Engineering Calculations

Dr. Yvonne Ligaya F.
Musico 2
Engineering Dimensions and Units
• A fundamental dimensions is unique quantity
that describes the basic characteristic.
• Derived dimensions are calculated by an
arithmetic manipulation of one or more
fundamental dimensions.
Dr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 3

Engineering Dimension and Units
Density – mass by a unit volume
𝑀
𝜌=
𝑉
where 𝜌 = density
M = mass
V = volume
In the SI system the base unit for density is kg/m3
Water in SI system has a density of 1000 kg/m3, which
is equal to g/cm3.
Concentration
• Chemical concentration is one of the most
important determinants in almost all aspects of
chemical fate, transport, and treatment in both
natural and engineered system

Concentration
• Concentration is the driving force that
controls the movement of chemicals within
and between environmental media, as well as
the rate of may chemical reaction.
• Concentration often determines the severity
of adverse effects, such as toxicity,
bioconcentration, and climate change.

Concentration
• Parts per million by mass (referred to as ppm
or ppmm) is defined as the number of units of
mass of chemical per million units of total
mass.
𝒎𝒊
𝒑𝒑𝒎𝒎 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Concentration
• Parts per billion by mass (referred to as ppb
or ppbm
𝒎𝒊
𝒑𝒑𝒃𝒎 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗
• Parts per trillion by mass (referred to as ppt
or pptm
𝒎𝒊
𝒑𝒑𝒕𝒎 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐
Sample Problem 1
• Concentration in soil
A 1 kg sample of soil is analyzed for the
chemical solvent trichloroethylene (TCE). The
analysis indicates that the sample contains 5.0
mg of TCE. What is the TCE concentration in
ppmm and ppbm?

Sample Problem 2
• Concentration in water
One liter of water is analyzed and found to
contain 5.0 mg of TCE. What is the TCE
concentration in mg/L and ppmm?

Concentration
• mg/m3 and g/m3 – it is commonly used unit
for concentration of mass per volume of air in
the atmosphere
• mg/L and g/L – commonly used for
concentration unit for water.
In most aqueous system, ppmm is equivalent to

mg/L.
Sample Problem 3
• Concentration in air
What is the carbon monoxide (CO)
concentration expressed in g/m3 of 10 L gas
mixture that contains 10-6 mole of CO?

Concentration
• Parts per million by volume (referred to as
ppm or ppmv) is defined as the number of
units of volume of chemical per million units
of total volume.
𝑽𝒊
𝒑𝒑𝒎𝒗 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Concentration
Ideal Gas Law states that the volume occupied
by a given number of molecules of any gas is the
same, no matter what the molecular weight or
composition of the gas, as long as the pressure
and temperature are constant
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻

Universal Gas Constant
• 0.08205 L-atm/mol-K
• 8.205 x 10-5 m3-atm/mole-K
• 82.05 cm3-atm/mole-K Avogadro’s Principle
• 1.99 x 10-3 kcal/mole-K At standard conditions
(P=1 atm and T=273.15K),
• 8.314 J/mole-K 1 mole of any pure gas will
• 1.987 cal/mole-K occupy a volume of 22.4 L.
• 62,358 cm3-torr/mole-K
• 62,358 cm3-mm Hg/mole-K
Concentration
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒊
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
For gases, volume ratios and mole ratios are equivalent

Sample Problem 4
• Gas Concentration in Volume Fraction
A gas mixture contains 0.001 mole of sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and 0.999 mole of air. What is
the SO2 concentration, expressed in units of
ppmv?

Concentration
𝝁𝒈 𝑷
𝟑
= 𝒑𝒑𝒎𝒗 𝒙 𝑴𝑾 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎 𝑹𝑻

Sample Problem 5
• Conversion of Gas Concentration
The concentration of SO2 is measured in air to
be 100 ppbv. What is this concentration in
units of g/m3? Assume the temperature is
28oC and pressure is 1 atm.

Concentration
𝑷𝒊
𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Sample Problem 6
• Concentration as Partial Pressure
The concentration of gas-phase
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the air
above Lake Superior was measured to be 450
picogram per cubic meter (pg/m3). What is the
partial pressure (in atm) of PCBs? Assume the
temperature is 0oC, the atmospheric pressure
is 1 atm and the average molecular weight of
PCBs is 325.

Concentration
Concentration as a Common Constituent
• Greenhouse gases, nitrogen, and phosphorus are
chemicals that have their concentration typically
reported as a common constituent.
• Phosphorus may be present as orthophosphates
(H3PO4, H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43, HPO42-
complexes) polyphosphate (for example, H4P2O7
AND H3P3O102-), metaphosphates (for example,
HP3O92-), and/or organic phosphates (mg P/L,
mg/L as P, or mg/L P)
Sample Problem 7
• Nitrogen Concentration as a Common
Constituent
A water contains two nitrogen species. The
concentration of NH3 is 30 mg/L NH3, and the
concentration of NO3- is 5 mg/L NO3-. What is
the total nitrogen concentration in units of mg
N/L?

