Click Star t

Computer Science for Schools

7
ess
Pr
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Anjna Virmani
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Shalini Harisukh
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Revised
Edition
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108855693
© Cambridge University Press 2011, 2014, 2020
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

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and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

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permission of Cambridge University Press.

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First published 2011
Second edition 2014
Third edition 2020

ity
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in India by Rajkamal Electric Press
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ISBN 978-1-108-85569-3
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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
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and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
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factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but
Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information
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thereafter.

notice to teachers
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The photocopy masters in this publication may be photocopied or distributed

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any way outside the purchasing institution.

Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material included in this
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 Introduction
The revised edition of Click Start: Computer Science for Schools is
designed around the latest developments in the field of computer science,
information and communication technology. Based on Windows 7 and
MS Office 2010, with extensive updates on Windows 10 and MS Office
2016, the series aids the understanding of the essentials of computer
science including computer basics, office applications, creative software,
programming concepts and programming languages.
Each level of the series has been designed keeping in mind the mental

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aptitude and learning ability of the learners as well as their interests. Efforts
have been made to use examples from day-to-day life, which will help the

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learners to bridge the gap between the knowledge of the subject and the real

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world. The books are designed to offer a holistic approach and help in the overall

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development of the learners.
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KEY FEATURES
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• Snap Recap: Probing questions to begin a chapter and assess pre-knowledge

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• Learning Objectives: List of the learning outcomes of the chapter

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• Activity: Interactive exercise after every major topic to reinforce analytical skills and
application-based learning
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• Exercise: A variety of questions to test conceptual clarity

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• Fact File: Interesting concept-related snippets to augment concept knowledge

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• Quick Key and Try This: Shortcuts and useful tips on options available for different
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operations
• Glossary: Chapter-end list of important terms along with their definitions
• You Are Here: Summary to aid quick recapitulation
• Lab Work: Practical exercises to enable application of concepts through learning-by-doing
• Project Work: Situational tasks to test practical application of the concepts learnt
• Who Am I?: Biographies to inspire young learners
• Sample Paper: Helps in preparing for cyber concepts and knowledge competition
• Poster: Informative infographics to help students stay safe in connected digital environment

The books, thus, will not only make learning fun but also help the learners achieve a certain level of
expertise in this fast changing world of computer science.
 Overview There can be various cha
Communi
and Mob
Netwo

nnels for wireless transmi

ssion. A few are explain
Radio Waves: Radio wav ed here: SNAP RECAP
es are generally used for
communication. Signals long distance wireless LEARNI
can pass through thick obje
cts such as non-metalllic
Snap Recap
Network
substances. Radio waves 1. What is networking?
are used in radio commun You will learn ab
satellites, radars, compute ication (AM/FM), commun 2. What are the different
r networks, etc. ication types of
• computer netw
Probing questions to
Communication
networks?
Infrared: Infrared is one
of the most primitive form 3. What is an operating components
an electromagnetic radiatio s of wireless communicat system? Why do
n. It is basically suitable ion. It is • types of netwo
For example, a television
and a remote control con begin
for short dist ance comamun
chapter
ication. and you need it?
4. Discuss various types • network topol

and Mobile OS
rays. The signals travel in nect to each other using of operating
a straight line and cannot infrared
Microwave: Microwave assess
penetrate wal ls. pre-knowledge system available in the mar
5. State the various uses
ket.
• types of transm
• mobile operati
is the most commonly use of a mobile phone.
which is spread widely acro d wireless transmission
ss the world. Most of the medium,
wireless devices work on wireless access points and
microwave communicat
not only cost effective, it ion. This communication med

ss
is also extensively used ium is
in cellular communication. Computer Network
Bluetooth: Bluetooth is SNA P RECAP
another wireless commun
medium operating over sho ication A netwLEA ork RNconING
sists OB JECorTIV
of two ESe compute
rt distances. It has a normal mor

e
approximately 3–300 feet range of 1. What is networking? linked together for sharing rs
depending on the connec You will resources such as
These devices can be mob
Learning Objectives
ted devices. 2. What are the different printers lear
andnexch
about:

Pr
ile phones, personal com types of anging files, or allowing
puters, laptops, networks? •comcom
mun pute r netw
icat electronic
digital camera, MP3 play ions.ork
Theand its puters on a netw
com
ers, etc. Bluetooth enabled linkcom
ed pon ork may be
a small network. In Bluetoo
connected to each other
th technology, eight dev List of the learning
devices form
ices can be
3. What is an operating
you need it?
system? Why do
•satetype
throents
ugh cables, telephone line
llitess,ofor
netw
infrork
ared light beams.
s, radio waves,
at the same time. Bluetoo A4.

ity
Blue toot h •A network topology and
found in headsets, hands-f
ree kits, wireless keyboa
th
outcomes of the chapter
can also be
rds and mouse. Bluetoosyst
Disc devi
em avai
ce
uss various types of oper
ating large number of usersitsbelo
•or orga
typesnisaof tran
types
nging to the same area
radio wave technology whi
ch is not very expensive th uses thelable in the market. tionsmis
whosionarechan
sprenels
ad out at different places
5.
and has low power conStat e the •canmob Compu
sumptiovari
rs n.
ous uses of a mobile pho
ne. com ilemun
opericat
atinegand
systshar
emseand itsultype
usef s , software prog
files
Mobile Operating Sy their computers are netw rams and i
stem organisation is called the
orked. This type of netw
orking specific t
Initially, when mobile pho Intranet. It is a network
ve
nes were which is not op
introduced in the late 90s Computer Network
, they were just
Activity
designed to support dial
calls and sending simple
ing and receiving
AC TI V IT Y A network consists of two
or more computers
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text messages. linked together for sharing

Interactive exercises
Usage of mobile phones
has increased
drastically over the last few Make a list of networking
printers and exchanging
resources such as
files, or allowing electron
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years, which communications. The com ic

after every major topic to
has brought a huge revo
features of mobile handse
lution in the
devices available in you
computer lab.
r ed through
link
puters on a network may
cables, telephone lines, radi
6. Fourth generation languag
be of development ofecomme
purpose
is a programming environ
ment designed with a specific
rcial business software.

ts. 4. Add the informsate atillite

on s, or infrared light beams.
o wav8.es,
7. Fifth generation languag
es are used mainly in artificia

sho
l intelligence research.

reinforce analytical skills and wn here

Types of languag

A large number of users to the new row.

e translators are assembler,
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compiler and interpreter.

of a Computer Network
Nowadays mobile phones
are just like a compact com
applications. These mob puter Fa
loadtim a
ed with bas
belonging to the same area
application-based learning
establishment of connec
ile app lica tion s can be designed and uplo or
aded easi
ic
orga nisa tion 6 are spread out at diff
who
erenAt placEXER
tions can be achieved thro canly.comWirmuneles s
icat e and share useful files, es CISE Computers linked in a network
ugh Bluetooth and infr
id

technologies. Mobile pho Ch softwareA. prog

omputers is a basic need
of today’s world. Let us nes having such features are oo se
referred to the
ared
thei
Insert Below
r com pute rs are networked. This type
option in the Roofws
ram
State true
s and information only whe
or false.
n
networki
the Intranet. It is a netw & 2.Co
as 1. A computer requires
study some Layout tabsma rtpnisa
orga ng specificinstruc
mputer networking. hontion
es. is called
to insert a row below an lum
RAD stands ns to tions
only
Accessgro
to perform any task.

upusers of an
of the
br

ork which isfornot Rapid Development.

d Software FA10
CT FILE exi ope
3. BASIC supports an assemb n to all.
sting row. ler as a translator.
4. The Interpreter conver

nt: Software can be

ts an assembly language
language. into a machine

Adding a New Colum

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Extranet is another form n

Exercise
5. First generation langua
main computer, that of a network. B. Differentiate between
ges use machine langua
ge.

ver. This eliminates the It is private to an organisati the following:

1
on with little You can add new colum 1. Assembler and Compil
er

variety ofnsquestions
2. Compiler and Interpr
in the table.
1. Place A
external interference and
3. Source code and Object eter
code
time and energy in is used 4. Procedural programming
and Object oriented progra

the cursor anywhere in the

mming
for official purposes onl
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C. Match the following.

ating and tracking files y. last column.
2. Click to
on test
the Paconceptual clarity
1. First generation langua

t computers throughout That is, it is any Intranet ge

a. BASIC
that ge La yout tab
2. Second generation langua
ge

Rows & Columns group

b. Artificial language

ing. also uses the Internet. 3. Third generation langua

option. 4. Fourth generation langua
ge

ge Insert Right
c. Assembly language

haring: Resources such as

d. Machine language

3. Label the new colum

5. Fifth generation langua
printers, fax machines, sca
ge
e. SQL

e shared by connecting the

m on a network. This sav
nners and n Hobby.
s also economical. es space of the 4. Add text in the new
column which is now a part of the table.
can be sent and received 67
rapidly using a computer Choose the Insert Left
me, and is more convenien network. This
Fact t thanFile
manual delivery of data. option to
nt: Individually licenced cop insertQuick Key
the new col umn to the left of TRY THIS
ies of many popular softwa
toring the software on aInteresting
file server and maconcept-related
re programs the selected cell.
ected to it saves money. king it available to other and Try This Select the column or cell to be
sitive files and programssnippets to augment deleted. Right click on the
mouse
de available as read only
on a network are protected
by passwords. Deleting aShortcuts
Row and and try using the Delete
concept
files, which knowledge
helps to avoid copying of
useful
You can delete rows tips
from on
a table. To delete
Columns or Delete
any row: Cells… option in the
of a Computer Network options available for shortcut menu.
1. Place the cursor any
ntages of a computer net where in the row
work are:
develops a fault, users ma deleted. different operations to be
y not be able to run the app
ances of data loss increa
se.
lication 2. Select the Layout tab
rk stops operating, comput
Rows & Columns group
ers connected to the netwo Delete Rows option. Delete drop-down list
es stored on the network, rk cannot
thus affecting work of the
s on a network the perfor entire system.
mance degrades unless it Deleting a Column
is designed
lt to manage when a larg You can delete columns
e number of computers is from the table. To delete
connected to a 1. Place the cursor any any column:
whe
 7. The Import Data dialog
box appears. Specify the
if the data has to be importe Absolute Cell Reference
d in the current worksheet address
same workbook. or in a new worksheet of
the
8. Click on the OK button.
The data will be importe
from A1 (Fig. 3.22). d in the current worksheet
starting

Fig. 3.22 Data imported

C. State the differences between:GLOSSARY

Glossary
1. LAN and MAN Absolute reference It2. Star and Bus topology
3. Desktop and Mobile OSCell 4.refers to the actual
Android addressOS
and iPhone of a cell in a specific location
reference It identifies .
5. Client/server and Peer-to-peer the location of a cell or group
Chart architecture
It is a graphical represen of cells in the spreadsheet.
tation of information.

