THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK
Basis for describing properly the relationships of variables to be used in the
study

Theory comes from the Greek word “theoria” which means beholding spectacle
and speculation
-is an organized body of concepts synthesized from studies, related facts or
observations which serves as an accepted explanation to the existence or truth
of something.
-a general principle, an explanation of a phenomenon or an abstract
generalization that systematically explains the relationship among given
phenomena, for purposes of explaining, predicting and controlling such
phenomenon(Abdellah)
 THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Concept is an organized body of relationships between identified variables.

Framework is a fundamental structure

which supports & gives shape to the general
body
 THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

Theoretical Framework consists of theories, principles,

generalizations and research findings which are closely
related to the present study under investigation, it is this
framework where the present research problem
understudy evolved.
 THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

Conceptual Framework the schematic diagram which

shows the variables needed in the study or the
foundation and basic structure outlining how the
proposed answer to the problem will proceed and be
achieved.
ASSUMPTIONS
▪ Assumptions are statements related to the research problem which the
researcher believes or presumes to be true.
▪ Such presumption or belief of the researcher is based on his observation
and experience.
▪ They are stated so as to provide foundation on which the study is anchored
and from which will proceed.
TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS
▪ Universal Assumptions-these come from the
knowledge of the researcher and from observed facts
related to the problem which are presumed as true
on the basis of observations, experiences and
findings of previous researches
 TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS
▪ Study Assumptions- these are assertions needed in
the pursuit of the study which are so stated that they
serve as starting points from which the study
proceeds. They also confirm the validity of the
explanatory variables as well as serve as basis for
formulating the hypothesis of the study.
 TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS
▪ Theory or Research-Based Assumptions-these are
assumptions remised on theories applicable to the
field of study. It may come from the findings or
previous researches and need further confirmation or
validation.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSUMPTIONS
-They are universally accepted truths which do not need
any testing

-They are theories applicable to a particular field of

study

-They refer to findings of previous related researches

 HYPOTHESIS
▪ Hypothesis is statement or declaration of the
expected outcome of a research study.
▪ based on logical rationale and has empirical
possibilities for testing.
▪ Hypothesis is formulated in experimental research.
▪ In some non-experimental correlation studies,
hypothesis may also be developed.
HYPOTHESIS
There are four elements in a hypothesis:
(1) dependent and independent variables,
(2) some type of relationship between independent
and dependent variable,
(3) the direction of the change, and
(4) it mentions about the subjects, i.e. population being
studied. It is defined as “A tentative assumption
made in order to draw out and test its logical or
empirical consequences” (Webster, 1968).
 STANDARDS IN FORMULATING A
HYPOTHESIS (Ahuja, R. 2001)
1. It should be empirically testable, whether it is right or wrong.
2. It should be specific and precise.
3. The statements in the hypothesis should not be contradictory.
4. It should specify variables between which the relationship to be established
5. It should describe one issue only.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
HYPOTHESIS (Treece & Treece, 1989)
1. It is testable
2. It is logical
3. It is directly related to the research problem
4. It is factually or theoretically based
5. It states a relationship between variables
6. It is stated in such a form that it can be accepted or rejected.
 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Two Major Categories:
Null Hypothesis – statement of denial of relative
difference or an effect and expressed in the negative
form of a statement (There is no significant . . .)
Alternative Hypothesis – (Research or Scientific) a
formal affirmative statement predicting a single
research outcome, a tentative explanation of the
relationship between two or more variables. (There is
significant . . .)
 VARIABLES
CHARACTERISTIC THAT HAS TWO OR MORE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
VALUES OR PROPERTIES
Kinds of Variables:
1. Independent variables – the conditions or
characteristics which are the presumed cause or
influence of the existence or non-existence or change
in certain phenomena
2. Dependent variables – are the conditions or
characteristics which are influenced by the
independent variables. The focus of the investigation.
 VARIABLES
3. Intervening Variables – those which cannot be
controlled or measured directly but which may have
an important effect upon the outcome of
measurement.
4. Extraneous Variables – those which are not
controlled or manipulated by the researcher but
which may have a significant influence on the results
of a study.
 VARIABLES
5. Exogenous Variables - which are not controlled or
manipulated by the researcher but which may have
a significant influence on the results of a study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Reasons for defining the variables:

a. To guide and direct the researcher in quantifying and
qualifying the variables
b. To ensure clarity of the meaning of the variables and
minimize the researcher’s misconceptions
 TYPES OF DEFINITIONS

a. Conceptual Definition
It is a universal definition of a term understood by
people, a general statement of properties or
qualities common to a number of examples. This
type o9f definition also refers to the subjective or
theoretical/textual meaning of the word.

SOURCES: dictionary, related literature, authoritative

sources
TYPES OF DEFINITIONS

b. Operational Definition- the researcher’s own definition of terms as used in

the study; concrete and measurable, based on observable characteristics
of what is being defined within the context of the phenomenon being
investigated; also refers to the OBJECTIVE or PRACTICAL/FUNCTIONAL
meaning of the word

Types: denotative(what the concept is or represents)

connotative(according to implications or associations one make with the

variable)

SOURCES: empirical data, related literature, research studies, established

theories
 c. Lexical Definitions or Definitions from Authoritative
Source

-definitions taken from authorities on the subjects or

terms being defined and should be properly
acknowledged.

.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
It sets parameters of the study by stating what is included and
rejecting what is excluded. Included are:
Scope and coverage-the who, what, when, where, how and
the why of the study
Expected manageability of the problem-internal and external
constraints that may affect (usually provided in experimental
study)
Limitations of the study-anticipated shortfalls and specific
constraints such as foreseen weaknesses in methodology and
design, exclusion of certain sectors of the population,
statistical treatment, inaccessibility of data and failure to get
a representative sampling