HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND

TELECOMMUNICATIONS --������--

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 1
REPORT
AUDIO AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
Instructor : Dr.Nguyen Vu Thang

Sruendent: Senura Hansaja Wansekara

20190185

Hanoi, 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 ELECTRONIC
CIRCUITS 1 1 REPORT 1
PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………6

INTRODUCTION 6 CONTENTS 7 1. Determine needs: 7

1.1. Requirements: 7 1.2. Basic knowledge about the project: 7 2. Create
specifications: 7 2.1. Functional Requirements: 7 2.2. Non-functional Requirements: 8
3. Develop plan: 9 4. Perform block diagram: 11 5. Block Design: 12 5.1. Power
Supply Block 12 5.1.1. Specifications 12 5.1.2. Block Diagram 12 5.1.3. Schematic 13
5.1.4. Theoretical Analysis 13 5.1.5. Select Components 14 5.1.6. Simulation 14 5.1.7.
Final Theoretical Circuit 15 5.1.8. Summary 16 5.2. Audio Amplifier Block 16 5.2.1.
Specifications 16 5.2.2. Block Diagram 17 Page | 2
5.2.3. Schematic 17 5.2.4. Theoretical Analysis 19 5.2.5. Select Components 24
5.2.6. Simulation 25 5.2.7. Final Theoretical Circuit 27
6. Select best alternatives: 29 6.1. Power supply block: 29 6.1.1. Bridge Rectifier: 29
6.1.2. Regulator 30 6.2. Pre-amplifier block: 30 6.3. Power amplifier block: 30 6.3.1.
Diodes 30 6.3.2. NPN transistor and PNP transistor 31
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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Block diagram of the product 11 Figure 2. Block Diagram of Power Supply
block 12 Figure 3. Schematic of power supply circuit 13 Figure 4. Simulation on
power supply circuit 15 Figure 5. Final theoretical circuit of power supply block 15
Figure 6. Block Diagram of Audio amplifier circuit 17 Figure 7. Schematic of Audio
Amplifier Circuit 18 Figure 8. Stage 1 Theoretical Analysis 19 Figure 9. AC small
signal of Stage 1 20 Figure 10. Stage 2 Theoretical Analysis 21 Figure 11. DC load
line and Q-point of stage 1 23 Figure 12. Voltage Waveform 26 Figure 13. Current
Waveform 27 Figure 14. Q – point in Simulation 28 Figure 15. Q – point in hand
calculation 28 Figure 16. Final Theoretical Circuit 29

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TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1. Table of non-functional requirements 8 Table 2. Table of steps in designing

process 9 Table 3. Specifications of the Power Supply block 12 Table 4. Regulator’s
selection for Simulation 14 Table 5. Rectifier’s selection for Simulation 14 Table 6.
Device Summary of Power supply circuit 15 Table 7. Power Supply Block summary
16 Table 8. Specifications of Audio Amplifier Block 16 Table 9. Transistor’s selection
for Simulation 24 Table 10. Diode’s selection for Simulation 24 Table11. Transistor’s
selection for Simulation 25 Table 12. Simulation results with different Input Voltages
and Frequencies 27 Table 13. Summary of Overall Circuit 29 Table 14. Select best
Bridge Rectifier 30 Table 15. Select best Regulator 30 Table 16. Select best Transistor
for Stage 1 31 Table 17. Select best Diode 31 Table 20. Select Pair of Transistor for
Stage 2 32

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PREFACE

The 21st century can be considered as the time of development of Science and
Technology, especially in Electronics – Informatics – Telecommunications; the
potential of decoration and advertisement fields with the application of new
technology is extremely enormous.

During the course on “Electronic Circuit 1”, I had to research and build a speaker - or
an audio amplifier circuit in particular.

An audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals

(signals composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range
of hearing) to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical
audio playback chain.

Although I did make an effort with this project, mistakes are unavoidable due to
our limited knowledge and ability.

I highly appreciate my most profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Nguyen VU

Thang for his considerate encouragement and sincere support throughout this project.

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INTRODUCTION

The aim of the task is to design and implement a suitable audio amplifier which should
amplify the input signal from the MP3 player and output an amplified signal to the
loudspeaker.

