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‫‪Impact Test‬‬

‫حممد علي عبد‬ ‫نورس فاضل هليل‬

‫حيدر أكرم حسن‬ ‫غيث كريم محدان‬

‫مصطفى عبد الكريم‬

Objective:
To determine the impact toughness (strain energy) thro ugh Izod
and Charpy tests.
Introduction
A metal may be very hard (and therefore very strıng and yet be
unsuitable for applications in which it is subjected to sudden loads in
service. Materials behave quite differently when they are loaded
suddenly than when they are loaded more slowly as in tensile testing.
Because of this fact, impact test is considered one of the basic
mechanical tests (especially for ferrous metals). The term brittle
fracture is used to describe rapid propagation of cracks without any
excessive plastic deformation at a stress level below the yield stress of
the material.
Metals that show ductile behavior usually can, under certain
circumstances, behave in a brittle fashion. The stress needed to cause
yield rises as the temperature falls. At very low temperatures, fracture
occurs before yielding.
THEORY
The Izod impact test
The test piece is a cantilever, clamped upright in an anvil, with a notch
at the level of the top of the clamp. The test piece is hit by a striker
carried on a pendulum, which is allowed to fall freely from a fixed
height, after fracturing the test piece, the height to which the
pendulum rises is recorded by a slave friction pointer mounted on the
dial, from which the absorbed energy amount is read.
The Charpy impact test

The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a
standardized high strain-rate test that determines the amount of
energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is
a measure of a given material’s notch toughness and acts as a tool to
study temperature-dependent ductile–brittle transition. It is widely
applied in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results
can be obtained quickly and cheaply. The test was developed around
1900 by S.B. Russell (1898, American) and Georges Charpy (1901,
French). Charpy knew the test as the Charpy test in the early 1900s
because of the technical contributions and standardization efforts.
Procedure
A- Charpy Method
1- Measure the dimensions of a specimen.
2- Checks that the bubble level in the panel is balanced.
3- Place the specimen for test and see that it is placed center with
respect to hammer. Check the position of notch. The specimen's
notch must be placed on the opposite side to that which receives
the impact from the hammers' blade
4- Raise the pendulum manually placing it at the starting angle that
is 160 o.
5- You must check that the indicating needle is at 0o position to
measure the final angle.
6- Close the devices protection in order to avoid accidents.
7- Activate the pendulums' release handle that will make it fall
affecting over the specimen.
B- Izod Method:
1- Measure the dimension of a specimen.
2- Check that the bubble level in the panel is balanced.
3- Place the specimen for test and see that it is placed center with
respect to hammer check the position of notch. The specimen's notch
must be placed on the side where the impact of the hammer's blade is
going to take place.
4- Raise the pendulum manually to the initial angle that is 160o
5- Close the device's protection in order to avoid accidents.
6- Activate the pendulums' release handle that will make it fall affecting
over the specimen.
7- Repeat the test for specimens of other materials.
Calculation
𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝑯 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝑳(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶)
𝑬𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝑯 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝑳 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷)
𝑬𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 = 𝑬𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝑬𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝑳 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷) − 𝒎 𝒈 𝑳(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶)
𝑬𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝑳 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷)
1. Charpy Test: -
𝛼 = 150°
𝛽 = 136°
𝑚 = 0.825 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 0.33 𝑚
𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑔 𝐿 (cos 𝛼 −cos 𝛽 )
= (0.825) (9.81) (0.33) (cos (150) − cos( 136) )
𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = −0.3917 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
2. Izod Test
𝛼 = 150°
𝛽 = 120°
𝑚 = 1.425 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 0.33 𝑚
𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑔 𝐿 (cos 𝛼 −cos 𝛽 )
= (1.425) (9.81) (0.33) (cos (150) − cos( 120) )
𝐸𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 0.1434 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
Discussion
1- What are the uses of the impact test?
Impact test determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material
during fracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's
toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent brittle-
ductile transition. It is to determine whether the material is brittle or
ductile in nature
2- What is the difference between Charpy and Izod impact test ?
which one is preferred in which case?
a. In the Izod method, the test material was placed in a vertical
position, while in the Charpy method, the test material was placed
horizontally.
b. The notch in the izod test is facing the striker, fastened in a
pendulum, while in the charpy test; the notch is positioned away
from the striker.
c. In the Charpy method, there are two kinds of notches, the V-notch
and the U-notch, while in the Izod method; there is only one kind of
notch.
3- Compare between the impact toughness values of the
materials.
The ability of a metal to deform plastically and to absorb energy in the
process before fracture is termed toughness. The emphasis of this
definition should be placed on the ability to absorb energy before
fracture. Recall that ductility is a measure of how much something
deforms plastically before fracture, but just because a material is
ductile does not make it tough. The key to toughness is a good
combination of strength and ductility. A material with high strength and
high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low
strength and high ductility. Therefore, one way to measure toughness is
by calculating the area under the stress strain curve from a tensile test.
This value is simply called “material toughness” and it has units of
energy per volume. Material toughness equates to a slow absorption of
energy by the material.

4- Can you determine the ductile and tough material? Why?

The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing is

called ductility. In the materials usually machined in our
shops, ductility is measured by determining the percent of elongation
and the percent reduction of area on a specimen during a tensile test

Reference
1- https://www.labtesting.com/services/materials-testing/mechanical-testing/impact-testing/
2- https://www.wmtr.com/en.impact-testing.html
3- https://www.universalsteelamerica.com/calculators/
4- https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/impact-test/