Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Togores, Joshua E. 4 th Quarter

STEM 11 – 3 Week 1 – 8

1. What is Geologic hazard?

A geologic hazard is an extreme natural event in the crust of the earth that pose a threat
to life and property, for example, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal
waves) and landslides.
2. What are other geologic hazards?

Geologic hazards phenomena can occur suddenly, or slowly. Sudden phenomena

include: Earthquakes - Liquefaction (soils), Tsunamis. Volcanic Eruptions - Lava Flows,
Ash Fall, Lahars. Landslides - Rock Falls or Slides, Debris Flows, Mud Flows.
3. What is sinkhole? What are the causes of sinkhole?

A sinkhole is a depression in the ground that has no natural external surface drainage.
Basically, this means that when it rains, all of the water stays inside the sinkhole and
typically drains into the subsurface.
Activities like drilling, mining, construction, broken water or drain pipes, improperly
compacted soil after excavation work or even heavy traffic can result in small to large
sinkholes. Water from a broken pipe can penetrate through mud and rocks and erode
the ground underneath and cause sinkholes.
4. What are the different types of sinkholes?

The different types of sinkholes are Solution Sinkhole, Cover Collapse Sinkhole and
Cover Subsidence Sinkhole.
5. What is landslide? What are the causes of landslide?

A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a

slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope
movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide"
encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows.
These are further subdivided by the type of geologic material (bedrock, debris, or earth).
Debris flows (commonly referred to as mudflows or mudslides) and rock falls are
examples of common landslide types.
Almost every landslide has multiple causes. Slope movement occurs when forces acting
down-slope (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that
compose the slope. Causes include factors that increase the effects of down-slope
forces and factors that contribute to low or reduced strength. Landslides can be initiated
in slopes already on the verge of movement by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water
level, stream erosion, changes in ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity,
disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors. Earthquake
shaking and other factors can also induce landslides underwater. These landslides are
called submarine landslides. Submarine landslides sometimes cause tsunamis that
damage coastal areas.
6. What are the types of landslides?

The types of landslides are Rock Falls, Rock Slope Failures, Rotational Landslides,
Debris Flows, Creep, Solifluction and Translational Slides.
7. What are the signs of impending geological hazard?

Springs, seeps, or saturated ground in areas that have not typically been wet before.
New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street pavements or sidewalks. Soil
moving away from foundations. Ancillary structures such as decks and patios tilting
and/or moving relative to the main house.
 Activity 1
1. Decreases
2. Increases
3. Increases
4. Increases
5. Increases
6. Decreases
7. Increases
8. Increases
9. Increases
10. Increases

 Performance Task 1

When I check every corner on our house, I found out that we are not prone in landslide
and sinkholes.
8. How do we mitigate the effects of geological hazards?

Geologic hazards may be avoided by relocation. The stability of sloping earth can be
improved by the construction of retaining walls, which may use techniques such as
slurry walls, shear pins, tiebacks, soil nails or soil anchors. Larger projects may use
gabions and other forms of earth buttress. Shorelines and streams are protected
against scour and erosion using revetments and riprap.
 9. How to interpret geological maps?

Geologists use geologic maps to represent where geologic formations, faults, folds, and
inclined rock units are. Geologic formations are recognizable, mappable rock units.
Each formation on the map is indicated by a color and a label.
10. What is hydrometeorological hazard?

Hydrometeorological hazard: Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological) or

oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
11. What are the different hydrometeorological hazards? How are these hazards
generated?

Hydrometeorological hazards include tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons and

hurricanes), thunderstorms, hailstorms, tornados, blizzards, heavy snowfall,
avalanches, coastal storm surges, floods including flash floods, drought, heatwaves and
cold spells.
Environmental hazards may include chemical, natural and biological hazards. They can
be created by environmental degradation or physical or chemical pollution in the air,
water and soil. ... Geological or geophysical hazards originate from internal earth
processes.
12. What are the impending signs of different hydrometeorological hazards?

The signs of hydrometeorological hazards are Increased Ocean Swell, Barometric

Pressure Drop, Wind Speed, Heavy Rainfall and Tropical Cyclone.
13. How do we interpret a hydrometeorological hazard map?

