Contents

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Importance Of Clean Water .............................................................................................................. 2
1.2. Access To Safe Water .................................................................................................................... 2
2. Water Quality ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.3. Water Quality Criteria ................................................................................................................... 4
3. Water Quality tests ............................................................................................................................... 4
3.1. Determination of PH of Drinking water of NFC IQBAL HALL ............................................................. 4
3.1.1. Theory: .................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1.2. Apparatus Required: ............................................................................................................. 4
3.1.3. Reagents Required ................................................................................................................ 5
3.1.4. Procedure: ............................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.5. Observations ......................................................................................................................... 5
3.1.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 5
3.2. To determine the turbidity of drinking water of NFC Iqbal Hall ................................................... 6
3.2.1. Theory: .................................................................................................................................. 6
3.2.2. Apparatus Required: ............................................................................................................. 6
3.2.3. Reagents:............................................................................................................................... 6
3.2.4. Procedure: ............................................................................................................................. 6
3.2.5. Calculation: ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.6. Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................ 7
3.3. To Determine Hardness of NFC Iqbal Hall water .......................................................................... 7
3.3.1. Theory ................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3.2. Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.3.3. Observation and Calculation ................................................................................................. 9
3.3.4. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 10
 ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY

1. Introduction

Water Quality refers to a general term which defines the quality of drinking water either suitable
for drinking purpose or not. The important factor to take into consideration is that, in most
communities, the major risk to human health comes from faecal contamination. So, if a full range
of chemical analyses is undertaken on new water sources and repeated thereafter at fairly long
intervals, chemical contaminants are unlikely to present an unrecognized hazard. In contrast, the
potential for faecal contamination in untreated or inadequately treated community supplies is
always present. The minimum level of analysis should therefore include testing for indicators of
faecal pollution, turbidity, and chlorine residual and pH of water.

1.1. Importance Of Clean Water

• Next to oxygen, water is the most essential element to human life.

• Unsafe/Polluted water leads to water borne diseases.
• Almost 80 % of all diseases are associated with water.
• UN assessment says 4000 children die each day, globally, as a result of diseases caused
by ingestion of polluted water. (2009)
• About 200,000 children, in Pakistan, die every year of diarrheal diseases alone.

1.2. Access To Safe Water

Global Situation
According to sources 37% percent of the developing world’s population (i.e. 2.5 billion people)
lack improved sanitation facilities and more than 780 million people still use unsafe drinking
water sources (WHO, 2012)
Pakistan Context:
According to sources 44 % of the population lack access to safe drinking water. Estimates show
that 88% of the functional water supply schemes in Pakistan are providing unsafe drinking water
to the consumers.
Figure 1Main Pathways Human Exposure to Pathogens in the aquatic Environment

2. Water Quality

2.1. Drinking Water Quality:

• It refers to the degree of cleanliness and wholesomeness of water.

• Drinking water quality is judged in terms of chemical, physical and bacteriological
contents of water.

2.2.Potable Water:

It is the water which is safe to drink, pleasant to taste and usable for domestic purposes.
 2.3. Water Quality Criteria

Criteria:
Water quality criteria specify the conditions to provide long term protection to human health.
Who Drinking Water Quality Criteria/Guidelines:
World Health Organization (WHO) suggests the concentration of certain constituents in water
that does not result in any significant risk to the health of the consumer over a lifetime
consumption. These are of advisory nature and based on scientific research.

3. Water Quality tests

Following are the water quality test performed for drinking NFC water.
a. Determination of PH
b. Determination of Turbidity
c. Determination of Hardness
d. Determination of Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids

3.1. Determination of PH of Drinking water of NFC IQBAL HALL

3.1.1. Theory:

PH refers to the hydrogen ion activity. It is expressed as the negative logarithm of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity in moles per liter. It can be measured by pH
paper or electrometrically by measuring of hydrogen ion by potentiometric
measurement using a standard hydrogen electrode and a reference electrode.

3.1.2. Apparatus Required:

i. pH meter along with electrodes

ii. Buffer solution
iii. Thermometer
iv. pH paper
 3.1.3. Reagents Required:

Standard buffer solution:

Standard buffer solution can be prepared freshly by dissolving the standard buffer
tablets or powders (pH 4 and 7.2).

3.1.4. Procedure:

Using pH meters:

• Take the liquid sample whose the pH is to be determined in a glass beaker.

• Note the sample temperature. Rinse the electrode thoroughly with distilled
water and carefully wipe with a tissue paper.
• Dip the electrode in to the sample solution

Using pH paper:

• Dip the pH paper strip in to the solution.

• Compare the colour given on the wrapper of the PH paper book.
• Note down the PH of the sample along with temperature.

3.1.5. Observations:

RESULT:

pH value of sample using pH paper =7.68

pH value of sample using pH meter =7.88

3.1.6. Conclusion

So by performing experiment on drinking water of NFC Iqbal Hall it was determined that the PH
of water lies with 6.5 and 8.5 WHO range but it is basic for drinki8ng purpose because Ph of
drinking water must be around 7.3 to 7.4.
 3.2.To determine the turbidity of drinking water of NFC Iqbal Hall

3.2.1. Theory:

• Turbidity can be measured either by its effects on the transmission of light which is
termed as turbidimetry or its effects on the scattering of light which termed as
Nephelometry.
• Turbidimetry can be used for sample with moderate turbidity and Nephelometer for
sample with low turbidity. Higher the intensity of scattered light higher the turbidity.

