UNIT-1

•Introduction to Automobile
•By Kaduskar Sandeep

Dept. Of Mechanical Engg.

Government Polytechnic Nagpur
 Classification of Automobile
Automobiles can be classified from the point of
view of various considerations as follows:
1)Use
i.Mopeds
ii.Motor cycles , scooters
iii.Cars , jeeps
iv.Buses and trucks
2)Capacity
I.Heavy Motor vehicles(HMV) ex trucks and buses.
II.Light Motor vehicles like car , jeeps etc
3)Make and Model
i.Bajaj ‘Pulsar’, Royal Enfield ‘Bullet’, Honda ‘Shine’ etc
ii.Premier Padmini, Hindustan Motor Ambassador, Maruti 800 etc
iii.Tata ‘Indica , Leyland ‘Dost, Ford ‘Fiesta’, Nissan ‘Terreno’etc
4)Fuel used:
i.Petrol vehicles e.g. scooters, motor cycles, some
cars.
ii.Diesel vehicles e.g. buses , trucks , some cars.
5)Body Style:
i.Closed cars e.g. saloon, coupe.
ii.Open cars like Sports car , convertible car.
iii.Special styles such as estate car, station wagon etc.

6)Wheels:
i.Two wheelers ex. Scooters, motor cycles ,mopeds.
ii.Three wheelers like auto-rikshaws , tempos
iii.Four Wheelers e.g. cars , jeeps.
iv.Six Wheelers e.g. trucks, buses
7) Drives:
According to sitting of driver.
i. Left hand drive e.g American vehicles for use in
USA.
ii. Right hand drive e.g. Indian vehicles

According to Axle for drive.

i. Front wheel drive. e.g. Maruti Suzuki cars
ii. Rear wheel drive. e.g. Ambassador cars
iii. All wheel drive. e.g. Jeep, most of the military
vehicles
8)Transmission:

i. Manual. e.g. Most of the Indian cars.

ii. Semi automatic.
iii. Fully automatic. e.g. Mercedes ‘7G-Tronic
iv. Continuously variable. e.g. Audi with multitronic.
v. Automated manual i.e. cars with transmissions that
are basically manual, but operated hydraulically and
electronically. e.g. Audi with DSG.
Major Component of Automobile
 Major Components are;
1. Basic Structure 4. The Auxiliaries / Electrical system
Frame Battery and Generator
Suspension system The starter
Axles Ignition System
Wheels Ancillary device
Miscellaneous

2. Power Plant 5. The Control systems

.
I.C. Engine Steering system
CNG or LPG Brakes
Electrical Fuel
Cell Hybrid 6. The Super Structure
fuel

3. Transmission System
Clutch, Gear
box
Axle,
Differential
Frame / Chassis
FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME:

1. To carry load of the passengers or goods

carried in the body.
2. To support the load of the body, engine, gear
box etc.,
3. To withstand the forces caused due to the
sudden braking or acceleration
4. To withstand the stresses caused due to the
bad road condition.
5. To withstand centrifugal force while cornering
VARIOUS LOADS ACTING ON THE FRAME:

1. Short duration Load - While crossing a broken

patch.
2. Momentary duration Load - While taking a curve.
3. Impact Loads - Due to the collision of the vehicle.
4. Inertia Load - While applying brakes.
5. Static Loads - Loads due to chassis parts.
6. Over Loads - Beyond Design capacity.
 TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
There are three types of frames
1.Conventional frame
It has two long side members and 5 to 6 cross
members joined together with the help of rivets
and bolts. The frame sections are used
generally.
a.Channel Section - Good resistance to bending
b.Tubular Section - Good resistance to Torsion
c.Box Section - Good resistance to both bending
and Torsion
2.Integral frame / Unibody / Monocoque
This frame is used now a days in most of the cars. There
is no frame and all the assembly units are attached to
the body. All the functions of the frame carried out by the
body itself. Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper
and due to less weight most economical also. Only
disadvantage is repairing is difficult.

3.Semi-integral frame
In some vehicles half frame is fixed in the front end on
which engine gear box and front suspension is
mounted. It has the advantage when the vehicle is met
with accident the front frame can be taken easily to
replace the damaged chassis frame. This type of frame
is used in FIAT cars and some of the European and
American cars.
Monocoque chassis
Two wheeler CHASSIS
What is Frame
The purpose of a motorcycles frame is to act as a
base onto which all the various components can be
bolted to.
The engine generally sits inside the frame, the rear
swing arm is attached by a pivot bolt (allowing the
suspension to move) and the front forks are attached to
the front of the frame.

The frame can also help to protect the more sensitive parts
of a motorcycle in a crash.

Motorcycle frames are usually made from welded

aluminum, steel, magnesium or metal alloy. Carbon-fibre
is sometimes used in expensive or custom frames.
TYPES OF FRAME

Single Cradle frame

Double cradle frame
Backbone frame
Perimeter frame
Monocoque frame
Trellis frame
1. Single Cradle Frame
The single cradle is the simplest type of motorcycle
frame, and looks similar to the first ever motorcycle
frames.

It is made from steel tubes that surround the engine

with a main tube above and other, smaller diameter
tubes beneath.

If a single cradle becomes double at the exhaust, as

frequently occurs, it is referred to as a split single
cradle frame.

Single cradle frames are usually found in off-road

motorcycles.
1.Single cradle frame
2. Double Cradle Frame
Double cradle frames are descended from
single cradle frames.

They consist of two cradles that support

the engine on either side.

Double cradle frames are commonly used in

custom motorcycles and simpler road bikes.

They offer a good compromise between

rigidity, strength and lightness, though they
have now been technically surpassed by
perimeter frames.
2. Double cradle frame
3. Backbone
These are specialty frames that are used
rarely.

It has a solid metal backbone and the engine

hangs suspended from this.

It's a simple and inexpensive frame with a

distinctive look, but other designs are better in
terms of strength and rigidity.
3.Backbone frame
4. Perimeter
These frames originated on racing motorcycles.

The steering head and swing arm are joined at a very

short distance, reducing flexure and torsion
substantially.

They were originally made from steel but most are

made from aluminum nowadays to save weight.

Once the advantages of this frame were seen, they

were adopted by most motorcycle manufacturers.
4.Perimeter frame
5. Monocoque
Another specialty frame that is even rarer than
the backbone.

They are very heavy and rigid, combining seat

mounting, tank, and tail into a single sturdy piece
of metal.

They are used almost exclusively on specialized

competition bikes and are not a good choice for
street bikes.
5. Monocoque frame
6. Trellis
The trellis frame rivals the aluminium perimeter
frame for rigidity and weight.

A favorite of Italian and European manufacturers it

has proved a great success in racing and
competition.

The Trellis frame uses the same principles as the

perimeter frame, and connects the steering head
and swingarm as directly as possible.

The frame is made up of a large number of short steel

(or aluminium) tubes welded together to form a trellis.
The trellis frame is not only easy to manufacture but
extremely strong as well. The frame pictures is from
the Suzuki SV650S.
6.Trellis frame