic, settlement of a foundation takes place during or

immediately after the construction of the structure.

 Consolidation settlement occurs over time. Pore water is extruded from

the void spaces of saturated clayey soils submerged in water.

 The total settlement of a foundation is the sum of the elastic settlement

and the consolidation settlement.

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--
1. Elastic Settlement of Shallow Foundation on
Saturated Clay
5

The average elastic settlement is:

where
A1 : f (H/B, L/B)
A2 : f (Df /B)
L : length of the foundation
B : width of the foundation
Df : depth of the foundation
H : depth of the bottom of the foundation
to a rigid layer
qo : net load per unit area of the
foundation
Es : The modulus of elasticity
6
 2.2 Elastic Settlement in Granular Soil
7
 The elastic settlement of a shallow foundation can be estimated
by using the theory of elasticity:

Where qo: net applied pressure

ms : Poisson’s ratio of soil
Es : average modulus of elasticity of the soil
under the foundation, measured from
z = 0 to about z = 5B
B’= B/2 for center of foundation
= B for corner of foundation
Is : shape factor =
If : depth factor
--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--
 a : a factor that depends
on the location on the
foundation where
settlement is being
calculated
To calculate settlement at
the center of the
foundation, we use a = 4

8
 The elastic settlement of a rigid
foundation can be estimated as

9
10
11
12
 Example 1
13

A rigid shallow foundation 1 m × 2 m is shown in Figure. Calculate

the elastic settlement at the center of the foundation.

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

 Solution
14

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

15
3. Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain
Influence Factor
16

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

Variation of strain influence factor with depth and L/B

17
4. Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based
on Standard Penetration Resistance
18

The net allowable bearing pressure is:

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

 5. Consolidation Settlement
19

5.1 Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships

The consolidation settlement occurs over time in saturated clayey soils
subjected to an increased load caused by construction of the foundation.
20
 5.2 Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation
21

 At the end of primary consolidation (i.e., after the complete dissipation

of excess pore water pressure) some settlement is observed that is due
to the plastic adjustment of soil fabrics.

 This stage of consolidation is called secondary consolidation.

 From the figure, the secondary compression index can be defined as

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

22
 Example 2
23
A plan of a foundation 1 m × 2 m is shown in Figure. Given for the clay
layer: Ca = 0.02. Estimate the total consolidation settlement five years
after the completion of the secondary consolidation settlement.
(Note: Time for completion of primary consolidation settlement is 1.3 years).

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

Solution
24
25
 6. Tolerable Settlement of Buildings
26

 In most instances of construction, the subsoil is not

homogeneous and the load carried by various shallow
foundations of a given structure can vary widely.
 As a result, it is reasonable to expect varying degrees of
settlement in different parts of a given building.

 The differential settlement of the parts of a building can

lead to damage of the superstructure.

 Hence, it is important to define certain parameters that

quantify differential settlement and to develop limiting
values for those parameters in order that the resulting
structures be safe.

--Dr. H. Gasmi-- --College of Engineering-- --UOH--

 A Figure shows a structure in which various foundations, at A, B, C,
D, and E, have gone through some settlement. The settlement at A is
AA’, at B is BB’, etc.

27
28
 The 1955 Soviet Code of Practice allowable values are given in Table

 Bjerrum (1963) recommended the following limiting angular

distortion, bmax for various structures, as shown in Table

29
 The European Committee for Standardization has also provided
limiting values for serviceability and the maximum accepted
foundation movements.

30