ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
twenty one
Copyright © Kirk Martini

concrete construction:
shear & deflection
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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Shear in Concrete Beams
• flexure combines with shear to form
diagonal cracks

• horizontal reinforcement doesn’t help

• stirrups = vertical reinforcement

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ACI Shear Values
• Vu is at distance d from face of support
• shear capacity: 𝑉 =  × 𝑏 𝑑
𝑐 𝑐 𝑤

– where bw means
thickness of
web at n.a.

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
ACI Shear Values
• shear stress (beams)
– c  2 f c  = 0.75 for shear
f’c is in psi
Vc   2 f c bw d

• shear strength:
Vu  Vc  Vs

– Vs is strength from
stirrup reinforcement

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Stirrup Reinforcement
• shear capacity:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
– Av = area in all legs of stirrups
– s = spacing of stirrup

• may need stirrups when concrete has

enough strength!

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Required Stirrup Reinforcement
• spacing limits

0.75

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Torsional Stress & Strain
• can see torsional
stresses & twisting
of axi-symmetrical T
cross sections
– torque
– remain plane
– undistorted
– rotates T
• not true for square
sections....
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Shear Stress Distribution
• depend on the
deformation
•  = angle of twist
– measure
• can prove planar
section doesn’t distort

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Shearing Strain
• related to  
 
L
•  is the radial distance from
the centroid to the point
under strain
• shear strain varies linearly
along the radius: max is at
outer diameter

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Torsional Stress - Strain


• know f v    G   and  
L

• so  G
L
• where G is the Shear Modulus

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Torsional Stress - Strain

• from T    (  ) A
J
• can derive T 

– where J is the polar
moment of inertia
T
– elastic range  
J
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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Shear Stress
• max happens at outer diameter

• combined shear and

axial stresses
– maximum shear
stress at 45° “twisted”
plane

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Lecture 20 ARCH 331
Shear Strain

 T
• knowing  G and  
L J
• solve: TL

JG
Ti Li
• composite shafts:   
i JG
i i

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Noncircular Shapes
• torsion depends on J
• plane sections don’t
remain plane
• max is still at outer diameter

T TL
 max  2
 3
c1ab c 2ab G
– where a is longer side (> b)

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Open Thin-Walled Sections
• with very large a/b ratios:

T TL
 max  
1 ab 2 1 ab 3G
3 3
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Shear Flow in Closed Sections
• q is the internal shear force/unit length
T
 
2t a
TL si

4t 2
a i t
i

• ais the area bounded by the centerline

• si is the length segment, ti is the thickness
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Shear Flow in Open Sections
• each segment has proportion of T with
respect to torsional rigidity,
Ttmax
 max 
1 b t 3
3 i i

• total angle of twist:

TL

1 G b t 3
3 i i

• I beams - web is thicker, so max is in web

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Torsional Shear Stress
• twisting moment
• and beam shear

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Torsional Shear Reinforcement
• closed stirrups
• more longitudinal
reinforcement

• area enclosed by shear flow

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Development Lengths
• required to allow steel to yield (fy)
• standard hooks
– moment at beam end

• splices
– lapped
– mechanical connectors
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Development Lengths
• ld , embedment required both sides
• proper cover, spacing:
– No. 6 or smaller
d b Fy
ld 
25 f c or 12 in. minimum
– No. 7 or larger
d b Fy
ld  or 12 in. minimum
20 f c
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Development Lengths
• hooks
– bend and extension

• minimum 1200d b
ldh 
f c
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Development Lengths
• bars in compression
0.02d b Fy
ld   0.0003d b Fy
f c
• splices
– tension minimum is function of ld and
splice classification
– compression minimum
– is function of db and Fy

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Concrete Deflections
• elastic range
– I transformed
– Ec (with f’c in psi)
• normal weight
concrete (~ 145 lb/ft3)
𝐸𝑐 = 57,000 𝑓𝑐′
• concrete between 90 and 160 lb/ft3
𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 33 𝑓𝑐′
• cracked
– I cracked
– E adjusted
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Deflection Limits
• relate to whether or not beam supports
or is attached to a damageable non-
structural element
• need to check service live load and long
term deflection against these
L/180 roof systems (typical) – live
L/240 floor systems (typical) – live + long term
L/360 supporting plaster – live
L/480 supporting masonry – live + long term
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