Chapter-end list of
D. Match the following. Filtering It is the process
of selecting records from
conditions. a large amount of data based
1. Android a. Apple products on certain
Mixed reference It is
a cell address which has
2. webOS b. Small software units absolute column and a relative
absolute rowwith
and alimited functions
relative column. row or

important terms along

Relative reference It is
3. Smartphones the
c. Linux based OS address of a cell which is based on the
cell contained in the formula relative position of the
Sorting .
4. iOS d. Compact computers
It is the physica l rearrangement of data in
ascending or descending
order.

with their definitions

5. Mobile apps e. Prone to malware threat

E. Answer the following56

questions.
1. What is networking? State its advantages and disadvantages.
2. What are the different components of a computer network? Explain them briefly.
3. What is a topology? Explain the different types of topologies used in computer
networks.
4. What is Mobile OS? Give few examples.
5. Give two reasons for developing a mobile app.

C. GLOSbetween
Differentiate SARY the following. LAB WORK
1. Relative and Absolute
Loop or Iteratio Reference
n It is the repetition of
2. Filter and Advanced Filter
a statement(s) in a program A. Find out the topology of the network used in your school’s computer lab. Find
3. Ascending and Descending Orders 4. Auto Filter. and Custom Filter out the main reason for implementing that specific topology in the lab. Write an
5. Chart Area and Plot Area article in MS Word 2010 stating the definition, advantages and disadvantages of
using that specific topology. Insert a few relevant pictures using the Internet.

You Are Here

D. Answer the following
1. The
questions.
YOU ARE FOR ... NEXT structure
is used when you B. How do cell phones work? Try to find out the technology used and the wireless
HERE want to perform a loop for
1. What is a cell specific
reference?
numberExplain
of times.all
It three types variable
uses a counter of cell references with examples.a transmission channel used in the cell phone technology. Take help of the Internet
which is incremented or
6
decremented with each repetitio to research on this topic.
2. What is sorting? How many types of sorting n of the is possible?
loop.
2. A DO WHILE ... LOOP is perform

Summary to aid
ed as long as the conditio
C. Make a presentation on different types of Mobile OS. Take help of the Internet to
3. What are charts in MS Excel 2010? Give one advantage
is true. of using charts.
n being tested get information and insert pictures wherever possible.

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4. Give some3.real-life
The DOexamples where
... UNTIL LOOP chartst from
is differen can DO be used. D. These days we can buy and sell products like clothes, cars, furniture, medicines,
statements until the conditio ... WHILE as it executes
n isMS
true.Excel 2010. the cosmetics and lot more through mobile apps. Make a document of any five most
5. 4.Write the steps
The WHILE for importing data in
... WEND is termed as entry controll

quick recapitulation
loop condition is true. If ed loop and is executed commonly used apps for buying and selling products these days. Also, name a
the loop condition is false only when the
may not execute even once. in the beginning itself, the few websites associated with these specific apps listed by you.
loop body
5. The DO WHILE ... LOOP

e
is termed as exit controll
once because the conditio ed loop and is executed
condition is false the loop
n is tested after the loop
body has been executed.
minimum 16
LAB WORK terminates else the next
iteration is performed.
If the
6. To come out of a loop

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before the expected number
followed by IF. of execution, EXIT comman
Make an MS Excel 2010 spreadsheet on the average amount of water that each d is used
member of your family uses. Analyse and compare your family’s water usage to that
of others in the class, and suggest three ways to save water. Measure the usage of
water by your family members under the following categories.
EXERCISE
1. Bath 2. Shower 3. Brushing teeth

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4.
A. Washing
State truehands and face
or false. 5. Washing dishes 6. Toilet flushes

Lab Work
7. Drinking water
1. Iteration 8. Washing clothes
is a repetition of stateme 9. Cooking food
nts in a program.
10.
C. Washing
Give carof the following tags:
2. Stepuses
is used to repeat certain
steps a fixed number of
1. <FORM> 2. <INPUT> 3. <SELECT> times. 4. <TEXTAREA>
3. StartValue is the initial
value of the counter_variab

Practical exercises to enable

D. Answer
loop. the following questions.

1. What are forms? How do you create forms in HTML?

le in FOR … NEXT rs
2. What is the purpose of the <OPTION> tag? Explain.
Project Work
application of concepts
82 PROJECT
3. Give the attribute WORK
listing of the <TEXTAREA> tag.
ve
4. MS
Create an What are 2010
Excel different types oftobuttons
spreadsheet available
record the data of in HTML?conducted unit tests/
recently
exams for your class. Enter the following data: Student ID, Name, Class, Section and
Situational tasks
Marks of all the subjects. Find the total marks and percentage for each student. Using
conditional formatting, highlight the marks below 40 with red fill and the percentages through learning-by-doing
to test practical
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LAB
above 90 with WORK
yellow fill. Now apply Filter to extract the details of all the students who
have got more than 75% marks in this examination.
A. Design a form to organise inter-school cultural activity.
B. Imagine yourself as the owner of an exotic restaurant. Create a form to take
application of the
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feedback about the food menu of your restaurant.

58

concepts learnt
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PROJECT WORK
Design a form to:
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• enter route details • bus number along with parental information

Link these two web pages with the homepage of your class created in the previous chapter.

Sample
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Paper
WHO AM I?
I was born in Chicago Illinois on December 26, 1928.
I earned my Bachelors and Masters degree in Electrical

Sample Paper
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Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1950 and Tick ( ) the correct option
.
1957 respectively.
I headed the team that invented the technology responsible for the

Helps in preparing for cyber

1. Identify the incorrect
cell phone when I was the Director of Research and Development sentence.
at Motorola. a. Server is a computer
that manages the networ
b. Data is exchanged betwee k resources, software and
I am also known as the first person to make a call on a cell phone. n two computers in a networ files.
channels. k using transmission

concepts and knowledge

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I am ............................................................... . c. Peer-to-peer architec

ture is a type of networ
equivalent capabilities k in which each worksta
and responsibilities. tion has
d. In bus topology, failures
in the central hub will break
down the entire networ
157
competition
k.
2. Select the examp
les of wireless commu
nication.
i. Bluetooth
iii. Fibre optics ii. Cell phones
a. i. and ii. iv. Radio waves
c. ii. and iii. b. i., ii. and iii.
d. i., ii. and iv.

Who Am I?
3. Choose the wrong
pairing from the given
options.
a. WebOS – Linux based
c. Blackberry – iOS b. Gingerbread – Android
d. Microsoft – Window
s phone

Biographies to 4. Which of the followi

in MS Word 2010?
i. Insert Table grid
ng option(s) from Insert

ii. Insert Table option

tab, you can use for creatin
g tables

iii. Draw Table option

inspire young
a. Only i.
c. Only iii. b. Only ii.
d. All of these

learners PE
RMISSIO
N

Make sure you have

permission to view 181
and share
information
online. PROTECT

POSITIVE

Poster
In an incident
of cyber bullying,
don’t bully back.
Make sure Save evidence and
the information seek help.
you share is
positive.

PROFILE
VA
PR I C Y Informative infographics to help
Do not give out
any personal
Keep your
passwords and
personal details
private.
students stay safe in connected
digital environment
information.

© Cambridge University
Press 2011, 2014, 2020
C ntents
01 Network Communication and Mobile OS ................... 1 08 Introduction to HTML ................................................ 95

° Introduction ° Types of transmission ° Introduction ° No break tag <NOBR>

° Basic components of a channels ° HTML ° Formatting tags
network ° Mobile OS and its types ° HTML editor ° Underline tag <U>
° Types of network ° HTML tags ° Center tag <CENTER>
° Network topology ° Structure of an HTML ° Horizontal rule tag
document <HR>
02 Creating Tables in MS Word 2010 .............................. 18 ° Some important points ° Comment tag
° Introduction ° Table styles ° HTML document <COMMENT>
heading ° Inserting images
° Creating tables ° Applying borders and

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° How to modify tables shading ° HTML paragraph tag ° Hyperlinks

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03 MS Excel 2010 Advanced Features............................. 37 09 Elementary HTML .................................................... 123

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° Introduction ° Inserting tables
° Cell reference ° Conditional formatting Creating lists
° Sorting data ° Creating charts ° ° Changing text type,
Unordered lists colour and size

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° Filtering list ° Importing data °
° Ordered lists ° How to adjust page
rs Description lists margins
04 Introduction to Programming Concepts .................... 60 °
° Nested lists
° Introduction ° Important terms and
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° Generations of
programming languages
definitions 10 Creating Forms in HTML ......................................... 142
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° Computer language ° Introduction ° <SELECT> tag

° Form tag <FORM> ° <OPTION> tag
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translators
° Interface elements used ° Designing a complete
inside <FORM> tag form
05 More on Scratch ........................................................... 69
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° <TEXTAREA> tag
° Introduction ° Looping blocks in the
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° Pen block Control block 11 Flash – Tweening and Publishing ............................ 158
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06 QB64 – Programming Statements II .......................... 76 ° Introduction ° Publishing Flash movies

° Tweening in Flash
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° Introduction ° DO UNTIL … LOOP ° Creating and integrating

° FOR … NEXT ° WHILE … WEND scenes into a Flash
° DO WHILE … LOOP ° EXIT movie
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07 QB64 – Graphics and Sound ...................................... 85 12 World Wide Web ........................................................ 170
° Introduction ° Sound ° Introduction ° Web hosting
° Graphics ° Protocols on the Web ° Uses of World Wide Web
° Components of the Web ° Some other uses of the
° Working of WWW Web

Sample Paper ............................................................. 181

 Network
Communication
and Mobile OS

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SNAP RECAP LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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1. What is networking? You will learn about:
2. What are the different types of • computer network and its

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networks? components
3. What is an operating system? Why do
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• types of network
you need it? • network topology and its types
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4. Discuss various types of operating • types of transmission channels

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system available in the market. • mobile operating systems and its types
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5. State the various uses of a mobile phone.