5. Concentration as a Common
Constituent
• Hardness of water is caused by the presence
of divalent cations in water, which Ca2+ and
Mg2+ are by far the most abundant (mg
CaCO3/L).
M 2 + in mg 50 mg
x 2+
= as CaCO3
L eqv wt of M in g / eqv L
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 24

Sample Problem 8
• Determination of a Water Hardness
Determination of a Water Hardness Water has
the following chemical composition: [Ca2+] =
15 mg/L; [Mg2+] = 10 mg/L; [SO42-] = 30
mg/L. What is the total hardness in units of
mg/L as CaCO3?
DR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO 25

Concentration
Concentration as a Common Constituent
• Global warming potential (GWP) is a multiplier
used to compare the emissions of different
greenhouse gases to a common constituent.
• Carbon dioxide equivalent are metric
measurement used to compare the mass emissions
of greenhouse gases to a common constituents,
based on the specific gas’ global warming
potential.
Concentration
𝟏 𝑻𝒈
𝑻𝒈 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝒆 = 𝑮𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒙 𝒙 𝑮𝑾𝑷
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝒈

Concentration

Concentration

Sample Problem 9
• Carbon Equivalent as a Common
Constituents
The US greenhouse gas emissions reported in
2004 were 5,988 teragrams (Tg) CO2e of CH4
and 386.7 teragrams (Tg) CO2e N2O. How
many gigagrams (Gg) of CH4 and N2O were
emitted in 2004?

Flow Rate
• In engineering processes the flow rate can be
either gravimetric (mass) flow rate or
volumetric (volume) flow rate. The former is
in kg/s or lbM/s while the latter is expressed as
m3/s or ft3/s.

Flow Rate
• The mass and volumetric flow rates are not
independent quantities because the mass (M)
of material passing a point in a flow line
during a unit time is related to the volume (V)
of that material:
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒙 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Flow Rate
• Thus, a volumetric flow rate (QV) can be converted to a
mass flow rate (QM) by multiplying by the density of the
material:
𝑸𝑴 = 𝑸𝒗 𝝆
where
QM = mass flow rate
QV = volume flow rate
ρ = density
The symbol Q is almost universally used to denote flow rate.

Flow Rate
• The relationship between mass flow of some
component A, concentration of A, and the total
volume flow (A plus B) is
𝑄𝑀𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴 𝑥 𝑄𝑉(𝐴+𝐵)

Sample Problem 10
A wastewater treatment plant discharges a flow
of 1.5 m3/s (water plus solids) at a solids
concentration of 20 mg/L (20 mg solids per liter
of flow, solids plus water). How much solids is
the plant discharging each day?

Sample Problem 11
A wastewater treatment plant discharges a flow
of 34.2 mgd (million gallons per day) at a solids
concentration of 0.002% solids (by weight). How
many pounds per day of solids does it discharge?

Sample Problem 12
A drinking water treatment plant adds fluorine at
a concentration of 1 mg/L. The average daily
water demand is 18 million gal. How much
fluorine must the community purchase?

Retention Time
• One of the most important concepts in treatment
processes is retention time, also called detention
time or even residence time.
• Retention time is the time an average particle of
the fluid spends in the container through which
the fluid flows (which is the time it is exposed to
treatment or a reaction).
• An alternate definition is the time it takes to fill
the container.
Retention Time
• Mathematically, if the volume of a container, such as a
large holding tank, is V (L3), and the flow rate into the
tank is Q (L3/t), then the residence time is
𝑉
𝑡ҧ =
𝑄
• The average retention time can be increased by

reducing the flow rate Q or increasing the volume V,
and decreased by doing the opposite.

Sample Problem 13
A lagoon has a volume of 1500 m3, and the flow
into the lagoon is 3 m3/hr. What is the retention
time in this lagoon?

Approximation in Engineering
Calculations
Procedure for Calculations with Approximations
• Problems not requiring exact solutions can be
solved by
1. carefully defining the problem
2. introducing simplifying assumptions
3. calculating an answer
4. checking the answer, both systematically and
realistically.
Dr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 3 - 41

Thank You

Engineering Calculations

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Dr. Yvonne Ligaya F.

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Density – mass by a unit volume

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In most aqueous system, ppmm is equivalent to

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For gases, volume ratios and mole ratios are equivalent

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𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒙 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

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The symbol Q is almost universally used to denote flow rate.

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• The average retention time can be increased by

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