SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SICENCE AND ENGINEERING

Subject Name: Analysis & Design of Algorithm
MCQ Questions

Q 1 What is recurrence for worst case of Quick Sort and what is the time complexity
in Worst case?

A Recurrence is T(n) = T(n-2) + O(n) and time complexity is O(n^2)

B Recurrence is T(n) = T(n-1) + O(n) and time complexity is O(n^2)

C Recurrence is T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n) and time complexity is O(nLogn)

D Recurrence is T(n) = T(n/10) + T(9n/10) + O(n) and time complexity is O(nLogn)

Answer-B

Q2. Suppose we have a O(n) time algorithm that finds median of an unsorted array.
Now consider a QuickSort implementation where we first find median using the
above algorithm, then use median as pivot. What will be the worst case time
complexity of this modified QuickSort.

A O(n^2 Logn)

B O(n^2)

C O(n Logn Logn)

D O(nLogn)

Answer: D If we use median as a pivot element, then the recurrence for all cases
becomes T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n) The above recurrence can be solved using Master
Method. It falls in case 2 of master method.

Q3. Given an unsorted array. The array has this property that every element in array
is at most k distance from its position in sorted array where k is a positive integer
smaller than size of array. Which sorting algorithm can be easily modified for sorting
this array and what is the obtainable time complexity?

A Insertion Sort with time complexity O(kn)

B Heap Sort with time complexity O(nLogk)

C Quick Sort with time complexity O(kLogk)

D Merge Sort with time complexity O(kLogk)

Answer:C

Solution:

1) to sort the array firstly create a min-heap with first k+1 elements and a separate
array as resultant array. 2) because elements are at most k distance apart from
original position so, it is guranteed that the smallest element will be in this K+1
elements. 3) remove the smallest element from the min-heap(extract min) and put it
in the result array. 4) Now,insert another element from the unsorted array into the
mean-heap, now,the second smallest element will be in this, perform extract min and
continue this process until no more elements are in the unsorted array.finally, use
simple heap sort for the remaining elements Time Complexity ------------------------
1) O(k) to build the initial min-heap 2) O((n-k)logk) for remaining elements... 3)
0(1) for extract min so overall O(k) + O((n-k)logk) + 0(1) = O(nlogk)

Q4. Which of the following is not true about comparison based sorting algorithms?

A The minimum possible time complexity of a comparison based sorting algorithm

is O(nLogn) for a random input array

B Any comparison based sorting algorithm can be made stable by using position as
a criteria when two elements are compared

C Counting Sort is not a comparison based sorting algortihm

D Heap Sort is not a comparison based sorting algorithm

Answer:D

Q5. What is time complexity of fun()?

int fun(int n)

{
 int count = 0;

for (int i = n; i > 0; i /= 2)

for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)

count += 1;

return count;

A O(n^2)

B O(nLogn)

C O(n)

DO(nLognLogn)

Answer:C

Q 5. Which of the following algorithms is NOT a divide & conquer algorithm by

nature?

A Euclidean algorithm to compute the greatest common divisor

B.Heap Sort

C Cooley-Tukey fast Fourier transform

D Quick Sort

Answer:B

Q6.Consider the problem of computing min-max in an unsorted array where min and
max are minimum and maximum elements of array. Algorithm A1 can compute min-
max in a1 comparisons without divide and conquer. Algorithm A2 can compute min-
max in a2 comparisons by scanning the array linearly. What could be the relation
between a1 and a2 considering the worst case scenarios?

A a1 < a2
B a1 > a2

C a1 = a2

D Depends on the input

Answer:B When Divide and Conquer is used to find the minimum-maximum

element in an array, Recurrence relation for the number of comparisons is
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + 2 where 2 is for comparing the minimums as well the maximums
of the left and right subarrays
On solving, T(n) = 1.5n - 2.
While doing linear scan, it would take 2*(n-1) comparisons in the worst case to find
both minimum as well maximum in one pass.

Q7.

Let G be the directed, weighted graph shown in below figure We are interested in
the shortest paths from A. (a) Output the sequence of vertices identified by the
Dijkstra’s algorithm for single source shortest path when the algorithm is started at
node A. (b) Write down sequence of vertices in the shortest path from A to E. (c)
What is the cost of the shortest path from A to E?

Q8. Let P be an array containing n integers. Let t be the lowest upper bound on the
number of comparisons of the array elements, required to find the minimum and
maximum values in an arbitrary array of n elements. Which one of the following
choices is correct?

A t>2n−2

B t>3⌈n/2⌉ and t≤2n−2

C t>n and t≤3⌈n/2⌉

D t>⌈log2(n)⌉ and t≤n

Answer:B

Q9. Consider the following array. Which algorithm out of the following options
uses the least number of comparisons (among the array elements) to sort the above
array in ascending order?