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id
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Computer Network
am

A network consists of two or more computers

linked together for sharing resources such as
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printers and exchanging files, or allowing electronic

communications. The computers on a network may be
linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
A large number of users belonging to the same area
or organisation who are spread out at different places Computers linked in a network
can communicate and share useful files, software programs and information only when
their computers are networked. This type of networking specific to only users of an
organisation is called the Intranet. It is a network which is not open to all.

1
Advantages of a Computer Network
Networking of computers is a basic need of today’s world. Let us study some
advantages of computer networking.
1. Centralised Software
FACT FILE
Management: Software can be Extranet is another form of a network.
loaded on the main computer, that It is private to an organisation with little
is, the file server. This eliminates the external interference and is used
need to spend time and energy in for official purposes only.
installing, updating and tracking files That is, it is any Intranet that
on independent computers throughout also uses the Internet.
the same building.

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2. Resource Sharing: Resources such as printers, fax machines, scanners and
modems can be shared by connecting them on a network. This saves space of the

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work area and is also economical.
3. Speed: Files can be sent and received rapidly using a computer network. This

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method saves time, and is more convenient than manual delivery of data.
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4. Cost Efficient: Individually licenced copies of many popular software programs
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can be costly. Storing the software on a file server and making it available to other
computers connected to it saves money.
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5. Security: Sensitive files and programs on a network are protected by passwords.

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They can be made available as read only files, which helps to avoid copying of
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programs.
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Disadvantages of a Computer Network

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Some of the disadvantages of a computer network are:

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1. In case the server develops a fault, users may not be able to run the application
programs and chances of data loss increase.
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2. In case the network stops operating, computers connected to the network cannot
access the data/files stored on the network, thus affecting work of the entire system.
3. As traffic increases on a network the performance degrades unless it is designed
properly.
4. It becomes difficult to manage when a large number of computers is connected to a
network.
5. In case the server is hacked or attacked by a virus, the security of data of all
connected computers is at risk.

2
Basic Components of a Network
Computers are connected to a network using some special hardware devices which are
termed as network devices or components of a computer network. Following are the
different components of a computer network.

Server Workstations Server

A server is a computer that manages the

network resources, software and files
(Fig. 1.1). It is normally dedicated to an
allocated task and it performs no other task.
For example, a file server is a computer that

ss
manages storage and retrieval of files. A print
server is a computer that manages one or more

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printers required on a network. Fig. 1.1 Workstations connected to a server

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Workstation
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A workstation is a computer intended for individual use in a
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networking environment. It is like a personal computer
except that it is also connected to other computers along
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with the main computer, that is, the server.

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Network Interface Card

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Workstation

A network interface card (NIC) is a piece of hardware placed

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inside the system unit. It is part of the motherboard. It is

br

designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer

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Network Interface Card network. It provides physical access to a networking medium.

C

Hub
A hub is a device that connects multiple devices and makes
them work as a single network segment. A hub has multiple
ports. A specific cable connects the hub to the NIC. The NIC
transfers the data on a computer to a hub, which then transfers
it to the other connected computers. Hub

3
Transmission Channels
FACT FILE
Each computer on a network is
interconnected through transmission A switch is a smarter replacement of a hub.
channels. These channels can be wired This is because, a hub transfers the data
or wireless. Data is exchanged between received from an NIC to all the
two computers on a network using computers whereas, a switch
these channels. transfers it to the specific
computer.
The wired channels can be cables such
as twisted pair, co-axial and
fibre-optics etc. The wireless channels can work through satellites using microwaves,
radio waves, etc. You will learn more about them later in this chapter.

ss
Types of Network

e
Pr
A network can be categorised on the basis of the geographical area as mentioned below.
Personal Area Network (PAN)

ity
It is a network for communication among personal devices of an individual. The
rs
devices can include cell phones, computers, cameras, laptops and tablets. These devices
ve
are connected through a wired or wireless PAN. PAN covers a short radius of only a
ni

few metres. It is used to share or transfer files, songs, etc. USB cable is a source of a
U

wired PAN. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are sources of a wireless PAN.

ge

Local Area Network (LAN)

When computers are interconnected within a limited geographical area, they form a
id

Local Area Network. For example, a network within a building, an office and school.
br

Such a network covers a radius of a few kilometres.

am

In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled
and managed by a single person or organisation. A LAN which is created with the help
C

of Wi-Fi, without using cables, is called a WLAN.

Wide Area Network (WAN)
When a network is spread across cities, countries or even continents, covering a large
geographical area, it becomes a Wide Area Network. The Internet is the best example
of a WAN as it is the largest WAN covering the globe.
Computer networks may also be classified according to the functional relationships that
exist among the elements of the network. For example, client server and peer-to-peer
(workgroup) architecture.

4
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
When computers are interconnected within the same city, for example in different
branches of an organisation in one city, it becomes a Metropolitan Area Network. Local
libraries, different divisions of the same school in a city are some such examples.
A MAN spans over a larger physical area than a LAN but is smaller than a WAN,
such as a city. It is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a bank,
government body or large corporation.

FACT FILE
There is another type of network connecting multiple LANs confined within a campus.
This is known as a Campus Area Network (CAN). This network is smaller

ss
than a MAN.

e
For example, different colleges connected in the same university campus

Pr
and branches of the same office in a specific region.

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Client/Server Architecture
rs
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Client/Server architecture is defined as a specific type of network which consists of a
single powerful computer acting as a server, usually connected to multiple computers
ni

called clients (Fig. 1.2).

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Generally one server supports numerous clients.

ge

The server has powerful central processors, added

memory, and larger disk drives in comparison to
id

the clients. A server device typically stores files

br

Client
and databases including more complex applications
am

like websites. The client contains the software

programs based on the requirements of its users. Client Client
C

Network clients make requests to a server by sending

messages, and servers respond to their clients by
acting on each request and returning results.
Client Client
A client/server network can be utilised by desktop
computers and laptops, as well as other mobile Server
devices that are properly equipped. Fig. 1.2 Client-Server architecture
An example of a client/server is when you try
to access your bank account from a computer. A client program on your computer
forwards the request to a server program at the bank. The server accesses the data of
that specific account and sends the request back with the account details to the client
machine.
5
Advantage: The centralised handling of data provides increased security.
For example, password protection which ensures that the data is only available to
qualified individuals.
Disadvantage: It runs the risk of a system overload. If too many different clients
attempt to reach a shared network at the same time, there may be a failure or slowing
down of the connection.

Peer-to-peer Architecture
Peer-to-peer architecture is a type of network in which each workstation has equivalent
capabilities and responsibilities.
The workstations are connected to

ss
each other but do not have a server

e
(Fig. 1.3). Files can be shared among

Pr
workstations, and a printer connected
to one workstation can be also

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accessed by other workstations. rs
Peer-to-peer networks can be set up
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among only a few computers within
an office or single room. Such a
ni

network is much simpler to set up in Fig. 1.3 Peer-to-peer architecture

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comparison to client/server networks.

ge

Advantage: It supports distributed processing, so the increased load does not affect
id

the system overall.

br

Disadvantage: It does not support centrally managed security, nor does it provide
am

data backup.
C

FACT FILE
There are sets of rules that governs data communication in a networking environment
known as protocols. A few of them are given below:
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

6
Network Topology
The physical arrangement of cables, computers and other peripheral devices to form a
network is known as a topology.
A few such network topologies have been described below.
Bus Topology
A bus topology is made up of a main single cable with
terminators at both ends (Fig. 1.4). It is a shared communication
medium that makes the backbone of the system. Computers and
other devices including the server are connected to this linear
cable for communication.

ss
Advantages: The advantages of a network with bus topology Fig. 1.4 Bus topology
are given below:

e
Pr
• It is easy to install.
• It does not require much cabling, hence it is very cost effective.

ity
Disadvantages: The disadvantages of a network with bus topology are given below:
rs
• If the backbone cable fails, the entire network becomes inoperable.
ve
• In case of an entire network shut down, it becomes very difficult to locate the
ni

problem area.
U

FACT FILE
ge

The data to be delivered on a network is divided into small packets. Each packet is given
id

a sequence number. The first packet has a destination address followed by the next packet
br

number.
am

The last packet has an end of file pointer that helps the destination computer
to know that the number of packets are complete. Any data loss while data
C

transmission on a network can be found out by tracing the missing packet

number.

Star Topology
Star topology is the most commonly used topology. In such a
setup all the workstations are connected to a central connection
point called a hub (Fig. 1.5). Any data that is sent, first goes to
the central hub and is redirected from there to the destination
computer. Fig. 1.5 Star topology

7
Advantages: A few advantages of a star topology are:
• It is easy to add and remove workstations by upgrading the hub.
• It is easy to install.
Disadvantages: A few disadvantages of a star topology are:
• It requires more cable length.
• Failure in the central hub will break down the entire network.

Ring Topology
In a ring topology, every workstation has exactly two
neighbours for communication purposes. All messages travel
through a ring in the same direction either clockwise or

ss
anticlockwise (Fig. 1.6).

e
Advantages: A few advantages of a ring topology are:

Pr
• It is easier to detect faults in the network.

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• Less number of cable wires are required. rs Fig. 1.6 Ring topology
Disadvantages: A few disadvantages of a ring topology are:
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• A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop leading to breakdown of the entire
network.
ni
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• Adding or removing a device/workstation requires rewiring and re-routing all the

existing cables.
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Types of Transmission Channels

id
br

The medium used for transmission of data between the nodes in a network is called a
am

transmission channel. This channel can be:

• Wired • Wireless
C

Wired Transmission Channels

Wired transmission channels help in transmission of data over a
wire based networking. A few examples of wired channels are
explained here.
Coaxial Cable: It is one of the cheapest and the most
commonly used wire based networking mediums. This type Coaxial cable
of cable is suitable for transmitting low powered signal over a
small distance. It is widely used in small networks, cable TV, etc.

8
Twisted Pair Cable: It consists of two independently
insulated wires, twisted around one another. The twisting
eliminates hindrance of signals due to adjacent pairs or
other sources. Twisted pair cable

FACT FILE
There are generally two types of twisted pair cables. These are Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP).

