General Chemistry

Elements:
Element is defined as a substance which can not decomposed into any simple
substance means of ordinary chemical reaction.

Compound:
A compound is a substance formed by the chemical union of two or more elements
in fixed proportion by weight.

Dalton’s theory:

1. Each element is composed of atoms.

2. Each kind of atom is having a definite weight but atoms of different element
differs in weight.
3. All the atoms of the same elements are exactly identical with one another
particularly in weight.
4. Chemical combination takes place by the union of atoms of elements in
simple numerical ratios.

Limitation of Dalton’s theory is that it doesn’t provide any means of determining the
relative weight of atom.

Equivalent weight:
Equivalent weight of an element is number of parts by weight of it, which combine
with or replace 8.000 parts by wt of oxygen or the equivalent weight of any other
element.

Gram equivalent:
Gram equivalent is the weight expressed in gram.

Atomic weight:
The atomic weight of an element is the weight of an atom of the element related to
the weight of an oxygen atom taken as 16.000.

Gram atom weight / gram atom:

Gram atom of an element is expressed in gram.
1 gram atom of oxygen = 16 gm.
Atomic Mass Unit Scale (amu scale):
The atomic weight normally refers to relative weight only. It is the ratio of the mass
of an atom of an element to 1/16 of the mass of an oxygen atom and is known as
the relative atomic mass of element and expressed in amu scale.

1 amu = 1 16
16  6.023 1023
= 1.66003  10-24 gm
Molecule:
A molecule. The smallest particle of substance (element or compound), capable of
existing in the free state. The smallest unit of the matter, which can exist in a gas,
is not an atom but a molecule. So volume of a gas is related to the numbers of
molecules present in it.

Avogedro’s hypothesis:
The equal volumes of all gases under the same condition of temperature and
pressure, contents the same numbers of molecules.

Avogedro No.: 6.023  1023.

Molecular weight:
Molecular weight of a substance is the weight of a molecule of the substance
relative to weight of an oxygen atom. The molecular weight is expressed in gram
and called as gram molecular weight or mole. Gram molecular weight of any gas
or vapour occupies 22.4 at NTP (normal temp. and pressure) and is called gram
molecular volume or molar volume.

One mole of a substance is the amount of material, which contents the Avogedro’s
number or particles.

Number of Carbon atom in 12 gms of C12 is called Avogedro’s no.: 6.023  1023.

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