A Selection sort

B Mergesort

C Insertion sort

DQuicksort using the last element as pivot

Answer:C

Q10. Which of the following standard algorithms is not a Greedy algorithm?

A Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm

B Prim's algorithm

C Kruskal algorithm

D Huffman Coding

E Bellmen Ford Shortest path algorithm

Answer:E

Q11.

Suppose we run Dijkstra’s single source shortest-path algorithm on the following

edge weighted directed graph with vertex P as the source. In what order do the nodes
get included into the set of vertices for which the shortest path distances are
finalized?
A P, Q, R, S, T, U

B P, Q, R, U, S, T

C P, Q, R, U, T, S

D P, Q, T, R, U, S

Answer: B

Q12. A networking company uses a compression technique to encode the message

before transmitting over the network. Suppose the message contains the following
characters with their frequency:

character Frequency

a 5

b 9

c 12

d 13

e 16

f 45

Note : Each character in input message takes 1 byte. If the compression technique
used is Huffman Coding, how many bits will be saved in the message?

A 224
B 800

C576

D324

Answer:C

Q13. What is the time complexity of Huffman Coding?

A O(N)

B O(NlogN)

CO(N(logN)^2)

DO(N^2)

Answer:B

O(nlogn) where n is the number of unique characters. If there are n nodes,

extractMin() is called

2*(n – 1) times. extractMin() takes O(logn) time as it calles minHeapify(). So,

overall complexity is O(nlogn). See here for more details of the algorithm.

Q14. Which of the following is true about Kruskal and Prim MST algorithms?
Assume that Prim is implemented for adjacency list representation using Binary
Heap and Kruskal is implemented using union by rank.

AWorst case time complexity of both algorithms is same.

BWorst case time complexity of Kruskal is better than Prim

CWorst case time complexity of Prim is better than Kruskal

Answer:A

Q15. Which of the following is true about Huffman Coding.

A Huffman coding may become lossy in some cases

B Huffman Codes may not be optimal lossless codes in some cases

CIn Huffman coding, no code is prefix of any other code.

DAll of the above

Answer:C

Solution: Huffman coding is a lossless data compression algorithm. The codes

assigned to input characters are Prefix Codes, means the codes are assigned in such
a way that the code assigned to one character is not prefix of code assigned to any
other character. This is how Huffman Coding makes sure that there is no ambiguity
when decoding.

Q16

Using Prim's algorithm to

construct a minimum spanning tree starting with node A, which one of the following
sequences of edges represents a possible order in which the edges would be added
to construct the minimum spanning tree?

A(E, G), (C, F), (F, G), (A, D), (A, B), (A, C)

B (A, D), (A, B), (A, C), (C, F), (G, E), (F, G)

C (A, B), (A, D), (D, F), (F, G), (G, E), (F, C)

D(A, D), (A, B), (D, F), (F, C), (F, G), (G, E)

Answer :D
Q17. Consider the weights and values of items listed below. Note that there is only
one unit of each item.

The task is to pick a subset of these items such that their total weight is no more than
11 Kgs and their total value is maximized. Moreover, no item may be split. The total
value of items picked by an optimal algorithm is denoted by Vopt. A greedy
algorithm sorts the items by their value-to-weight ratios in descending order and
packs them greedily, starting from the first item in the ordered list. The total value
of items picked by the greedy algorithm is denoted by Vgreedy. The value of Vopt
− Vgreedy is ______ .

A 16

B8

C 44

D 60

Answer:A

Q18 Six files F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6 have 100, 200, 50, 80, 120, 150 records
respectively. In what order should they be stored so as to optimize act. Assume each
file is accessed with the same frequency

A F3, F4, F1, F5, F6, F2

B F2, F6, F5, F1, F4, F3

C F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6

D Ordering is immaterial as all files are accessed with the same frequency

Answer:A

Q19Consider a job scheduling problem with 4 jobs J1, J2, J3, J4 and with
corresponding deadlines: ( d1, d2, d3, d4) = (4, 2, 4, 2). Which of the following is
not a feasible schedule without violating any job schedule?

AJ2, J4, J1, J3

B J4, J1, J2, J3

C J4, J2, J1, J3

D J4, J2, J3, J1

Answer:B

Q20. Consider a graph G=(V, E), where V = { v1,v2,…,v100 }, E={ (vi, vj) ∣ 1≤ii,
vj) is ∣i–j∣. The weight of minimum spanning tree of G is ________ . Note - This
question was Numerical Type.

A99

B100

C 98

D 101

Answer:A

Q21. What is the other name of Dijkstra algorithm?