3.2.2. Apparatus Required:

• Nephelometric turbidimeter
• Cuvettes; it take the samples for measurements

3.2.3. Reagents:

• Solution (1) Dissolve 1 g hydrazine sulphate in distilled water and dilute to 100 ml in
volumetric flask
• Solution (2) dissolve 10g hexamine LR grade in distilled water and dilute to 100ml in
volumetric flask
• In 100ml volumetric flask, mix 12.5 ml solution (1) and 12.5 ml solution (2) let them
stand for 24 hours at 250 dilute to mark and mix the turbidity of the suspension is 1000
NTU.

3.2.4. Procedure:

i. Calibration:
• Switch on the instrument and keep it on for some time
• Select appropriate range depending upon the expected turbidity of the sample.
• Set zero of the instrument with turbidity free water using a blank solution and adjust 000 with
set zero knob.
• Now in another test tube take standard suspension just prepared as above for 0 – 200 NTU
solution as standard.
• Take its measurements and set the display to the value of the standard suspension with the
calibrate knob.
 ii. Measurements:
To determine the turbidity of water sample place the sample in the cuvette and note the
displayed reading if water has high turbidity it can be suitably diluted and must be shaken
before determination.

3.2.5. Calculation:

Turbidity = A (B + C) / C

A = NTU found in diluted sample

B = volume of dilution water
C = sample of volume taken for dilution

RESULT:
Turbidity of sample = Average of three samples=1.25

3.2.6. Conclusion:

So by performing experiment on tap water of NFC Iqbal it was determined that the turbidity is
less than 5NTU so it can be used for drinking purpose.

3.3. To Determine Hardness of NFC Iqbal Hall water

3.3.1. Theory:

Hard waters are generally considered to be those waters that require considerable
amounts of soap to produce foam and that also produce scale in water pipes, heaters,
boilers and other units in which the temperature of water is increased. Hard water are
appropriate for human consumption similar to that as soft waters, however it produces
adverse actions with soap and thus their use for cleaning purposes is unsatisfactory
and thus their removal from water is required. Hardness of waters varies from place
 to place. In general, surface waters are softer than ground waters. Waters are
commonly classified based on degree of hardness.

Table 1 Showing Degree of Hardness

Hardness:
Hardness is caused by polyvalent metallic cations, though the divalent cations, such as calcium
and magnesium cations are usually the predominant cause of hardness. In addition, hardness is
also caused by Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions. For example, when hard water is heated, Ca2+ ions react
with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to form insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (Eq. 1). This
precipitate, known as scale, coats the vessels in which the water is heated, producing the mineral
deposits on your cooking dishes.Equation 2 presents magnesium hardness.

Ca+2 (aq) + 2HCO3(aq) −˃ CaCO3 (s) + H20 + CO2 (1a)

Mg+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) −˃ MgOH2(s) (2a)

Total hardness is defined as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations, both
expressed as calcium carbonate in mg/L. When hardness (numerically) is greater than the sum of
carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity, amount of hardness equivalent to the total alkalinity is
called “Carbonate hardness”.
Carbonate hardness (mg/L) = Alkalinity (2a)
When alkalinity > Total hardness:
Carbonate hardness (mg/L) = Total hardness (2b)
The amount of hardness in excess of this is called “Non-carbonate hardness (NCH)”. These are
associated with sulphate chloride, and nitrate ions. It is calculated using Eq (2c):
NCH (mg/L) = Total hardness-Carbonate hardness (2c)
 3.3.2. Procedure:

Reagents:
Buffer solution; EDTA Titrant; EBT 1.
Measure Ca-Hardness and Total Hardness by titration as described below. Use a different sample
for each measurement.

Total Hardness:

• Take 100 ml of the sample and add 2 ml buffer solution in it and add 2-3 drops of Black T.
• Titrate it with standard EDTA solution (with continuous stirring) until the last reddish
colour disappears.
• At the end point the solution turns blue. Note down the volume used
• . Calculate Hardness as follows:

Hardness (in mg/L as CaCO3) = (V× N × 50 ×1000) / (SV) (5)

Where: V = volume of titrant (mL);

N = normality of EDTA; 50 = equivalent weight of CaCO3;
SV = sample volume (mL)

Ca-Hardness:
• Take 50 ml of the sample and add 1 ml Sodium Hydroxide solution (8%) in it and add pinch
of Mercurex Powder.
• Titrate with standard EDTA solution until the light pink colour of solution converts into
light blue colour.

3.3.3. Observation and Calculation

Total Hardness = 205.49ppm

Calcium Hardness=43.19ppm
Magnesium Hardness =205.49-43.19=162.30ppm
 3.3.4. Conclusions

By performing experiment we have determined that calcium hardness is 205.49 which is less
than 300ppm according to WHO guidelines. So it is drinkable water.