GULSHAN CAMPUS, KARACHI

NAME OF STUDENT _________________________ ID No. _______________

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
SPRING - 2021
Department / Date of Time Total
Program Semester Course Title Instructor
Faculty Exam Allowed Marks
Faculty of
Business Ms
Administration MBA QTR Imrana 2 Hours 25
Bano

Instructions:
1. This paper contains 6 questions. Attempt 5 questions.
2. Marks of each question are mentioned at the end of each question.
3. Use of Calculator is allowed. (Allowed / Not Allowed).
4. Mobile Phones must be powered off and kept away during the exam.
5. Cheating of any type will disqualify the candidate.
6. Admit card is compulsory to appear in exam.
7. Student shall not be allowed to leave exam hall before one (1) hour from start time of exam.
8. Student shall not be allowed to enter in exam hall after one (1) hour of start time of exam.
9. Student must comply with given instructions by the invigilator or examiner.
10. Any arguments/misbehavior with invigilator shall be resulted to disciplinary action.
11. Do not detach the sheets. (Paper will be cancelled, if the sheets are detached).
12. Write your answers in ink. Pencil may be used for underlining of diagrams only.
13. The work must be neat & clean. Over-writing, cutting will be considered as mistake.
14. Student must bring his/her own stationary. Borrowing in exam hall is not allowed.
15. Answer Script & Question Paper must be returned back to invigilator before leaving exam hall.

This paper has a total of 3 pages including this title page

 GULSHAN CAMPUS, KARACHI

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
SPRING - 2021
Course Title: _QTR__
Instructor's Name: _Ms Imrana Bano_____
_____________________________________________________________________________

Note: Attempt Any 5 questions:

Q-1a) Describe the difference between a probability sample and a nonprobability sample.

Answer:

Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Probability sampling basically involves the In non-probability sampling a sample that has been
selection of sample from a population, sampling drawn in such a way that it doesn’t give every
process in which every element of the population member of the population a known chance of
has known, nonzero probability of selection. being selected.

Basically, A sample drawn in a way to give every Probability samples are usually more
member of the population a known (nonzero) representative than nonprobability samples of the
chance of inclusion is called probability sampling. population because it gives equally chance of
selection to everyone.
For Example: If we buy bond, there is still a chance
of win. Maybe 0.00001% but the chance is there. For Example: Like if we want to select 50 students
from 500. In this process researchers can select the
Similarly, when we through dice the chance of first 50 students as per their judgement so it
coming six number is always there. doesn’t give each student a change of selection.

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b). In what types of situations is conducting a census more appropriate than sampling? When is sampling
more appropriate than taking a census?
[5 Marks]

Answer:

Census is more appropriate when we have to gather information from an entire population while sampling
is just to gather the information of a specific area or any specific geographic region. Hence, census carries
broader perspective than sampling.

Census also used for broader strategic decisions like forecast economic needs, taxable adulterer, for the
determination of unemployment in country, growth rate, inflation etc.

While sampling is more appropriate when we have smaller objective or to the specific region.

Q-2: a) If researchers know that consumers in various geographic regions respond quite differently to a
product category, such as tomato sauce, is area sampling appropriate? Why or why not?

Answer:

Area sampling provides a great deal in countries where there are no adequate population lists, which are
replaced instead by maps. In area sampling we have to chose sub-areas then we fully inspected and
enumerated, and may form the basis for further sampling, if desired. Area sampling plays vital role in
determining the target audience or market.

The above is one of the important reason why area sampling is used in geographic regions in research
instruments.

b). What are the benefits of stratified sampling?

Answer:

The process of dividing the heterogenous population in to homogenous sub-groups is called stratification.

Stratified random sampling allows researchers to obtain a sample population that best represents the entire
population being studied by dividing it into subgroups called strata. Basically, it ensures each subgroup
within the population receives proper representation within the sample.

Stratified samplings benefits are as follows:

➢ More precise samples by dividing heterogenous into homogenous subcategories.

➢ Less variability.

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➢ Representation of sub-groups in the sample.
➢ Cost per observation maybe reduced.
➢ Homogeneity internally.

[5 Marks]

Q-3: a) What is the sampling distribution? How does it differ from the sample distribution?

Answer:

Sampling Distribution:

The sampling distribution of a statistic is the probability distribution of that statistic. In other works, it is
the distribution of the statistic if we were to repeatedly draw samples from the population.

For Example, if in class there are 50 students and professor want to know the average age of the students
in months. First, he will take the average value of these 50 students but that will be an unknown value to
a professor, then he will draw a random sampling of 50 students and let’s say he picks 5 students to find
out their ages in month in-order to get the sample mean and repeat this process again by picking another
5 students.

So, here is repeated sampling, the value of the sample mean would vary from sample to sample and since
we do repeated sampling so many times this is process will very very closely resemble the true sampling
distribution.

b) What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics? [5 Marks]

Answer:

Descriptive statistics are used when we want to know something about everyone in an entire group.

Whereas Inferential Statistics are used when we want to know something about everyone from a smaller
group.

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Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

• Works with a smaller data set • Works with a large data set.

• Concerned with the describing the target • Make inferences from the sample and
population. generalize them to the population.

• Results obtained represents the entire • Results obtained represent a portion.

date.
• Form of results – probability score.
• Here, in the form of charts, graphics and
tables.

Q-4: Hometown, located in the north central United States, had a population of about fifty thousand.
There were two travel agencies in Hometown before Canterbury Travels opened its doors. Canterbury
Travels was in its secoznd month of operations. Owner Roxanne Freeman had expected to have more
business than she actually had. She decided that she needed to conduct a survey to determine how much
business Hometown offered. She also wanted to learn whether people were aware of Canterbury Travels.
She thought that this survey would determine the effectiveness of her advertising.

Questions:

1. Design a questionnaire to satisfy Roxanne Freeman’s information needs.

2. Will Canterbury Travels gain the information it needs from this survey?

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[5 Marks]

Q-5:a) What qualities should fieldworkers possess?

Answer:

➢ They should have pleasant appearance.

➢ Good communication skills.
➢ Excellent listening skills.
➢ They need to be educated with good reading and writing skills.
➢ They should have relevant experience in conducting the researches.

b) Why is it important to ensure that fieldworkers adhere to the sampling procedure specified for a project?

The field workers of any research project are a vital part of the process. That is the case because they are
the ones actually collecting all the pieces of information from the fields from the researchers to convert
into understandable data that can be later used for making critical decision-making processes.

[5 Marks]

Q-6: a) An interviewer finds that when potential respondents ask how much time the survey will take,
most refuse if they are told 15 minutes. The interviewer now says 10 minutes and finds that most
respondents enjoy answering the questions. Is this the right thing to do?

[5 Marks]