A single-source shortest path problem

B multiple-source shortest path problem

C multiple-destination shortest path problem

D single-destination shortest path problem

Answer:A

Q22. Consider the string abbccddeee. Each letter in the string must be assigned a
binary code satisfying the following properties:

For any two letters, the code assigned to one letter must not be a prefix of the code
assigned to the other letter.

For any two letters of the same frequency, the letter which occurs earlier in the
dictionary order is assigned a code whose length is at most the length of the code
assigned to the other letter.

Among the set of all binary code assignments which satisfy the above two properties,
what is the minimum length of the encoded string?

A 21

B23

C25

D30

Answer:B

Q23Which of the following standard algorithms is not Dynamic Programming

based.

A Bellman–Ford Algorithm for single source shortest path

B Floyd Warshall Algorithm for all pairs shortest paths

C 0-1 Knapsack problem

DPrim's Minimum Spanning Tree

Answer:D

Q24. We use dynamic programming approach when

A We need an optimal solution

BThe solution has optimal substructure

CThe given problem can be reduced to the 3-SAT problem

D It's faster than Greedy

Answer:B

Q25 Consider two strings A = "qpqrr" and B = "pqprqrp". Let x be the length of the
longest common subsequence (not necessarily contiguous) between A and B and let
y be the number of such longest common subsequences between A and B. Then x +
10y = ___.

A33

B23

C43

D34

Answer:D

Q26Consider the weights and values of items listed below. Note that there is only
one unit of each item.

The task is to pick a subset of these items such that their total weight is no more than
11 Kgs and their total value is maximized. Moreover, no item may be split. The total
value of items picked by an optimal algorithm is denoted by Vopt. A greedy
algorithm sorts the items by their value-to-weight ratios in descending order and
packs them greedily, starting from the first item in the ordered list. The total value
of items picked by the greedy algorithm is denoted by Vgreedy. The value of Vopt
− Vgreedy is ______ .

A16

B8

C44

D60

Answer:A

Q27.Consider the following two sequences :

X = < B, C, D, C, A, B, C >, and

Y = < C, A, D, B, C, B >

The length of longest common subsequence of X and Y is :

A5

B3

C4

D2

Answer:C

Q28Consider a sequence F00 defined as : F00(0) = 1, F00(1) = 1 F00(n) = 10 ∗ F00(n

– 1) + 100 F00(n – 2) for n ≥ 2 Then what shall be the set of values of the sequence
F00 ?

A(1, 110, 1200)

B(1, 110, 600, 1200)

C(1, 2, 55, 110, 600, 1200)

D(1, 55, 110, 600, 1200)

Answer:A

Q29 The following paradigm can be used to find the solution of the problem in
minimum time: Given a set of non-negative integer, and a value K, determine if there
is a subset of the given set with sum equal to K:

A Divide and Conquer

B Dynamic Programming

C Greedy Algorithm

D Branch and Bound

Answer:B

Q30 What happens when a top-down approach of dynamic programming is applied

to any problem?

A It increases both, the time complexity and the space complexity

B It increases the space complexity and decreases the time complexity.

C It increases the time complexity and decreases the space complexity

D It decreases both, the time complexity and the space complexity

Answer:B

Q31 What is the space complexity of the above dynamic programming

implementation of the balanced partition problem?

A. O(sum)

B. O(n)

C. O(sum * n)

D. O(sum + n)

Answer:C
Q32Which of the following is/are property/properties of a dynamic programming
problem?

a) Optimal substructure

b) Overlapping subproblems

c) Greedy approach

d) Both optimal substructure and overlapping subproblems

Answer: d

Explanation: A problem that can be solved using dynamic programming possesses

overlapping subproblems as well as optimal substructure properties.

Q33. If an optimal solution can be created for a problem by constructing optimal

solutions for its subproblems, the problem possesses ____________ property.

a) Overlapping subproblems

b) Optimal substructure

c) Memoization

d) Greedy

Answer: b

Explanation: Optimal substructure is the property in which an optimal solution is

found for the problem by constructing optimal solutions for the subproblems.

Q34 If a problem can be broken into subproblems which are reused several times,
the problem possesses ____________ property.

a) Overlapping subproblems

b) Optimal substructure

c) Memoization

d) Greedy
Answer: a

Explanation: Overlapping subproblems is the property in which value of a

subproblem is used several times.

Q35When a top-down approach of dynamic programming is applied to a problem,

it usually _____________

a) Decreases both, the time complexity and the space complexity

b) Decreases the time complexity and increases the space complexity

c) Increases the time complexity and decreases the space complexity

d) Increases both, the time complexity and the space complexity

Answer: b

Explanation: The top-down approach uses the memoization technique which stores
the previously calculated values. Due to this, the time complexity is decreased but
the space complexity is increased.