Fibre-optic Cable: It is made up of optical fibres that

ss
use the concept of light for transmission of data. High
speed data can be made to travel over a long distance with

e
Pr
less damage to it. It is steadily replacing copper wire as
an appropriate means of communication through signal

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transmission. Fibre-optic cable
rs
Wireless Transmission Channels
ve

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without use

ni

of wires. It is the fastest growing segment of the communication industry today. The
U

distances involved may be short, that is, a few metres as in the case of the television
remote control or long as in the case of thousands or millions of kilometres for
ge

radio communications. There are many types of wireless networks that make data
id

communication possible, both over long range and short range. All of these networks
br

operate at different frequencies.

am

Some examples of wireless communication are:

• Remotes of electronic devices
C

• Bluetooth
• Cell phones FACT FILE
• Wireless networking Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless
• Wireless computer devices like mouse LAN technology that enables laptops,
and keyboard PCs and other devices
to connect easily to the
• Satellite televisions
Internet.
• Radio waves

9
 There can be various channels for wireless transmission. A few are explained here:
Radio Waves: Radio waves are generally used for long distance wireless
communication. Signals can pass through thick objects such as non-metalllic
substances. Radio waves are used in radio communication (AM/FM), communication
satellites, radars, computer networks, etc.
Infrared: Infrared is one of the most primitive forms of wireless communication. It is
an electromagnetic radiation. It is basically suitable for short distance communication.
For example, a television and a remote control connect to each other using infrared
rays. The signals travel in a straight line and cannot penetrate walls.
Microwave: Microwave is the most commonly used wireless transmission medium,
which is spread widely across the world. Most of the wireless access points and

ss
wireless devices work on microwave communication. This communication medium is

e
not only cost effective, it is also extensively used in cellular communication.

Pr
Bluetooth: Bluetooth is another wireless communication
medium operating over short distances. It has a normal range of

ity
approximately 3–300 feet depending on the connected devices.
rs
These devices can be mobile phones, personal computers, laptops,
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digital camera, MP3 players, etc. Bluetooth enabled devices form
a small network. In Bluetooth technology, eight devices can be
ni

A Bluetooth device
connected to each other at the same time. Bluetooth can also be
U

found in headsets, hands-free kits, wireless keyboards and mouse. Bluetooth uses the
ge

radio wave technology which is not very expensive and has low power consumption.
id

Mobile Operating System

br

Initially, when mobile phones were

am

introduced in the late 90s, they were just

Y
designed to support dialing and receiving AC TIVIT
C

calls and sending simple text messages.

Usage of mobile phones has increased Make a list of networking
drastically over the last few years, which devices available in your
has brought a huge revolution in the computer lab.
features of mobile handsets.
Nowadays mobile phones are just like a compact computer loaded with basic
applications. These mobile applications can be designed and uploaded easily. Wireless
establishment of connections can be achieved through Bluetooth and infrared
technologies. Mobile phones having such features are referred to as smartphones.

10
To manage all these important features in phones, we need a special type of operating
system called Mobile Operating System (or mobile OS). This operating system is
used in smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices.

Difference Between Mobile OS and Desktop OS

Desktop operating systems are designed keeping computers in mind. They provide
an environment that helps in better functioning of different application software
having a wide range of connected hardware. Desktop OS also supports multiple
users sharing a network. The same OS cannot be used for mobile phones as they are
compact computers having limited power, processing speed and memory. Keeping
these limitations in mind, separate operating systems, specially designed for mobiles
were introduced. They are designed keeping in mind different devices and they perform

ss
different functions.

e
Development of both, computer and mobile OS, is different for different set of users.

Pr
Following factors determine the requirement of different OS for smartphones:

ity
• A mobile phone is a compact machine with small battery size so the OS should be
designed in a simple way to work with limited power for a longer period of time.
rs
• Limited memory is available in mobile phones, therefore the OS should be less
ve
complex to occupy less storage capacity.
ni

• Mobile phones are equipped with in-built keyboard, so a different Graphical User
U

Interface (GUI) is required.

ge

Types of Mobile OS
id

The technological advancements mentioned above resulted in development of various

br

solutions that cater to functioning of mobile phones. Some of the popular mobile OS
am

are Android by Google, iOS by Apple, Windows phone by Microsoft, BlackBerry OS

by RIM, webOS by Hewlett-Packard and Symbian OS by Nokia. A detailed description
C

of these OS is given below.

Android OS
It is one of the most popular operating systems designed by Android, Incorporation.
in Silicon Valley before Google acquired it in 2005. Its first commercial version was
officially launched in 2008. It is an open source and freely available Linux based
operating system mainly designed for smartphones and tablets with touchscreens. It has
the basic operating system features with calls and messaging services that can be used
to establish connections using different communication networks on different devices.

11
 Different versions of the Android OS are named after desserts, for example,
Android 1.5 is known as Cupcake, 1.6 as Donut, 2.0/2.1 as Eclair, 2.2 as Froyo and
2.3 is dubbed Gingerbread. The latest 9.0 version is called Pie. Since it is an open
source system, it can be easily used and modified by anyone making it more prone to
malwares and data stealing.

iOS
This is a mobile operating system designed by Apple Incorporation mainly for iPhones,
iPods and iPads. It was made available commercially in 2007 as an operating system
for iPhones. It is the second most popular mobile operating system after Android. iOS
is a closed source system owned by Apple and no other company or person can use it or
modify it, thus providing strong security features against data theft or malwares. iOS 12

ss
is the latest version of iOS in iPhones and iPads.

e
Pr
Windows Phone OS
It is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It was first made available for

ity
Microsoft’s Pocket PC 2000. The same was later designed for Nokia devices. It has
rs
a tile-like interface. Windows Mobile 2003 – Ozone, Windows Mobile 5 – Magento,
ve
Windows Mobile 6 – Crossbow, etc. are different versions of the Windows phone.
Windows 10 is its latest version.
ni
U

BlackBerry OS
ge

This mobile operating system has been developed by Blackberry Limited for its own
id

devices just as iOS has been designed only for iPhones. The BlackBerry platform is
best known for strong wireless activation and synchronisation of emails, calendar,
br

notes, contacts and tasks. Blackberry 10 is the latest version of this OS. Nowadays,
am

this mobile OS seems to be losing popularity because of increasing market demand for
Android and iOS based phones.
C

webOS
This operating system was developed by Palm Incorporation. It is a Linux based open
source operating system which was taken over by HP and later sold to LG for smart
phones and smart TVs. webOS strongly supports multitasking and is better than iOS
when running multiple applications at one time. Its various versions are Pre, Pixi and
Veer for smartphones. Since 2014, LG has been using webOS for its smart projectors,
refrigerators and smart TVs.

12
Symbian OS
This mobile operating system has been discontinued with smartphones. It supported
closed-source operating system which was initially designed for Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA) in 1988 by Symbian Ltd. It was used by many popular brands such as
Samsung, Sony Ericsson and Nokia. It was the first modern mobile OS for smartphones
designed for Ericsson R380. In 2006, it was the most popular mobile OS so Nokia took
over the company in 2010 and named it Symbian Foundation. Its touchscreen was not
as smooth as Android and iOS, so with increase in popularity of iOS and Android in
2012, it lost its market value and Nokia discontinued its usage as a smartphone mobile
OS.

Mobile Applications Development

ss
Mobile application development is a set of instructions written to develop applications

e
for smartphones and mobile devices. Mobile apps are small software units with limited

Pr
functionalities. Initially mobile apps were device specific but recently app developers
have developed applications that can work efficiently on multiple platforms, including
Android, iOS and Windows.
ity
rs
Due to a drastic increase in the use of smartphones, there are more mobile users in
ve

comparison to desktop users today. With mobile apps, the user can access general
ni

information about any product, prices, booking forms, search features, user accounts,
U

messengers, news feeds and much more.

ge
id

Y
AC TIVIT
br
am

1. Find out the language used to develop Android operating system. List its two
important features.
C

2. Can we shut down Mobile OS? List out the steps to shut down an Android OS.

GLOSSARY

Android OS It is an open source and freely available Linux based mobile OS.
BlackBerry OS This mobile OS has been developed by Blackberry Limited for its own
devices.

13
 Client It is a computer connected to the server on a network.
File server It is a computer that manages the storage and retrieval of files.
Hub It is the central connection point on a network.
iOS This mobile OS has been designed by Apple Incorporation, mainly for iPhones, iPods
and iPads.
Mobile OS It is a GUI developed for smartphones.
Print server It is a computer that manages the printers required on a network.
Server It is a computer that manages the network resources.
Symbian OS It supported the closed-source operating system, which was initially designed
for Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) in 1988 by Symbian Ltd.
Topology It is the physical arrangement of computers on a network.

ss
webOS It is a Linux based open source operating system which was taken over by HP and
later sold to LG for smart phones and smart TVs.

e
Pr
Windows phone OS It is a mobile OS developed by Microsoft for Windows based phones.
Workstation It is a computer intended for individual use on a network.

ity
rs
ve
YOU ARE 1. A network consists of two or more computers linked together for the
purpose of sharing resources.
ni

HERE
2. Workstations, Server, Hub, Network Interface Card and Transmission
U

1 channels together form a network.

ge

3. When a network connects personal devices of an individual, it forms a

id

Personal Area Network (PAN).

br

4. When the computers are interconnected within a limited geographical area it becomes a
Local Area Network (LAN).
am

5. A network connecting multiple LANs limited within the same campus is known as
Campus Area Network (CAN).
C

6. When computers are interconnected within the same city, that is, branches located at
different places in the same city, it becomes a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
7. When a network is spread across cities, countries or even continents covering a large
geographical area, it becomes a Wide Area Network (WAN).
8. A specific type of a network consisting of a single powerful computer acting as a server
usually connected to multiple computers called clients is known as a Client/Server
architecture.
9. Peer-to-peer architecture is a type of network on which each workstation has equivalent
capabilities and responsibilities.

14
10. Medium used for transmission of data between the nodes on a network is called
transmission channels. These channels can be wired or wireless.
11. Wired transmission channels refer to transmission of data over a wire based networking.
For example, twisted pair, coaxial cable and fibre-optic.
12. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use
of wires. Microwaves, bluetooth, infrared rays are used in wireless communication.
13. Development of both computer and mobile OS is different for different set of users.
14. Some of the mobile OS are Android by Google, iOS by Apple, Windows phone by
Microsoft, BlackBerry OS by RIM, webOS by HP and Symbian OS by Nokia.
15. Mobile application development is a set of instructions written to develop applications
for smartphones and mobile devices.

e ss
Pr
EXERCISE

ity
rs
A. State true or false.
ve

1. Bluetooth technology is a form of wireless communication.

ni
U

2. In a bus topology, all workstations are connected to the central hub.

ge

3. A mobile phone is capable of handling unlimited memory.

id

4. Androids are more prone to malwares and data stealing.

br
am

5. webOS is a Linux based open source operating system.

