THE CONTEMPORARY

WORLD
2ND SEMESTER, SY 2020-2021

MODULE 4
CHAPTER 4
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Submitted by:

Name: JALALI, ADZRIAH L.

Course: BSN

Level: 3

Submitted to:
Sir Eddie S. Magsalay Jr., MAED
Instructor
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Global governance sounds like a good idea. The world faces a number of
major problems that only our best collective efforts seem capable of addressing.
Whether it’s managing the world’s crisis-prone economic system, addressing the
unprecedented challenge of climate change, or even trying to place security on a
collective basis, there are many issues that seem to demand a cooperative
approach.

And yet one of the most striking features of the contemporary era is that
international relations are increasingly fractious and contested. There is little
agreement on which issues should be prioritised, let alone how—or even
whether—they could be successfully managed. On the contrary, for all the
excited talk about the benefits of ‘globalisation’ and even the end of history in
recent times, the current international order looks anything but orderly.

To anticipate the prospects for global governance in the decades ahead is

to discern powerful tensions, profound contradictions, and perplexing
paradoxes. It is to search for order in disorder, for coherence in contradiction,
and for continuity in change. It is to confront processes that mask both growth
and decay. It is to look for authorities that are obscure, boundaries that are in
flux, and systems of rule that are emergent. And it is to experience hope
embedded in despair.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENTS

The role of the nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to

the varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been
defined in many ways, globalization is generally recognized as the fading or
complete disappearance of economic, social, and cultural borders between
nation-states. Some scholars have theorized that nation-states, which are
inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less relevant in a
globalized world.

While increasingly reduced barriers regarding international commerce and

communication are sometimes seen as a potential threat to nation-states, these
trends have existed throughout history. Air and sea transportation that made
same-day travel to other continents possible and greatly expanded trade among
countries did not abolish the sovereignty of individual nations. Instead,
globalization is a force that changed the way nation-states deal with one another,
particularly in the area of international commerce.

Traditional Challenges

It’s clear that globalization provides an abundance of benefits worldwide —

but what are the disadvantages of globalization? Here is a sample. American
companies have been known to use cheap foreign sweatshop labor to make cheap
American goods. Wealthy, industrialized countries have shipped their trash to
China and Malaysia. Exploiting cheap markets and lax regulations in developing
nations has caused pollution and suffering in those countries, even as profits soar
abroad.

The outsourcing of labour also leaves a dearth of jobs in industrialized

countries, where labour is more expensive. When the United States outsources
manufacturing to cheaper competitors in foreign markets, domestic
manufacturing labourers lose their jobs. Higher unemployment leads to
discontent, strain on the social safety net, and lower tax revenue from income.
Labourers whose skills are less relevant in a global marketplace will have a hard
time adjusting to a world dominated by globalization.
Challenges from National/Identity Movements

Like its effects on society, politics, and the economy, the precise way in
which globalization influences national identity is a continuing subject of debate.
The impact of globalization on national identity is accounted for by various
theoretical models, the empirical studies conducted also evincing contrary
results. While some suggest that globalization prompts a decline in national
identity, others maintain that it reinforces it. Rather than seeking to offer a novel
theoretical perspective, this paper set out to examine nationalism ‘from below’,
attempting to ascertain whether globalization is related to one specific aspect of
national identity.

Global Economics

The global economy has changed significantly over the past few decades, in
the way that it is organised and governed by collaborating nations. These changes
have repercussions that not only affect the flow of goods and services between
countries, but also the movement of people. As we’ve seen on occasions over the
last century, too great a fluctuation in this international economic system can
lead to a global economic crisis.

The functioning of the global economy can be explained through one word
—transactions. International transactions taking place between top economies in
the world help in the continuance of the global economy. These transactions
mainly comprise trade taking place between different countries. International
trade includes the exchange of a variety of products between countries. It ranges
all the way from fruits and foods, to natural oil and weapons.

Global Social Movements

Global social movements (GSMs) are networks that collaborate across

borders to advance thematically similar agendas throughout the world and in
doing so have become powerful actors in global governance. While some scholars
argue that GSMs contribute to democracy in the global arena, others insist GSMs
have their own representational shortcomings. Both sets of scholars examine the
general ways in which GSMs organize members, aggregate interests, and
distribute power and resources. However, such features may not be uniform
across GSMs.

