Morphology and Syntax(Basics)

Sentence and types of Sentence

Sentence

• Sentence
• “ A Sentence is a set of words followed by a phrase and revealing an
intelligible purpose”
• A.H. Gardiner.
• “The Sentence is the Linguistic expression or symbol defining
combination of several ideas that has been effected in the mind of
speaker”
• Hermann Paul
Continued……

• The Sentence is conveniently taken as the largest unit of grammatical

analysis.
• The Sentence is the structural statement of grammatical description
• A Sentence is by definition, grammatically complete be preceded and
followed by infinite pause or silence.
Continued……..

It is usually marked in writing by final punctuation, full stop, question

mark, exclamation mark or semicolon and in speech by a
characteristic intonation tune.
The congruence between the grammatical and phonological levels is
an additional characteristic of the status of the sentence as a
structural unit.
Basic Sentence Structure

• All Sentences must have……

• 1- a subject
• (who or what is being discussed)
• 2- a predicate
• ( has a verb and gives information about the subject)
• 3- a complete thought or give a message e.g “Five boats crossed the
river”
Continued…….

• The early bird catches the worm.

• Islamabad is the Capital of Pakistan.
• The beautiful rainbow soon faded away
• No man can serve two masters.
• I shot an arrow into the air.
• Bad habits grow unconsciously.
The Phrase and The Clause

• The Phrase
• Such group of words, which makes sense but not complete sense is
called a Phrase. For example: in a corner, in the east, on the wall, of
great beauty etc.
• The Clause
• Such group of words which forms part of a sentence and contains a
subject and a predicate is called a Clause. For example
• 1- I think that you have made a mistake.
• 2- We cannot start while it is raining.
• A Sentence is composed of one or more clauses.
• Clauses may be related in two ways within sentences.
• They may be co-ordinated or sub-ordinated.
• In analyzing the structure of sentences, there must be a recognition
of syntactic levels:
• Sentence- clause- phrase- word.
Clauses

• A Clause is apart of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb.

There are two main types of clauses.

• 1- Independent ( main clause)

• 2- Dependent ( subordinate clause)
Independent clauses
Clauses that can stand alone as their own sentence.
Example: He is older than his brother.

Dependent Clauses
Clauses that cannot stand on their own.

A dependent clause that stands alone is a sentence fragment; the most

common type of error in English writing.
Example: Because he is older than his brother
Types of Sentence

• There are four main sentence types

• 1- Simple
• 2- Compound
• 3- Complex
• 4- Compound- Complex
Simple Sentence

• A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and one
predicate. So we can say that simple sentence has
• only one clause.
• More than one verb or more than one subject.
• Examples:
• My younger brother cooks well.
• My mother and father are retired.
Compound Sentence

• A Sentence which is made up of two or more main clauses is called

compound sentence. So, compound sentence has
• Two or more independent clauses( or simple sentences), joined
together by coordinating conjunctions.
• A semicolon( ;)
• Semicolon plus a conjunctive( also, however, otherwise,
consequently, thus )
Continued……

• Example:
• My brother lives in Lahore, and my sister lives in Islamabad.
• We went to visit them last winter; however, we did not enjoy their
company
Complex Sentence

• A complex sentence consists of one main Clause and one or more

subordinate clauses.
• Examples:
• Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind. “wherever
she goes” is a dependent clause.
• He’s sad because he’s lonely. “because he’s lonely” is a dependent
clause.
Simple, Compound, Complex

• Simple: My friend invited me to a party. I don’t want to go.

• Compound: My friend invited me to a party, but I don’t want to go.
• Complex: Although my friend invited me to a party, I don’t want to go.
Compound- Complex Sentence

• Has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent

clauses.
• Examples:
• Zainab enrolled at Fatima Jinnah Women’s University, and Zoha, who
was her younger sister, joined her there the following year.
• When Bill left, he locked the door, but he forgot to turn off the lights.
• Eric likes peas, but Liza prefers green beans when they are roasted
Referencecs

• https:// www. Grammar-monster.com

• https://dictionary. Cambridge.org
• https://sentence.yourdictionary.com
• https://academicguides.waldenu.edu
• https://www.englishclub.com