C

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. Types of transmission channels are .............................. and .............................. .
2. .............................. is a computer that manages storage and retrieval of files.
3. In .............................., computers are interconnected within a limited geographical
area.
4. ................................................ is a set of instructions written to develop applications
for smartphones and mobile devices.
5. .............................. is one of the most popular operating systems designed by
Android, Inc.

15
 C. State the differences between:
1. LAN and MAN 2. Star and Bus topology
3. Desktop and Mobile OS 4. Android and iPhone OS
5. Client/server and Peer-to-peer architecture
D. Match the following.
1. Android a. Apple products
2. webOS b. Small software units with limited functions
3. Smartphones c. Linux based OS
4. iOS d. Compact computers

ss
5. Mobile apps e. Prone to malware threat

e
Pr
E. Answer the following questions.
1. What is networking? State its advantages and disadvantages.

ity
2. What are the different components of a computer network? Explain them briefly.
rs
3. What is a topology? Explain the different types of topologies used in computer
ve
networks.
4. What is Mobile OS? Give few examples.
ni

5. Give two reasons for developing a mobile app.

U
ge
id

LAB WORK
br

A. Find out the topology of the network used in your school’s computer lab. Find
am

out the main reason for implementing that specific topology in the lab. Write an
article in MS Word 2010 stating the definition, advantages and disadvantages of
C

using that specific topology. Insert a few relevant pictures using the Internet.
B. How do cell phones work? Try to find out the technology used and the wireless
transmission channel used in the cell phone technology. Take help of the Internet
to research on this topic.
C. Make a presentation on different types of Mobile OS. Take help of the Internet to
get information and insert pictures wherever possible.
D. These days we can buy and sell products like clothes, cars, furniture, medicines,
cosmetics and lot more through mobile apps. Make a document of any five most
commonly used apps for buying and selling products these days. Also, name a
few websites associated with these specific apps listed by you.

16
 PROJECT WORK
Work in groups and select a mobile OS for your group. Now prepare a chart mentioning
the latest devices which use that particular mobile OS and mention their important
features.

e ss
Pr
ity
rs
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ni
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ge
id
br
am
C

17
 Creating Tables
in MS Word
2010

ss
SNAP RECAP LEARNING OBJECTIVES

e
Pr
1. Mention any four features of MS Word You will learn about:
2010. • creating tables in MS Word

ity
2. What are the basic formatting commands 2010
that can be used in MS Word 2010?
rs • modifying tables in MS Word
3. How can you find a word in a document 2010
ve
and replace it with another word? • table styles
ni

4. What are the different kinds of text • applying borders and shadings
U

alignments?
ge
id

Introduction
br

Tables are used to present given data in the form of rows and columns. It is very useful
am

in organising and presenting data in an effective way. For example, if you want to
maintain record of your marks in various subjects (Table 2.1), then you can use this
C

feature of MS Word 2010.

Row: It is the horizontal series of cells in a table.
Column: It is the vertical series of cells in a table.
Cell: The intersection of a row and a column makes a rectangular box called a cell.
Table 2.1 Example of a table
Column
Subject Marks in Test 1 Marks in Test 2
Row Mathematics 75 91
English 83 79 Cell
Geography 89 88

18
Creating Tables in MS Word 2010
In an MS Word 2010 document, a table can be created in different ways as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

Table grid

Insert Table…

Draw Table

ss
Convert Text to Table
Quick

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Tables

Pr
Excel Spreadsheet

ity
Fig. 2.1 Options for creating tables
rs
Using Insert Table Grid
ve

1. Bring the cursor to the location where a table is to be inserted. Click on the Table
ni

drop-down list in the Tables group of the Insert tab.

U

2. Select the required number of rows and columns in the Insert Table grid. For example,
ge

to create a table of five columns and four rows select the cells as shown in Fig. 2.2.
3. Press the Enter key or click the left mouse button to create an empty table in the
id

desired location.
br
am
C

Fig. 2.2 Highlighting the number of rows and columns

19
 Using Insert Table Option
1. Bring the cursor to the location where a table is to be inserted in the document.
2. Select the Insert Table… option from the Table drop-down list in the Tables group
of the Insert tab.
3. The Insert Table dialog box appears (Fig. 2.3). Type or select the number of rows
and columns to get the desired table size.

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Pr
Type the number Type the number
of rows

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of columns
rs
ve

Click OK
ni
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Fig. 2.3 Insert Table dialog box while using Insert Table... option
ge

4. Select Auto in the Fixed Column width: option. This allows Microsoft Word to
id

automatically determine the column widths based on the maximum width of the
br

content stored in any column. You can also enter the desired column width as per
am

your requirement.
C

5. Click on OK. Your table should look like the one shown here, say, with four
columns and two rows (Fig. 2.4).

Fig. 2.4 The table with four columns and two rows

20
Using Draw Table Option
When you click on the Draw Table option, the mouse pointer changes to a pencil. This
pencil is then used to draw the rows and columns of a table of the desired dimensions
(Fig. 2.5).

e ss
Pr
Fig. 2.5 To create a table using the Draw Table option

Converting Text to a Table

ity
rs
ve
You can convert text to a table; however, a comma, paragraph marker or a tab must
separate columns of the text. In the given example, you will learn to convert comma
ni

delimited text into a table.

U

1. Type the following in MS Word 2010:

ge

Anya, Class 7, 11 years Joy Class 6, 10 years

2. Highlight the text.
id

3. Click on Insert tab Tables group Table drop-down list

br

Convert Text to Table… option.

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4. The Convert Text to Table dialog box appears (Fig. 2.6).

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Fig. 2.6 Convert Text to Table dialog box while using Convert Text to Table… option

21
 5. Type 3 in the Number of columns: field.
6. Type 2 in the Number of rows: field.
7. Select Auto in the Fixed column width: field.
8. Select Commas in the Separate text at section.
9. Click on OK.
10. The text will now appear in a table format (Fig. 2.7).

Anya Class 7 11 years

Joy Class 6 10 years

ss
Fig. 2.7 Table format

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Pr
Using Excel Spreadsheet

ity
You can also insert a table in the form of an Excel spreadsheet. For this, click on the
Insert tab Tables group Table drop-down list Excel Spreadsheet
rs
option. An editable excel sheet will appear (Fig. 2.8).
ve
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U
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id
br
am
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Fig. 2.8 Using Excel Spreadsheet option to insert a table

22
Using Quick Tables
Quick Table option in MS Word 2010 provides various templates for creating a table
(Fig. 2.9). Some templates available in this option are: Calendar, Matrix, Tabular List,
etc. You can select one of the templates from the given options and start filling your data.

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Pr
ity
Fig. 2.9 Using Quick Tables option to insert a table
rs
ve

Y
AC TIVIT
ni
U

Complete the following activity based on the instructions given.

ge

1. Create a table that should have rows equivalent to the number of your friends and
id

columns equivalent to the topics in your scrapbook.

br

2. Enter data in the table for at least three of your friends.

am

3. Name it as MyFriendsList.docx and save it.

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How to Modify Tables in MS Word 2010

TRY THIS
Moving and Resizing a Table
If the mouse is placed over the table, a Click on the Move Handle to
four-headed arrow and open box resizing handle select the table. The selected table
appear in the upper-left and lower-right corners can be cut, copied and
of the table respectively (Fig. 2.10). Click pasted. It can also be
and drag the four-headed arrow enclosed in a resized or formatted.
rectangle to move the table.

23
 Release the mouse button when the table is positioned at the desired location. Click and
drag the open box handle to resize the table.

Move handle
Resize handle
Fig. 2.10 Moving and resizing a table

Moving Around a Table

Each box in a table is called a cell. Use the Tab key to move from cell to cell in the left
to right direction. Use the Shift + Tab keys to move from cell to cell in the right to left
direction.

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The following exercise demonstrates how to move around a table.

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1. Click on the first cell in the first column.
2. Press the Tab key twice. The cursor moves two cells in a forward (right hand)

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direction. rs
3. Press Shift + Tab keys once. The cursor moves one cell in the backward direction.
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Entering Text Into a Table

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To enter text into a table, simply type as you normally would. Press the Tab key to
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move to the next cell. Let us enter the text in a table as given below.
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1. Type Name in the first cell of the first column. Press the Tab key.
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2. Type Class in the first cell of the second column. Press the Tab key.
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3. Type Section in the first cell of the third column. Press the Tab key.
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4. Continue till you have entered all of the text given in the table below.
Name Class Section
C

Adil 7 A
Ananya 6 C
John 8 B
Sara 7 B

All the formatting options that you have learnt in earlier classes can also be
used to format the text in the table.

24
Selecting a Row or a Column Name Class Section
To select a row, bring the mouse pointer to Adil 7 A
the desired location and drag the left mouse Ananya 6 C
button (Fig. 2.11). Use the same method to John 8 B
select a column. Sara 7 B

Name Class Section Fig. 2.11 Selecting a row

Adil 7 A To select an entire column, bring the mouse
Ananya 6 C pointer to the top of the particular column
John 8 B in the table, an arrow will appear known as
Sara 7 B the column selection bar, click the arrow to
select the entire column (Fig. 2.12).

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Fig. 2.12 Selecting a column

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Adjacent cells can be selected by clicking and dragging the left mouse button through

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them.
Adding a New Row

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You can add a new row anywhere in the table. This has been demonstrated in the
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following exercise.
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Layout tab
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Insert
Above Insert Merge Cells option
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option Right
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Split Cells option

Delete drop-down
list
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Fig. 2.13 Various options in the Layout tab

Let us consider Fig. 2.13. To add a row just above John (see Fig. 2.12 above) in the
table follow these steps.
1. Place the cursor anywhere in the fourth row.
2. Click on the Layout tab.
3. Choose the Insert Above option in the Rows & Columns group.

25
 4. Add the information shown here to the new row.
Fatima 6 A

Choose the Insert Below option in the Rows & Columns group of the
Layout tab to insert a row below an existing row.

Adding a New Column

You can add new columns in the table.
1. Place the cursor anywhere in the last column.
2. Click on the Page Layout tab Rows & Columns group Insert Right
option.