THE RELEVANCEOF THE STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION

It means every country has opened the door of its economy and make it
open to the world. A broader marketplace allows producers to fetch more for
their goods, and a global supply network gives public and private entities more
buying options. Globalization is penetration into different aspects like business,
politics, economics, cultural identity, law, the environment and music. They
argue that the state is irrelevant because it cannot keep pace with economic
forces. In addition to, maintaining peace, the UN aims to protect human rights
and provide humanitarian assistance when, The UN Security Council has the
primary responsibility for international peace and security.

INSTITUTION THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

From a rational choice institutional perspective, people follow norms

because they want to avoid sanctions and maximize rewards. For instance,
members of a parliament, in a parliamentary regime with closed-list elections,
are more likely to adhere to norms of party discipline, in hopes of being
remunerated with a future executive position, than are members of the U.S.
Congress, who are less dependent on party leaders or the president of the United
States for their future political career.

PEACE TREATIES AND MILITARY ALLIANCES: THE UN AND NATO

 NATO and the United Nations (UN) share a commitment to maintaining
international peace and security. The two organisations have been cooperating in
this area since the early 1990s, in support of peace-support and crisis-
management operations. The complexity of today’s security challenges has
required a broader dialogue between NATO and the UN. This has led to
reinforced cooperation and liaison arrangements between the staff of the two
organisations, as well as UN specialised agencies.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

They work for uplifting the backward sections of the community.

Moreover, the major function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap
of inequalities and unfair treatments. Additionally, they ardently strive to make
the lives of victims and poor people better. Non-Governmental Organisations, or
NGOs, as they are called in common parlance, are organisations which are
involved in carrying out a wide range of activities for the benefit of
underprivileged people and the society at large.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS: The WTO and NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA and World Trade

Organization or WTO are trade related entities and are considered to be the most
powerful in trade matters. While WTO pertains to the whole globe, NAFTA is just
related to North American region. It mainly deals with trade among the member
countries. In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international
organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure
that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM

 Globalization is the increasing connectivity between individuals and region
throughout the world while Globalism is the moral or ideological component of
globalisation. In contrast, globalization refers to the increase or decline in the
degree of globalism. In short, consider globalism as the underlying basic
network, while globalization refers to the dynamic shrinking of distance on a
large scale. Globalism is a phenomenon with ancient roots.

The main difference between globalism and globalization is that globalism

is an ideology based on the belief that people, information, and goods should be
able to cross national borders unrestricted, while globalization is the spread of
technology, products, information, and jobs across nations

INFORMATIONALISM

Informationalism is a mode of development of modern society

that is structured by and based on knowledge, science, expertise, and information
technologies. This shift has ecological, economic, political, and cultural
dimensions and is accompanied by both new opportunities and new risks in all
subsystems of society.

It manifests itself in the added importance of knowledge, information, and

communication in the globalized world where human labor is increasingly
involved in the production of immaterial goods (Hardt & Negri 2000).

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider

world – and their place in it. They take an active role in their community and
work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer.
Global Citizenship nurtures personal respect and respect for others, wherever
they live. Exploring Global Citizenship themes help learners grow more confident
in standing up for their beliefs, and more skilled in evaluating the ethics and
impact of their decisions.

References

https://www.macmillanihe.com/blog/post/global-governance-mark-beeson/

https://www.globalization-partners.com/blog/benefits-and-challenges-of-globalization/

https://www.edology.com/blog/accounting-finance/how-does-global-economy-work/

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2012.739343?
journalCode=rglo20#:~:text=Global%20social%20movements%20(GSMs)%20are,powerful%20actors
%20in%20global%20governance.&text=The%20article%20offers%20such%20a,of%20the%20fair
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https://thanyathiprice.com/topps-wcg/87895f-explain-the-relevance-of-the-state-amid-globalization

https://www.google.com/search?q=INFORMATIONALISM&ei=wz_gYLiCI--
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d4CkgEDMC4ymAEAoAECoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpesgBCMABAQ&sclient=gws-
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https://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/who-we-are/what-is-global-citizenship/#:~:text=A%20global
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