Hydrometeorological hazards are caused by extreme meteorological and climate

events, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, or landslides. They account for
a dominant fraction of natural hazards and occur in all regions of the world, although the
frequency and intensity of certain hazards and society’s vulnerability to them differ
between regions. Severe storms, strong winds, floods, and droughts develop at different
spatial and temporal scales, but all can become disasters that cause significant
infrastructure damage and claim hundreds of thousands of lives annually worldwide.
Oftentimes, multiple hazards can occur simultaneously or trigger cascading impacts
from one extreme weather event. For example, in addition to causing injuries, deaths,
and material damage, a tropical storm can also result in flooding and mudslides, which
can disrupt water purification and sewage disposal systems, cause overflow of toxic
wastes, and increase propagation of mosquito-borne diseases.
 14. What are the available tools in the Philippines used for monitoring
hydrometeorological hazards?

The available tools in the Philippines used for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards
are Meteorological Satellites, Geostationary, Polar Orbiting, Radiophone, Teletype and
Facsimile Machine.
15. How to interpret a hydrometeorological hazard map?

Hydrometeorological hazards are caused by extreme meteorological and climate

events, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, or landslides. They account for
a dominant fraction of natural hazards and occur in all regions of the world, although the
frequency and intensity of certain hazards and society’s vulnerability to them differ
between regions. Severe storms, strong winds, floods, and droughts develop at different
spatial and temporal scales, but all can become disasters that cause significant
infrastructure damage and claim hundreds of thousands of lives annually worldwide.
Oftentimes, multiple hazards can occur simultaneously or trigger cascading impacts
from one extreme weather event. For example, in addition to causing injuries, deaths,
and material damage, a tropical storm can also result in flooding and mudslides, which
can disrupt water purification and sewage disposal systems, cause overflow of toxic
wastes, and increase propagation of mosquito-borne diseases.
16. What is fire and its elements?

Fire is the product from a chemical reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and
some sort of fuel (wood or gasoline). The fire triangle is a simple way of understanding
the elements of fire. The sides of the triangle represent the interdependent ingredients
needed for fire: heat, fuel and oxygen.
 Activity 3
A. Home:
1. Carefully read the ingredient list of any product or chemical you use.
2. Purchase the proper personal protective equipment like gloves or goggles.
3. Be aware of the hazardous materials you come in contact with.
B. School:
1. Travel in groups.
2. Stay aware of your surroundings.
3. Avoid negative behavior toward other students.
C. Community/Barangay:
1. Plan and memorize your route before you leave home. Travel well-lit, busy
streets and be alert at all times to your surroundings.
2. Avoid walking alone at night.
3. Don’t walk-in high-risk areas if you can avoid it at any time of day.
 17. What are the causes of fire?

The causes of fire are Faulty appliances and leads. Faulty fuel supply. Misuse of
equipment or appliances and Placing articles too close to heat.
18. What are the different types of fire?
 Class A - fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles.
 Class B - fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.
 Class C - fires involving gases.
 Class D - fires involving metals.
 Class E - fires involving live electrical apparatus. (Technically ‘Class E’ doesn’t
exist however this is used for convenience here)
 Class F - fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers .

19. What to do before, during and after a fire?
 Keep an eye on the local news.
 Learn how to prevent wildfires.
 Map out your escape routes.
 Keep flammable items away from your home's perimeter.
 Practice fire safety techniques.
 Make sure your home and belongings are properly insured.
 Prepare your emergency kit.

 Activity 4
A. What to prepare:

In this situation, I immediately take away our flammable items so the fire won’t spread
and I’m going to prepare our emergency kit in case one of my family got injured.
B. What to do in case of fire:

Stay calm is the only option in this situation because when you are calm, you can think
fast and you should evacuate.
C. What to remember in case of fire:

Remember the fire safety techniques and map out your escape routes.
D. Where to go:

Go to the safe place probably outside of your house and stay away from the fire as soon
as you got out.
 20. How to use a fire extinguisher?
 Pull: Pull the pin, this will break the tamper seal.
 Aim: Aim low, pointing the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire. ...
 Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent.
 Sweep: Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire, the fuel source, until the
fire is out.