My design procedure and experimental results of the audio amplifier. The

technicalities that it will entail are calculations, circuit diagrams and the input /output
waveforms.
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CONTENTS

1. Determine needs:
1.1. Requirements:
The final product must satisfy the lecturer’s requirements. There are
requirements about input voltage, power consumption, speaker’s loudness,
and the sound quality delivered. The product that I aim to build could have
a high potential to be upgraded and extended to meet not only the
lecturers’ requirements but also many other people’s.

1.2. Basic knowledge about the project:

To have a good response to the requirements above of the project, I
had gain a fundamental knowledge of electronic devices as well as linear
circuits. Furthermore, in order to fully fulfill those conditions, I should
study further not only on how to use and connect electronic devices but
also on frequency response and the sound transmission. In addition, this
project is a good chance for our group to enhance our teamwork skills and
to practice more on the designing process of an engineer.

2. Create specifications:
2.1. Functional Requirements:
The functional requirements are drawn after a small research about
the teacher’s requirements.

2.2. Non-functional Requirements:

Based on the functional requirements, derives a table of non-functional
requirements (Table 1) for my final product as below. Note that the given table
presents our target only, not our product’s final specifications.

Table 1. Table of non-functional requirements

Working Temperature 0 – 80
environment (°C )

Humidity 0 - 85%

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Performanc Operating
 e 20Hz-20kH
frequency
z
Efficiency 70 – 80%

VOLTAGE GAIN 3

POWER

Appearance Size
10x4cm

Weight 1.2kg

Price Price 200 000 VND

3. Perform block diagram:

It can be seen from the block diagram below that the product includes 3 main
blocks. The designing process will follow strictly to these blocks.

Figure 1. Block diagram of the Product

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The first block of the diagram is the power supply block. This block consists of 3
sub-blocks which are transformer, rectifier, and regulator.

The second block is the amplifier block. This is the main block of the circuit,
which can be divided into 2 stages: pre-amplifier and power amplifier. Both of these
stages use DC voltage of 20V supplied from the power supply block.

The third block is speaker block, which simply turns signal amplified at the
previous block to audible sound signal.

4. Block Design:
5.1. Power Supply Block
5.1.1. Specifications
The given table below presents the expected specifications of the Power Supply
Block, which supplies a DC voltage of 20V to the Power Amplifier Block. In practice,
this block can be replaced by other types of DC voltage source such as batteries, etc.
The Power Supply circuit is quite heavy due to the transformer, whose weight is 70%
of the weight of the total circuit.

Table 5. Specifications of the Power Supply block

Operating Temperature 0-80°C
Humidity 25-95%

Efficiency 70%-80%
Input 220V AC – 50Hz

Output 20V DC
Size (mm) 200x300

Weight (kg) 0.4

Price 100,000VND

5.1.2. Block Diagram

The block diagram illustrates the relationships of sub-blocks. It describes detailed
information of the input and the output of each sub-block in the Power Supply block.

Pa
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5.1.3. Schematic
The theoretical schematic of the power supply circuit is given below. The
circuit mainly consists of a 220V-to-44V transformer, a bridge rectifier and a
regulator.

Figure 3. Schematic of Power supply circuit

5.1.4. Theoretical Analysis
Without making a decision on picking devices, the theoretical analysis below
shows the target that we want to build on the circuit.

Voltage after transformer:

Voltage after bridge rectifier:

(Assume that the voltage drop on each element Vdis 0.7V)

Target Efficiency: 70%

5.1.5. Select Components

 ● Regulator

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Table 6. Regulator’s selection for Simulation
Parameters Symbol LM317 LT1085 Unit
LM2575

