ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
twenty two
concrete construction: http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden

flat spanning systems,

columns & frames
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Lecture 22 ARCH 331
Reinforced Concrete Design
• economical & common
• resist lateral loads

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Lecture 22 ARCH 331
Reinforced Concrete Design
• flat plate
– 5”-10” thick
– simple formwork
– lower story heights

• flat slab
– same as plate
– 2 ¼”–8” drop panels

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Lecture 22 ARCH 331
Reinforced Concrete Design
• beam supported
– slab depth ~ L/20
– 8”–60” deep

• one-way joists The Architect’s Studio Companion

– 3”–5” slab
– 8”–20” stems
– 5”-7” webs

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Reinforced Concrete Design
• two-way joist
– “waffle slab”
– 3”-5” slab
– 8”-24” stems
– 6”-8” webs
• beam supported slab
– 5”-10” slabs
– taller story heights

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Lecture 22 ARCH 331
Reinforced Concrete Design
• simplified frame analysis
– strips, like
continuous beams
• moments require
flexural reinforcement
– top & bottom
– both directions of slab
– continuous, bent or
discontinuous
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Reinforced Concrete Design
• one-way slabs (wide beam design)
– approximate analysis for moment & shear
coefficients
– two or more spans
– ~ same lengths
– wu from combos
– uniform loads with L/D  3
–  n is clear span (+M) or average of
adjacent clear spans (-M)

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Lecture 22 ARCH 331
Reinforced Concrete Design

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Lecture 22 ARCH 331
Reinforced Concrete Design
• two-way slabs - Direct Design Method
– 3 or more spans each way
– uniform loads with L/D  3
– rectangular panels with
long/short span  2
– successive spans
can’t differ > longer/3
– column offset no more
than 10% span

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Reinforced Concrete Design

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Shear in Concrete
• at columns
• want to avoid
stirrups
• can use shear
studs or heads

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Shear in Concrete
• critical section at d/2 from
– column face, column capital or drop panel

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Shear in Concrete
• at columns with waffle slabs

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Openings in Slabs
• careful placement of holes
• shear strength
reduced
• bending &
deflection can
increase

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General Beam Design
• f’c & fy needed
• usually size just b & h
– even inches typical (forms)
– similar joist to beam depth
– b:h of 1:1.5-1:2.5
– bw & bf for T
– to fit reinforcement + stirrups 2
bh
• slab design, t S
– deflection control & shear 6
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General Beam Design (cont’d)
• custom design:
– longitudinal steel
– shear reinforcement
– detailing

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Space “Frame” Behavior
• handle uniformly distributed loads well
• bending moment
– tension &
compression
“couple” with
depth
– member sizes
can vary,
but difficult

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Space “Frame” Behavior
• shear at columns
• support conditions still important
– point supports not optimal
• fabrication/construction can dominate
design

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Folded Plates
• increased bending stiffness with folding
• lateral buckling avoided

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Folded Plates
• common for roofs
• edges need
stiffening

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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Folded Plates

www.library.illinois.edu

– State Farm Center

(Assembly Hall), University of Illinois
– Harrison & Abramovitz 1963
– Edge-supported dome spanning 400 feet wound
with 614 miles of one-fifth inch steel wire
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Concrete in Compression
• crushing
• vertical cracking
– tension
• diagonal cracking
– shear
• f c
http://www.bam.de

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Columns Reinforcement
• columns require
– ties or spiral reinforcement
to “confine” concrete
(#3 bars minimum)

– minimum amount of longitudinal steel

(#5 bars minimum: 4 with ties, 5 with spiral)

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Slenderness
• effective length in monolithic with
respect to stiffness of joint:  & k
• not slender when
kLu
 22
r

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Effective Length (revisited)
• relative rotation

 EI
lc

 EI
lb
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Column Behavior

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Column Design
• c = 0.65 for ties, c = 0.75 for spirals
• Po – no bending
Po  0.85 f c( Ag  Ast )  f y Ast
• Pu  cPn
– ties: Pn = 0.8Po
– spiral: Pn = 0.85Po
• nominal axial capacity:
– presumes steel yields
– concrete at ultimate stress
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Columns with Bending
• eccentric loads can cause moments
• moments can change shape and induce
more deflection
(P-)
P

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Columns with Bending
• for ultimate strength behavior, ultimate
strains can’t be exceeded
– concrete 0.003
fy
– steel
Es

• P reduces
with M

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Columns with Bending
• need to consider
combined
stresses
• linear strain
• steel stress at or
below fy
• plot interaction
diagram

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Design Methods
• calculation intensive
– handbook charts
– computer programs

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Design Considerations
• bending at both ends
– P-  maximum
• biaxial bending
• walls
– unit wide columns
– “deep” beam shear
• detailing
– shorter development lengths
– dowels to footings
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