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3. Label the new column Hobby.

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4. Add text in the new column which is now a part of the table.

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Choose the Insert Left option to TRY THIS

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insert the new column to the left of
the selected cell. rs Select the column or cell to be
deleted. Right click on the mouse
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and try using the Delete
Deleting a Row
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Columns or Delete
You can delete rows from a table. To delete Cells… option in the
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any row: shortcut menu.

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1. Place the cursor anywhere in the row to be

deleted.
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2. Select the Layout tab Rows & Columns group Delete drop-down list
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Delete Rows option.

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Deleting a Column
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You can delete columns from the table. To delete any column:
1. Place the cursor anywhere in the column to be deleted.
2. Select Layout tab Rows & Columns group Delete drop-down list
Delete Columns option.

Merging Cells
Using Microsoft Word, you can merge cells, that is, you can combine two or more cells
into one cell. The steps are:
1. Select the cells that are to be merged.

26
2. Click on the Layout tab Merge group Merge Cells option.

Splitting Cells
You can also split the cells. The steps to split cells are:
1. Select the cells that are to be split.
2. Click on the Layout tab Merge group Split Cells option.
3. The Split Cells dialog box appears (Fig. 2.14). Specify the desired number of rows
and columns.
4. Click on OK.

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Fig. 2.14 Split Cells dialog box

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Resizing the Columns

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You can easily change the width of a particular column or all columns in a table.
To change the width of all columns, select the entire table and adjust all the column
widths.
To select the width of a particular column, select the desired column and do either of
the following:
Adjust the column width using the mouse handle/pointer.

27
 OR
1. Right-click anywhere on the document and from the shortcut menu that appears,
select Table Properties... (Fig. 2.15).

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Fig. 2.15 Selecting Table Properties

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2. The Table Properties dialog box appears (Fig. 2.16). Click on the Column tab.
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Fig. 2.16 Table Properties dialog box

28
3. Type or select the desired column width in the Preferred width: box. Select the
unit (inches, mm, etc.) from the Measure in: drop-down list.
4. Click on OK.

You can resize the column widths by placing the cursor on the line that
separates the two columns. This causes the width indicator to appear. Left
click and drag the width indicator with the help of the mouse to adjust the
column width.

TRY THIS

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Change the row height and column width using the Height: and Width:
options, respectively, in the Cell Size group of the Layout tab.

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AC TIVIT
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Complete the following activity by using the table created earlier.

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1. Insert a new column in the left of the table. Add the details of a friend living in some
other town.
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2. Add a new column at the end with a heading ‘My Favourite Book’.
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3. Save the changes in your file.

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Table Headings
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If Microsoft Word splits your table with a page break, the table heading is displayed
on the first page but not on subsequent pages. To correct this, you can designate the
selected rows as heading rows. Such rows are repeated on the top of the table on each
page. The steps to repeat table headings are:
1. Select the desired row.
2. Click on Layout tab Data group Repeat Header Rows option
(Fig. 2.17).

29
 e ss
Fig. 2.17 Repeating Table headings

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3. The same heading will appear on the top of the table on each page.

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Table Styles rs
You can use Table Styles to apply borders, shading, special fonts and colours to the
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table. Microsoft Word lists all the formats available for use. You can customise how the
format is applied. Follow these steps to apply a Table Style to your table:
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1. Click anywhere on the table.

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2. Go to Table Styles group in the Design tab.

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3. Scroll down to choose the desired style from the given list (Fig. 2.18).
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Fig. 2.18 Table Styles

30
4. Click the left mouse button on the desired style to apply it to the selected table.
5. The More button can be used to see the entire list of Table Styles available in
Microsoft Word 2010 (Fig. 2.19).

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Fig. 2.19 Table Styles list
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Bring the mouse pointer on a style and Microsoft Word will show a preview
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of your table in that style.

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Applying Borders and Shading

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You can apply borders and shading effects to the table created in MS Word 2010. To
add borders and shading to a table follow the steps given here.
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1. Select the entire table or the cells where borders and shading is to be applied.
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2. Under the Table Tools, click on the Design tab.

3. In the Table Styles group, click the Borders drop-down list (Fig. 2.20a) to apply
borders and the Shading drop-down list to apply shading to the table (Fig. 2.20b).
4. Select the predefined border and colour options respectively.

You can remove borders from the entire table by selecting the No Border
option.

31
 ss
Fig. 2.20 a Borders options

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Fig. 2.20 b Shading options

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C

Y
AC TIVIT

Complete the following activity.

1. Give a heading to the table created by you in the earlier activities as MY SCRAP
BOOK.
2. Format your table using the Design tab.
3. Save the changes made in your file.

32
 TRY THIS
Select the table. In the Table Tools, click on the Design tab. In the Tables
Styles group, click on Borders drop-down list and select Borders and
Shading… option. Now apply different borders and colours to your table
using the Borders and Shading dialog box.

QUICK KEY

Go to next cell Tab

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Go to previous cell Shift + Tab

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Go to beginning of column Alt + PageUp

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Select from the beginning of column to the current place Alt + Shift + PageUp

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Go to end of column rs Alt + PageDown
Select from the current place to the end of column Alt + Shift + PageDown
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Go to beginning of row Alt + Home

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Select from the beginning of row to the current place Alt + Shift + Home
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Select from the current place to the end of row Alt + Shift + End
Go to end of row Alt + End
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GLOSSARY

Cell It is a rectangular box formed by intersection of a row and a column.

Column It is a vertical series of cells in a table.
Merge cell It is the process of combining two or more cells in a table to form a single cell.
Row It is a horizontal series of cells in a table.
Split cell It is the process of dividing a big cell into multiple smaller cells.

33
 YOU ARE 1. A table can be created using:
HERE a. Insert tab Tables group Table drop-down list Insert

2
Table grid.
b. Insert tab Tables group Table drop-down list Insert
Table… option.
c. Insert tab Tables group Table drop-down list Draw
Table option.
2. A row or a column can be easily added or deleted in an existing table.
3. Cells can be merged in MS Word 2010.

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4. You can convert text into a table, however, a delimiter such as a comma, paragraph
marker, or a tab must separate columns of text.

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5. Table headings can be displayed on the subsequent pages in case the table is continued,
provided the selected rows are designated as headings.

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6. You can use Table Styles to apply borders, shading, special fonts and colour to your
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table. MS Word 2010 lists all formats in the Table Styles group.
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EXERCISE
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A. State true or false.

1. A table is used to create data in the form of rows and columns.
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2. Delete row in the Insert tab helps to create tables.

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3. When you click on the Quick Table option, the mouse pointer changes
to a pencil which can be used to draw tables in a document.

4. The intersection of a row and a column is called a cell.

5. A column can be deleted by using Insert table option in the Rows and
Columns group of the Layout tab.

34
B. Match the following.
1. Go to the next cell a. Alt + End

2. Go to the end of row b. Alt + PageUp

3. To go to the beginning of the column c. Alt + Home

4. To go to the beginning of the row d. Tab

C. Give the steps to do the following.

1. Deleting the first row 2. Adding a column to the right
3. Splitting the cells 4. Adding a Table Style
5. Applying Borders and Shading effects to a cell in the table

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D. Answer the following questions.

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1. Write the steps for inserting a table in a document using the Table grid option.
2. Define a row, a column and a cell.

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3. Can you add a new row in the middle of an existing table? If yes, give the steps.
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4. How can Table Styles feature be applied to an existing table?
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5. Mention the steps to create a table with four rows and two columns using the
Draw Table option.
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LAB WORK
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A. Create your class timetable and apply the following features.

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1. Draw a table with six rows and eight columns.

2. First cell of each row should be used to maintain the details of the number of
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periods in a day.
3. First cell of each column should be used to maintain the name of working
days in a week.
4. Add the relevant details of the timetable.
5. Format the text by applying appropriate font size and font colour.
6. Add a new column after fourth period which specifies Recess.
7. Add a new row at the end for Saturday.
8. Apply any Table Style of your choice.

35
 B. Create a table mentioning your friend’s names.
1. The table should have minimum ten names with five columns: Name,
Address, Phone Number, Bus Route Number and Date of Birth.
2. Format the table with proper font styles and background.
3. Give it a heading ‘MY LIST OF FRIENDS’.
C. Create a subject-wise list of activities to be conducted in your school for a month.
1. The rows should contain names of subjects.
2. The columns should have: subject name, week1, week2, week3, week4.
3. Format the table and give a suitable heading. Save the file.

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PROJECT WORK

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Prepare a list of items required for a birthday party. The structure of the table should be as
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given below.
Items required In stock or not
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Serial No. Quantity Price

for the party (Y/N)
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36
 MS Excel 2010
Advanced
Features

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SNAP RECAP LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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1. Why do you need MS Excel program? You will learn about:
2. What do you understand by workbook • cell reference

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and worksheet? • sorting data
3. Define rows, columns and cells.
rs• filtering list
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4. Can you write mathematical formulas • conditional formatting
and execute functions in an MS Excel • creating charts
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spreadsheet program?
• importing data from another document
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5. Differentiate between an operand and an

operator.
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Cell Reference
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In Excel, a cell reference identifies the location of a cell or group of cells in the
spreadsheet. Cell reference is also known as cell address. A cell reference consists of
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the column letter and row number that intersect to form a cell. These references are
used in formulas, functions, charts, etc. There are three types of cell references. They
are discussed here.

Relative Reference
A relative cell reference in a formula is based on the relative position of the cell
contained in the formula. By default, a spreadsheet cell reference is relative. This
means, when the formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell
references in the formula or function change relative to the location where it is copied.

37
 For example, if a formula =A1+B1 or SUM(A1:B1) is written in cell D1 and is copied
to E1, then the formula will change to =B1+C1 for cell E1.
If it is copied down to D2, then the formula will change to =A2+B2 for D2 and
=B2+C2 for E2 (Fig. 3.1).

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Fig. 3.1 Example of a relative reference
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If there is no value in the cell, it takes a null value by default.