21. What is DRR? What are the key concepts of DRR?

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards
like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of prevention.
Disasters often follow natural hazards. A disaster's severity depends on how much
impact a hazard has on society and the environment.
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks.
It is founded on the principle that while hazards are inevitable, its adverse effects like
lost lives and/or destruction of property are not. There are steps that we can do to
ensure reduction of risks.
 Activity 5

Type Of Disasters
1. Typhoon
2. Earthquake
3. Fire
Things To Do
1. Evacuate immediately when the authority says.
2. Stay calm and evacuate.
3. Go to the safe place when the fire is still raging.

 Activity 6

Risk
- Perilousness
- Threat
- Trouble
- Hazard
Reduction
- Depletion
- Cut
- Pruning
- Mitigation
B. Construct a simple meaning of Disaster Risk Reduction.

Disaster Risk Reduction is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing

the risks of disaster.

22. What is the importance of DRR?

Every organization and government engaged in disaster risk reduction awareness must
plan and communicate harmonized messages – a key element to avoid confusion. As a
consequence, we increase people's confidence in acting to make themselves safer.
23. What is DRRM?

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

24. What is CBDRRM?

Community Based Disaster Risk Management

 Activity 7

1. I learned that having knowledge about Community-Based Disaster Risk

Management plays a crucial role in our life because this knowledge can save
lives given the fact that I am still a student and I already know this was a big part
for me.
2. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management is very advantageous to me since
I already know what I should do in future when I face this scenario because
facing this is very scary since it can take your life.
3. Early warning device is very important in people who are stubborn to evacuate
because they’re a lot of people who are not in the mood to evacuate. It helps
people to have more time to think and bring anything during disaster.

25. What are the roles of the state and the citizens in the disaster preparedness?
 PROTECTING AGAINST FINANCIAL LOSS
 KNOWING THE WARNING SYSTEM
 PREPARING TO EVACUATE OR STAYING AT HOME
 26. What is NDRRMC? What are its roles?

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. NDRRMC serves as the
President's adviser on disaster preparedness programs, disaster operations and
rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the government and the private sector. It acts as the
top coordinator of all disaster management and the highest allocator of resources in the
Philippines.
27. What are the roles of the different government agencies to disaster preparedness
and management?

The Role of Local Government Agencies

Local agencies are the first to respond to any disaster. Each local authority should have
an emergency management plan in place which includes activating an emergency
operations center (EMC). Initially, local authorities use their own funds to deal with
disasters and have the right to waive local bidding requirements to expedite
procurement of emergency equipment, services and materials. The EMC keeps the
state emergency management agency informed of developments and, if necessary,
requests state or federal assistance.

State Agencies and Their Role

Apart from monitoring local disasters, state agencies coordinate response and
resources to local authorities that are overwhelmed by the scale of a disaster. If needed,
a state governor has the authority to declare a state of emergency, giving the right to
release resources to assist local municipalities.

Federal Agencies
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is tasked with providing national
resources to states and local authorities that are unable to cope with disasters. Once
the President accepts a request for federal assistance from a state, FEMA assigns
personnel and resources to an emergency response team, as well as for a disaster field
office that coordinates assistance.
 Role of Distributors in Supplying Tools and Equipment
Initially, the main focus is on the rescue and treatment of casualties. Thereafter, as
teams work to stabilize the situation, the focus gradually moves towards recovery.
Irrespective of the scale of the disaster, materials and resources are needed for
rescuing victims, mitigating hazards and beginning the process of recovery. Although
local authorities hold stocks of emergency equipment, these may be insufficient for
incidents of widespread destruction and injury. At this point, local authorities will turn to
local and national distributors of essential equipment.
Casualty Evacuation Tools
Incidents with multiple casualties are most difficult to handle, especially if the number of
casualties exceeds first responders, as happened in the mass shooting incident in Las
Vegas. This incident illustrates the dilemma first responders face when there's a
concurrent need to urgently move victims out of harm's way while providing emergency
first aid treatment. In such instances, conventional solutions such as gurneys and rigid
stretchers may not be suitable, especially as they may require more manpower than is
available.