Q36. Which of the following problems is NOT solved using dynamic programming?

a) 0/1 knapsack problem

b) Matrix chain multiplication problem

c) Edit distance problem

d) Fractional knapsack problem

Answer: d

Explanation: The fractional knapsack problem is solved using a greedy algorithm.

Q37 Assuming P != NP, which of the following is true ?

(A) NP-complete = NP

(B) NP-complete \cap P = \Phi

(C) NP-hard = NP

(D) P = NP-complete

A A

B B

C C

D D

Answer : B (no NP-Complete problem can be solved in polynomial time). Because,

if one NP-Complete problem can be solved in polynomial time, then all NP problems
can solved in polynomial time. If that is the case, then NP and P set become same
which contradicts the given condition.

Q38 Let S be an NP-complete problem and Q and R be two other problems not
known to be in NP. Q is polynomial time reducible to S and S is polynomial-time
reducible to R. Which one of the following statements is true?

A R is NP-complete

B R is NP-hard

C Q is NP-complete

DQ is NP-hard

Answer:B

Q39 Let X be a problem that belongs to the class NP. Then which one of the
following is TRUE?

A There is no polynomial time algorithm for X.

B If X can be solved deterministically in polynomial time, then P = NP.

C If X is NP-hard, then it is NP-complete.

D X may be undecidable.

Answer:C

Q40The problem 3-SAT and 2-SAT are

A both in P

B both NP complete

C NP-complete and in P respectively

Dundecidable and NP-complete respectively

Answer:C

Q41 Which of the following statements are TRUE? (1) The problem of determining
whether there exists a cycle in an undirected graph is in P. (2) The problem of
determining whether there exists a cycle in an undirected graph is in NP. (3) If a
problem A is NP-Complete, there exists a non-deterministic polynomial time
algorithm to solve A.

A1, 2 and 3

B 1 and 3

C2 and 3

D1 and 2

Answer:A

Q42What is recurrence for worst case of QuickSort and what is the time complexity
in Worst case?

A Recurrence is T(n) = T(n-2) + O(n) and time complexity is O(n^2)

B Recurrence is T(n) = T(n-1) + O(n) and time complexity is O(n^2)

CRecurrence is T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n) and time complexity is O(nLogn)

DRecurrence is T(n) = T(n/10) + T(9n/10) + O(n) and time complexity is O(nLogn)

Answer:B

Q43Suppose we have a O(n) time algorithm that finds median of an unsorted array.
Now consider a QuickSort implementation where we first find median using the
above algorithm, then use median as pivot. What will be the worst case time
complexity of this modified QuickSort.

A O(n^2 Logn)

B O(n^2)

C O(n Logn Logn)

D O(nLogn

Answer:D

Q44Which of the following is not a stable sorting algorithm in its typical

implementation.

A Insertion Sort

B Merge Sort

C Quick Sort

D Bubble Sort

Answer:C

Q45 Which of the following sorting algorithms in its typical implementation gives
best performance when applied on an array which is sorted or almost sorted
(maximum 1 or two elements are misplaced).

A Quick Sort

B Heap Sort

C Merge Sort
D Insertion Sort

Q46 Given an unsorted array. The array has this property that every element in array
is at most k distance from its position in sorted array where k is a positive integer
smaller than size of array. Which sorting algorithm can be easily modified for sorting
this array and what is the obtainable time complexity?

A Insertion Sort with time complexity O(kn)

B Heap Sort with time complexity O(nLogk)

C Quick Sort with time complexity O(kLogk)

D Merge Sort with time complexity O(kLogk)

Answer:B

Q47 Consider a situation where swap operation is very costly. Which of the
following sorting algorithms should be preferred so that the number of swap
operations are minimized in general?

A Heap Sort

B Selection Sort

C Insertion Sort

D Merge Sort

Answer:B

Q48 Which of the following is not true about comparison based sorting algorithms?

A The minimum possible time complexity of a comparison based sorting algorithm

is O(nLogn) for a random input array

B Any comparison based sorting algorithm can be made stable by using position as
a criteria when two elements are compared

C Counting Sort is not a comparison based sorting algortihm

D Heap Sort is not a comparison based sorting algorithm

Answer:D

Q49 What is the best time complexity of bubble sort?

A N^2

B NlogN

CN

D N(logN)^2

Answer:C

Q50 Which of the following is true about merge sort?

A Merge Sort works better than quick sort if data is accessed from slow sequential
memory.

B Merge Sort is stable sort by nature

C Merge sort outperforms heap sort in most of the practical situations.

D All of the above

Answer:D