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Absolute Reference
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Absolute cell reference in a formula always refers to a cell in a specific location. This is
id

done by fixing the cell by using the dollar sign ($) in front of a row and a column. Here,
br

even if the position of the cell that contains the formula changes, the reference of the cell
will remain the same.
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If you copy the formula

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across rows or down columns,

the formula value does not
change. For example, if a
formula =$A$1+$B$1 is
written in cell D1 and is then
copied to E1, the formula will
remain as it is for D1, that
is, =$A$1+$B$1. It will not
change even if it is copied to
cells D2 and E2 (Fig. 3.2). Fig. 3.2 Example of an absolute reference

38
Mixed Reference
A mixed reference has an absolute column and a relative row, or an absolute row and a
relative column. An absolute column reference takes the form $A1, $B1, and so on. An
absolute row reference takes the form A$1, B$1, and so on. If the position of the cell
that contains the formula changes, the relative reference is changed, but the absolute
reference does not change. For example, if you copy a mixed reference formula
=A$1+B$1 from cell D1 to cell E1, the formula changes to = B$1+C$1. In this case,
the row is fixed. It will not change even if the location changes in the worksheet
(Fig. 3.3).

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Fig. 3.3 Example of a mixed reference

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Sorting Data in MS Excel 2010

In a spreadsheet, it is easy to maintain data as the sheet is divided into rows and
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columns. Data when entered in a sheet may not be arranged in an order. However, you
can arrange it in either ascending or descending order. This physical rearrangement of
data in ascending or descending order is called sorting. In Excel, sorting data is one of
the most useful features.

Types of Sorting
Sorting is of two types.
1. Ascending Order: Arranging the data in an increasing order. For example,
letters from A to Z and numbers from lowest to highest.

39
 2. Descending Order: Arranging the data in a decreasing order. For example,
letters from Z to A and numbers from highest to lowest.
Sorting can be done in two ways. These are explained below.

Sorting on One Column

Here data is arranged in ascending or
descending order for only one column.
FACT FILE
For example, a list of students in a class Sorting, by default, is
is maintained with the ‘Name’ of all the not case sensitive. Small
students arranged in ascending order. letters and capital letters
Follow these steps to arrange the given list will be sorted equally.

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in the ascending order of ‘Name’.
1. Create a list in a worksheet.

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2. Select the data to be sorted.
3. Select Data tab Sort & Filter group (Fig. 3.4).

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Select Sort A to Z option AZ or Sort Z to A option ZA . In this case, select Sort A to
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Z option AZ .
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4. The data will be sorted in the ascending order of ‘Name’.

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Data tab
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Sort & Filter

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Sort A to Z group
option
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Sort Z to A
option

Fig. 3.4 Selecting the Sort option and the sorted data

40
Sorting on More Than One Column
When the data is arranged in ascending or descending order in one column, it can
again be sorted within another column. For example, student list sorted on the ‘Name’
column within one class. Here, class is called the primary column and student name
sorted within it is called the secondary column.
Follow these steps to sort the
list in more than one column:
1. Create a list in a
worksheet. Select the data Sort option
to be sorted.
2. Select Data tab

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Sort & Filter group
Sort option

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(Fig. 3.5).
3. The Sort dialog box

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appears (Fig. 3.5). Click
Fig. 3.5 Sort option
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on Sort by drop-down list
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in the Column section.
Select ‘Class’ in this case.
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Smallest to Largest is
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already selected in the

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Order section based on

which data will be sorted
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in ascending order in the

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‘Class’ column of the

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spreadsheet.
4. Click on the Add Level
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button in the Sort dialog

box; the Then by row
appears. Select ‘Name’ Fig. 3.6 Sort dialog box and Sorted data for more
from the Then by drop- than one column
down list. Select the order as A to Z in the Order drop-down list.
5. Click on OK. The data is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.6.
Further, more levels can be added to the Sort dialog box for the given data in the
spreadsheet.

41
 FACT FILE
Y
Excel considers the first row of the AC TIVIT
spreadsheet as the Header row, that is,
the first row of the table has headings. Create a list of your friends names
Thus, My data has and their birthdays.
headers checkbox is Sort the list by their dates of birth.
already selected in the Save the file with the name
Sort dialog box. ‘Birthdays.xlsx’.

Filtering List in MS Excel 2010

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You often have to scan through rows in an Excel worksheet for some required data.

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It may be anything such as the name of a person or contact information. Going through
all of the other available material takes time, especially if the worksheet contains

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hundreds or even thousands of entries. MS Excel has the answer to this problem in the
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form of Filter.
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Filtering shows the data you wish to see while temporarily hiding the rest. By defining
different filters, you can compare data in multiple ways. Thus, Filter can be defined as a
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facility in Excel that allows a user to shift items in a list according to a set criteria. You
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can filter text, numbers or dates.

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There are two types of Filters which are discussed below.

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1. Filter: When you apply Filter to a worksheet, grey colour drop-down controls
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(Filter switches) appear to the right of the column headings of a list. Using these
switches you can filter any the data.
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2. Advanced Filter: When you apply Advanced Filters to a worksheet, it helps to

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filter the list based on a specific criteria or to copy the filtered data to a different
location.

Filtering Data
You need to follow a few steps to apply AutoFilters to the data. They are as following:
1. Create a worksheet and enter the data.
2. Select the data to be filtered.
3. Click on Data tab Sort & Filter group Filter option (Fig. 3.7).

42
 Filter option

Data tab

Sort & Filter Reapply

group

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Filter switch

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Fig. 3.7 Opening the Filter option
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4. The list appears with the drop-down controls or the Filter switches on the right side
of the column headings.
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5. Click on the Filter switch. All the values for that particular column appear in a list
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(Fig. 3.8).
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6. If you wish to see the details of students in class 5, then select 5 in the ‘Class’
Filter switch (Fig. 3.9). The Filter switch icon changes to a filter icon in the column
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where the data has been filtered. Moving the mouse on that icon will show the
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criteria of filtering the contents of that column.

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7. Click on the Reapply option in the Sort & Filter group of the Data tab in case the
data has been modified and you wish to apply the same filter to the new data.
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Fig. 3.8 Selecting filter criteria Fig. 3.9 Filtered data

43
 FACT FILE
Initially all the values in a column are selected in the Filter switch drop-down
list. You can deselect all of them using (Select All)) and then select the desired
value to filter the data on that basis.

Removing AutoFilter
Follow either of these steps to remove the filter from the worksheet:
Click on Data tab Sort & Filter group Clear option
OR

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Click on the Filter icon drop-down list, select Clear Filter From “Department” (in

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this case) or click on the (Select All) checkbox (Fig. 3.10).

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Clear option
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Clear Filter
From option
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(Select All) option

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Fig. 3.10 Removing Filter

Custom Filter
When a range has to be specified or there is a specific condition to filter the data, you
can use the custom filtering in the Filter switch drop-down list.
To apply custom filter to the data, you need to follow these steps:
1. Open the worksheet having data to be sorted. Apply Filter to the selected range.

44
2. Click on the Filter switch on the ‘Total Marks’ column. Select the Number Filters
option from the drop-down list. You can choose a criteria for filtering data from the
given options or click Custom Filter… in the submenu (Fig. 3.11).

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Fig. 3.11 Selecting Custom Filter... option
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3. A Custom AutoFilter dialog box appears (Fig. 3.12), enter or select the desired
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values.
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4. Click on OK. The data is filtered according to the values set in the Custom
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AutoFilter dialog box (Fig. 3.13).

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Fig. 3.12 Custom AutoFilter dialog box Fig. 3.13 Filtered data

Conditional Formatting
Conditional Formatting is a feature in MS Excel 2010 that is used to format cells using
specific colour, border, font, etc. based on a specified set of conditions.

45
 Applying Conditional Formatting
Follow these steps to apply conditional formatting to the text:
1. Select the range of cells to which conditional formatting is to be applied.
2. Click on the Home tab Styles group Conditional Formatting
drop-down list.
3. Select a rule from the drop-down list. For example, select Between… from the
Highlight Cells Rules submenu (Fig. 3.14).

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Fig. 3.14 Selecting Conditional Formatting option

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4. The Between dialog box appears. Type the lower and upper limits and select the
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formatting condition from the drop-down list (Fig. 3.15).

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Fig. 3.15 Between dialog box

46
5. Click OK. The selected text will be formatted based on the conditions specified.

Clearing Conditional Formatting

Follow these steps to clear the conditional formatting applied:
1. Click on the Conditional Formatting drop-down list.
2. Select Clear Rules from the submenu; select Clear Rules from Selected Cells if
you wish to remove it from the specified cell(s) or Clear Rules from Entire Sheet
if you wish to remove it from the entire worksheet (Fig. 3.16).
3. Conditional Formatting will be removed from the desired portion.

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Fig. 3.16 Clearing Conditional Formatting

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TRY THIS
You can copy the Conditional Fortmatting applied to one cell onto the other. Click
on the cell with the Conditional Formatting and select Format Painter from the
Ribbon. Select the cell(s) to which the formatting is to be applied.
The format in this case too can only be applied to the data which falls
under the criteria specified for the Conditional Formatting initially.

47
 Y
AC TIVIT

Consider the spreadsheet ‘Birthdays.xlsx’ created earlier. Use Conditional Formatting to

colour the cells containing name of your friends whose birthday is in the current month.
Can you think of more than one criteria while using Conditional Formatting? Sort this data
and then filter it based on the criteria of your choice.

Creating Charts in Excel 2010

A chart is a graphical representation of information. A chart often makes it easier to

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understand the data in a worksheet because users can easily pick up patterns and trends

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illustrated in the chart that are otherwise difficult to see.

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There are different types of charts that can be created easily in Excel. A few are given
below (Table 3.1).

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Table 3.1 Chart Types and Their Usage
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Chart Type Usage
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Shows data changes over a period of time or illustrates comparison

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Column chart
among items
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Line chart Shows trends in data at equal intervals

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Shows the size of items that make up a data series proportional to the
Pie chart
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sum of the items, containing only one data series

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Bar chart Illustrates comparisons among individual items

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Area chart Emphasises the magnitude of change over time

XY (scatter) Shows the relationships among the numeric values in several data
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chart series or plots two groups of numbers as one series of xy coordinates

Stock chart Shows highs and lows in stock data
Surface chart Finds optimum combinations between two sets of data
Doughnut
Shows the relationship of parts of several sets of data to the whole.
chart
Bubble chart Shows 3 sets of data in a graphical way
Radar chart Compares the aggregate values of a number of data series

48
Creating a Chart in MS Excel 2010
Steps to create a chart are:
1. Select the data for which the chart has to be created.
2. Click on the Insert tab.
3. Select the desired chart type from the drop-down lists of different chart types in the
Charts group.
OR
Click on Charts dialog box launcher and the Insert Chart dialog box appears
(Fig. 3.17).