Maximum Vi V
77More than
Input Voltage
6.5V 45

Input-Output ΔV=Vi-Vo -0.3 to 40 1.5 to 25 V

0.3 to 45
Differential

Maximum Imax 2.2 3.0 A

3.0
Output Current

Cost 3,500 48,000 VND

7,000

● Rectifier

Table 7. Rectifier’s selection for Simulation

Parameters Symbol KBL608
KBL610 Unit

Maximum reverse Vr 800

1000 V
Voltage

Maximum RMS Voltage Vrms 560

700 V

Maximum forward Io 2.0

2.0 A
Current

Forward Voltage Vf
6.0 6.0 V

Cost 6,000
5,500 VND

5.1.6. Simulation
The circuit of the power supply is built on Circuit Maker 2000 to run simulation.
In Circuit Maker 2000, the input current of the source is quite small in comparison
with a practical source and the working environment of the circuit is assumed to be
nearly ideal.
 Since (Iadj x R2) is negligible, then:

R2 = (Vout/1.25 - 1) x R1 = 3600 Ohm

Choose Input voltage of the regulator V2 = 25 V

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The input voltage of the rectifier V1 = V2 + 2 x Vo = 25 + 2 x 0.7+17.6 = 44V

The ratio of primary and secondary coils of the transformer:

Np/Ns = Vsource/V1 = 220/44 = 5

Therefore, R2 = 3600 Ohm and Np/Ns = 5

Figure 4. Simulation on Power supply circuit

As can be seen from the figure, all of the values are approximate to the target that
is presented on the part Theoretical Analysis, meaning that the choices made on
choosing devices can be reliable.

5.1.7. Final Theoretical Circuit

The figure below shows the final theoretical circuit with chosen devices with all
parameters needed.
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Figure 5. Final theoretical circuit of Power supply block

Table 8. Device summary of Power supply circuit

Filter Capacitor Cfil 470µC – 50V
Input Capacitor Cin 0.1µC – 50V

Output Capacitor Cout 1.0µC – 50V

Resistor R1 240Ω

Resistor R2 3600Ω = 1200Ω x3

Transformer 220V to 44V

Bridge Rectifier KBL406

Regulator LM317

5.1.8. Summary
Table 9. Power supply block Summary
Theoretical Simulation Target

Input Voltage 220V AC 220V AC 220V AC

Voltage after Transformer 44V 44V 44V

Voltage Drop on Rectifier 1.4V 2.34V 1.4V

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Voltage after Rectifier 42.6V 41.66V 42.6V
 Output Voltage 20.2V 20.13V 20V

5.2. Audio Amplifier Block

5.2.1. Specifications
The given table below presents the expected specifications of the Audio
Amplifier Block, which is supplied with a DC voltage of 20V. The Audio amplifier
circuit consists of 2 stages, the gain and impedance shown in the table is for the overall
circuit, not for only stage 1 or stage 2.

Table 10. Specifications of Audio amplifier block

Environment Operating temperature 0 - 80°C

Waterproof None

Performance Frequency Response 20Hz – 20kHz

Voltage Gain 3

Appearance Size (mm) 200x100

Weight 300g

Price Overall 50,000 VND

5.2.2. Block Diagram

The block diagram illustrates the relationships of sub-blocks. It describes detailed
information of the input and the output of each stage in the Audio Amplifier block.

The diagram is generated by Microsoft Powerpoint 2010.

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 Figure 6. Block diagram of Audio amplifier circuit

5.2.3. Schematic
The theoretical schematic of the power supply circuit is given below. The
circuit mainly consists of 2 stages, stage 1 is Emitter in Common configuration with
Voltage Divider bias, stage 2 is Darlington Pair.
The schematic is captured from Proteus.

Figure 7. Schematic of Audio amplifier circuit

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5.2.4. Theoretical Analysis
5.2.4.1. Stage 1(Pre-Amplifier): Common Emitter with Voltage Divider
 Figure 8.

Stage 1 Theoretical Analysis

● DC Analysis

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● AC Analysis
 Figure 9. AC small signal of Stage 1

The internal resistance rois usually very big so when doing AC analysis, we can
neglect its existence. In the given figure, there is no Load; however, the Load of the
stage 1 is the input impedance of Stage 2.

Voltage gain, current gain, input impedance, output impedance of Stage 1 with
Load will be calculated based on these formulas:

Note that, in the formula calculating internal resistance r E, IE is the DC current

which approximates to IC (at Q-point). Moreover, since Voltage Gain is negative, the
output signal and input signal are out of phase.

