CLIPPER,CLAPPER AND TRANSISTOR EXPERIMENT

The aim of the experiment that being showed on the video is for us to know how it works and
how it look like in the significance in the meaning given by the topic CLIPPER ,CLAMPER and
TRANSISTOR for us to have a greater understanding in executing the experiment.

CLIPPER CIRCUITS

It is a network that are use diodes to clip a portion of input signal without distorting the
remaining parts of waveform.Clipper circuits is classified in two parts the series and parallel
clipper and each are consist of a forward and reverse bias.

In the experiment, we were showing the forward and reverse bias to show the flow of
voltage across using different methods of applying clipper circuits.

Reverse Bias Form of Clipper Circuit

These is a sample of a reverse bias in our understanding the diode act as an open switch,
therefore all applied voltage drop across the diode and none in the resistor.

During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the terminal B is positive with respect
to A. Therefore it forward biases the diode and act as a closed switch. Thus there is a voltage
drop across the resistor during the negative half cycle as shown in the output waveform.
Forward Bias Form of Clipper Circuit

In a forward bias during the half cycle of the voltage the positive terminal A is flowing
with respect to the negative terminal therefore there is no voltage drop across the resistor during
the negative half cycle as shown in the output waveform.

PARALLEL CLIPER CIRCUIT

CLAMPER CIRCUITS
 ➢ A Clamper Circuit is a circuit that adds a DC level to an AC signal. Actually, the
positive and negative peaks of the signals can be placed at desired levels using the
clamping circuits.

➢ Clamper circuit can be defined as the circuit that consists of a diode, a resistor and
a capacitor that shifts the waveform to a desired DC level without changing the
actual appearance of the applied signal.

CLAMPING CONSIST OF TWO GENERAL TYPES

• POSITIVE CLAMPING

Positive Clamping occurs when negative peak raise or clamp to the ground or on the zero
level. In other words, it pushes the signal downwards so that the negative peaks falls on the zero
level.

• NEGATIVE CLAMPING

Negative Clamping occurs when positive peak raise or clamp to the ground or on the zero
level in other words,it pushes the signal downwards so that the positive peaks falls on the zero
level.
Transistors

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and

electrical power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is
composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.

➢ It works as an amplifier, it takes in a tiny electric current at one end (an input current) and
produces a much bigger electric current (an output current) at the other. In other words,
it's a kind of current booster. Transistors can also work as switches.

A tiny electric current flowing through one part of a transistor can make a much bigger
current flow through another part of it. In other words, the small current switches on the larger
one.

TRANSISTOR HAS 2 TYPES THESE ARE :

• BJT- Bipolar Junction transistor
• MOSFETS- Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor.

Note: In our experiment, we were focusing more on BJT and its sub types are the NPN and
the PNP transistor.
 NPN TRANSISTOR

In NPN Transistor, we learned that the junctions of the bipolar transistor can be biased in one of
three different ways.

• Common Base
• Common Emitter
• Common Collector

The voltage between the Base and Emitter ( V BE ), is positive at the Base and negative at
the Emitter because for an NPN transistor, the Base terminal is always positive with respect to
the Emitter. Also the Collector supply voltage is positive with respect to the Emitter ( VCE ).
PNP TRANSISTOR

A PNP Transistor is a current controlled device. The small amount of base current
controlled both the emitter and collector current. The PNP transistor has two crystal diodes
connected back to back.The PNP transistor turns on when a small current flows through the base.
The direction of current in PNP transistor is from the emitter to collector.

The base of the transistor is always kept positive with respect to the collector so that the
hole from the collector junction cannot enter into the base. And the base-emitter is kept in
forward due to which the holes from the emitter region enter into the base and then into the
collector region by crossing the depletion region.

Group Members:

Vexander Philip Maravilla – Group Leader

Yves John Carampatan
Kent Ryan Patron
Mel Vincent Tumbiga
Leomar Medez
Richmond Sibilo
Christopher Dayagdag
Erdo Dislan