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Insert tab Charts dialog box

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launcher
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Insert Chart
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dialog box
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A preview of chart types

in the selected category
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Fig. 3.17 Creating charts in MS Excel 2007

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4. The selected chart style is plotted based

on the values given and inserted in the
centre of the worksheet.
5. Change the location of the chart by
dragging it and dropping it at the desired
location in the worksheet. Double-click
on the chart title and type the chart name.
6. Once the chart has been inserted in the
worksheet, three new tabs appear under
Chart Tools, i.e., Design, Layout and
Fig. 3.18 Charts created in MS Excel 2010
Format in the Ribbon (Fig. 3.18).
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 Components of a Chart
The following are the different components of a chart (Fig. 3.19).

Chart title
Comparison of Household Expenditure

2500 2300 2275 Gridline

2000
1480 1495 Data Label
Money spent

1500 1275 1230

March
April
1000

Axis title 500

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Legends
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Food Electricity Entertainment

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Nature of expenditure

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X-axis
Y-axis Axis title
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Fig. 3.19 Components of a chart
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Chart Area: The area within which all the components of a chart are present.
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Chart Title: The title heading given to the chart.

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Plot Area: The rectangular area bound by the two axes.

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X-axis: The horizontal axis of the chart.

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Y-axis: The vertical axis of the chart.

Axis Title: The title given to each of the two axes of the chart.
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Data: The entries used to plot the chart.

Legend: The unique colour assigned to the data to make it easily distinguishable.
Gridlines: The horizontal and vertical lines extending from the two axes that may or
may not be displayed.
Data Label: The label providing additional information about a point on the chart.

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Formatting a Chart
Different options under the different groups of the Format tab can be used for
formatting both the table and its contents. Table 3.2 summarises the list of available
options.

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Table 3.2 Some formatting options in the Format tab

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Group Name Usage

• Select the chart element to be formatted.
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• Format Selection: Launches the Format dialog box to format the

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Current
selected element of the chart.
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Selection
• Reset to Match Style: Removes the custom formatting of the
selected chart element and reverts to the style selected initially.
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• Select a visual style for the chart from the drop-down list.
• Shape Fill: Fills the selected shape in the graph with the solid
colour, gradient, texture, or picture.
Shape Styles • Shape Outline: Specifies the colour, width and line style of the
selected shape in the chart.
• Shape Effects: Adds a visual effect like glow, reflection, shadow
and 3-D rotation to the selected shape in the chart.

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 • Select text in the chart and apply the desired WordArt style to it.
• Text Fill: Fills the selected text with the selected solid colour,
gradient, picture, or texture.
WordArt Styles • Text Outline: Specifies the colour, width and line style for the
outline of the selected text.
• Text Effects: Adds a visual effects like glow, reflection, shadow,
3-D rotation to the selected text.
• Selection Pane: For selecting individual objects and changing
Arrange their order and visibility.
• Align: Aligns edges of the selected objects.

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Size • Increase or decrease the chart size by changing the values.

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Layout of a Chart

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The Layout tab provides many options for changing the layout and the appearance of a
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chart in MS Excel 2010. Table 3.3 summarises some of the available options and their
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uses.
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Table 3.3 Some options in the Layout tab

Group Name Usage

• Select the chart element to be formatted.
• Format Selection: Launches the Format dialog box to format the
Current
selected element of the chart.
Selection
• Reset to Match Style: Removes the custom formatting of the
selected chart element and reverts to the style selected initially.

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 • Picture: Inserts picture(s) to the chart from a file.
• Shapes: Inserts the selected ready-made shape(s) anywhere in
Insert
the worksheet.
• Text Box: Inserts a text box anywhere in the sheet.

• Chart Title: Adds, removes or positions the text of the chart title.
• Axis Titles: Adds, removes or positions the text of the axis titles.
• Legend: Adds, removes or positions the chart legend.
Labels • Data Labels: Shows, hides or positions the data values in the
chart.
• Data Table: Removes or adds the data table with or without the

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legend keys

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• Axes: Changes the formatting and layout of each axis.
Axes • Gridlines: Adds or removes and changes the format of the

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• Fills or clears the colour in the Plot Area.
• Chart Wall: Highlights or hides the chart walls.
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Background • Chart Floor: Highlights or hides the chart floor.

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• 3-D Rotation: Rotates the viewpoint of the chart in the specified

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direction.
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• Adds or removes different types of trendlines, lines, up/down

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Analysis
bars and error bars on the chart.
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Properties • Chart Name: Specifies the name given to the chart.

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Designing a Chart
Different options are available
in the Design tab to change
the design of the chart inserted
in the worksheet. Table 3.4
summarises the options
available for designing the
chart in the worksheet.
TRY THIS
Select the data from which you need
to create a chart and press F11, the
chart will be inserted on a separate
sheet titled as chart1.

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 ss
Table 3.4 Some options in the Design tab

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Group Name Usage

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• Change Chart Type: Changes the type of the chart inserted in the

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worksheet.
Type
• Save As Template: Opens the Save As dialog box to save the chart
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with desired formatting and layout, as a template for future use.
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• Switch Row/Column: Swaps the data over the axis such that the
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data plotted on the X-axis is shifted to Y-axis and vice versa.

Data
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• Select Data: Opens Select Data Source dialog box to change the
data range included in the chart.
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Chart Layouts • Used to change the overall layout of the chart.

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Chart Styles • Used to change the overall visual style of the chart.
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• Opens the Move Chart dialog box to shift the chart to another
Location
sheet or tab in the workbook.
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Importing Data in MS Excel 2010

Importing data to MS Excel is the
process of transferring data from
another Excel sheet or other database
sources and converting it into .xlsx
format. This process eliminates the
need to manually enter every item into
a new Excel worksheet. Importing data,

Fig. 3.20 Charts created in MS Excel 2010

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therefore saves the user a lot of time and reduces human error in the best way possible.
Follow these steps to import data into an Excel 2010 sheet:
1. Select Data tab. Click on From Text option in the Get External Data group
(Fig. 3.20). Import Text File dialog box appears.

You can also import data in the Excel sheet from the Web, MS Access and
some other sources. You will learn more about MS Access in higher classes.

2. Select the file from its destination folder or type in the name of the file in the
File name: box. Click on the Import button.

Ensure that in this case the file has a .txt extension that is, it is created in

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Notepad.

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3. The Text Import Wizard dialog box appears (Fig. 3.21). Click on the File origin:

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drop-down list and select Windows (ANSI). Click on the Next > button.

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Fig. 3.21 Text Import Wizard dialog box

4. Mark the desired options in the Delimiters section. Click on the Next > button. A
preview of the chart based on the options chosen can be seen in the Data preview
section.
5. Select the appropriate column data format in the Column data format section.
Click on Finish.

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 6. The Import Data dialog box appears. Specify the Absolute Cell Reference address
if the data has to be imported in the current worksheet or in a new worksheet of the
same workbook.
7. Click on the OK button. The data will be imported in the current worksheet starting
from A1 (Fig. 3.22).

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Fig. 3.22 Data imported

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GLOSSARY
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Absolute reference It refers to the actual address of a cell in a specific location.

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Cell reference It identifies the location of a cell or group of cells in the spreadsheet.
Chart It is a graphical representation of information.
Filtering It is the process of selecting records from a large amount of data based on certain
conditions.
Mixed reference It is a cell address which has absolute column and a relative row or
absolute row and a relative column.
Relative reference It is the address of a cell which is based on the relative position of the
cell contained in the formula.
Sorting It is the physical rearrangement of data in ascending or descending order.

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 YOU ARE 1.Cell reference is also known as cell address.
HERE 2.The three types of cell references are relative, absolute and mixed.

3
3.Sorting is of two types: ascending and descending.
4.You can filter data in a list according to the set criteria.
5.There are different type of charts in MS Excel 2010, such as Column chart,
Line chart and Pie chart.
6. Data can be imported to a worksheet from an external database or Excel sheet.
7. You can also embed pictures or files in MS Excel 2010.

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EXERCISE

A. State true or false.

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1. Arranging data either in ascending or descending order is called sorting.
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2. A worksheet identifies the location of a cell or group of cells in the

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spreadsheet.
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3. Filter shows the data we want to see while temporarily hiding the rest.
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4. A chart is a graphical representation of information.

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5. Data cannot be inserted from any other application software

in MS Excel 2010.
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B. Match the following.

1. Bar chart a. The entries used to plot the chart

2. Line chart b. Specifies the name given to chart

3. Data c. Used to change the overall layout of the chart

4. Chart layout d. Illustrates comparison among individual items

5. Chart name e. Shows trends in data at equal intervals

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 C. Differentiate between the following.
1. Relative and Absolute Reference 2. Filter and Advanced Filter
3. Ascending and Descending Orders 4. Auto Filter and Custom Filter
5. Chart Area and Plot Area
D. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a cell reference? Explain all three types of cell references with examples.
2. What is sorting? How many types of sorting is possible?
3. What are charts in MS Excel 2010? Give one advantage of using charts.
4. Give some real-life examples where charts can be used.
5. Write the steps for importing data in MS Excel 2010.

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LAB WORK

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Make an MS Excel 2010 spreadsheet on the average amount of water that each
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member of your family uses. Analyse and compare your family’s water usage to that
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of others in the class, and suggest three ways to save water. Measure the usage of
water by your family members under the following categories.
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1. Bath 2. Shower 3. Brushing teeth

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4. Washing hands and face 5. Washing dishes 6. Toilet flushes

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7. Drinking water 8. Washing clothes 9. Cooking food

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10. Washing car

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PROJECT WORK
Create an MS Excel 2010 spreadsheet to record the data of recently conducted unit tests/
exams for your class. Enter the following data: Student ID, Name, Class, Section and
Marks of all the subjects. Find the total marks and percentage for each student. Using
conditional formatting, highlight the marks below 40 with red fill and the percentages
above 90 with yellow fill. Now apply Filter to extract the details of all the students who
have got more than 75% marks in this examination.

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 MS Office 2016
Updates
In MS Excel 2016:
• Two new groups named ‘Get & Transform’ and ‘Forecast’ have been added in the Data
tab. Get & Transform group is used to create a query in Excel while Forecast helps you
to understand current trends and predict future trends in just one click.

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• There are six new built-in chart types; they are called Waterfall, Histogram, Pareto, Box
and Whisker, Treemap and Sunburst.
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