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5.2.4.2. Stage 2 (Power Amp): Darlington Pair
 Figure 10. Stage 2 Theoretical Analysis

5.2.4.3. Overall Circuit Calculation

5.2.6. Simulation
The circuit of the power supply is built on a proteus to run a simulation. In Proteus,
the input current of the source is quite small in comparison with a practical source
and the working environment of the circuit is assumed to be nearly ideal.
Q-point of 1st stage :

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Q-point of 2nd stage :

Voltage gain (1ststage) :

 ⇨ AV = 4.52

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Voltage gain (Overall) :

AV = 2023.1

Current gain (Overall) :

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⇨ Ai = 23
⇨ Overall power gain = 46531.3

Input Input voltage

frequency peak Output waveform

50Hz 1mV 50Hz 150mV

2kHz 150mV 2kHz 1mV

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20kHz 150mV

50Hz 1mV

5.2.7. Final Theoretical Circuit

The figure below shows the final theoretical circuit with chosen devices with all
parameters needed.

Figure 16. Final Theoretical Circuit

Table 15. Summary of Overall circuit

Stage 1 NPN Transistor
Emitter in Common
Voltage Divider Bias hFe (β)
R1
 R2
RC

RE
Cin

Cout

Stage 2

Darlington Pair

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5. Select best alternatives:
Based on the components’selection and simulation results in previous parts, My
team considers more carefully about the components and the market. Finally, the final
alternative components are chosen. Some components are not available in the Proteus
because the program is a crack and is not up to date, meaning that there are some
available components in the market that do not exist in the program. Henceforth,I have
to make some modifications to my choice of components. These components are
selected into the table after consideration about their characteristics (which must be the
same as or at least satisfy those of the components used in Circuit Maker).

Nonetheless, in general, these below tables are quite similar to those previous
tables in “Select Components”.
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6.1. Power supply block:
5.1.1. Bridge Rectifier:
Table 16. Select best Bridge Rectifier

5.1.2. Regulator
Table 17. Select best Regulator

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6.2. Pre-amplifier block:
Table 18. Select best Transistor for Stage 1

6.3. Power amplifier block:

Amplifier is a device which uses a small signal to control a larger signal. It was usually
used in audio applications. Power amplifier relates to the amount of power delivered to
the load. Normally, the power amplifier was designed as the last amplifier in a
transmission chain. Moreover, the amplifier stage requires more attention to power
efficiency.

The pre-amplifier and power amplifier were similar however they provide different
gain. The power amplifier provides high current, not the voltage gain that the high
current uses to drive the loudspeaker.

Conclusion

Comprehensively, over many times of modifying and testing, finally my calculation

results match with the simulation, and then with the breadboard testing and my final
PCB. Respectfully, this process and those trials considerably helps me to fill up my
lack of knowledge that I can not even consider without the time for this project.
Moreover, I become more familiar with the use of some very effective
electronics-related software such asMultisim,Proteus,Altium, which will be
furthermore very helpful for higher studying on the field ofElectronics and
Telecommunications.Anyway, though I have worked hard and achieve a
desirable

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accomplishment, my final project seems not to be the best one. Within the significant
development of technology, everyday I see many kind of audio amplifier, or in the
other word loudspeaker, with the tiny size but burly sound, also very high resolution,
etc. Nevertheless whatever the world was, I have tried and will try my best to
understand the basic principle of what I learn, from the simplest thing, like this
project. With this way of approach, Ihop those essential knowledge will help me to
accelerate my further studying and career.On the way I gain my goal, without a great
guide, I can not easily achieve it. Sincere thanks to my professor Dr. Nguyen Vu
Thang, who lighten the procedure step by step, so that I can get the right path to
accomplish my project with the minimized consumed effort. Due to the limit of time,
perhaps myproduct ends up by just a PCB, without the optimization of size and
efficiency. Anyway, I am really looking forward to receiving your feedback on my
project so that I know my knowledge and do better on the next projects. Once again,
thank you very much for your devotion.Thank you!
Reference

Robert L. Boylestad, and Louis Nashelsky,Electronic Devices and

Circuit Theory 11th Edition.Pearson, 2012.2.
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/5. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/6.
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/

http://www.alldatasheet.com
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier

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