CCE410:Digital Communication

Lecture 2
Digital to Analog Conversion

Dr. Shimaa Salama

 References
• B.P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”
(3rdEdition), Oxford University Press, 1998 .
• Behrouz A. Forouzan“Data Communication and Networking” (5thEdition),
McGraw Hill International Edition, 2015.
• Leon W.Couch “Digital and Analog Communication Systems” (8th Edition),
Prentoce Hall International Edition, 2012.
 Digital to analog conversion
• Baseband digital signals are transmitted directly without any shift in the
frequencies of the signal (without carrier), because baseband signals have
sizable power at low frequencies.

• They are suitable for short distance transmission over a pair of wires, coaxial
cables, or optical fibers.
• Baseband digital signals cannot be transmitted over a radio link or satellites
because this would necessitate impracticably large antennas to efficiently
radiate the low-frequency spectrum of the signal.
Digital to analog conversion

The signal spectrum must be shifted to a high-frequency range.

 Digital to analog conversion
• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing any of the three
characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.

Is better mechanism that combines changing both the amplitude and phase, it is the most
efficient of these options and is the mechanism commonly used today
 Data Element Versus Signal Element
• Data element as the smallest piece of information to be exchanged, the bit.
• Signal element as the smallest unit of a signal that is constant
Data Rate Versus Signal Rate
Data rate (bit rate) and the signal rate (baud rate)

where N is the data rate (bps) and r is the number of data elements carried
in one signal element.
The value of r in analog transmission is r = log2 L, where L is the number
of different signal elements.
Data Element Versus Signal Element
 Data Element Versus Signal Element

• Baud is analogous to a vehicle, and a bit is analogous to a passenger.

• We need to maximize the number of people per car to reduce the traffic.
Data Element Versus Signal Element
 Amplitude Shift Keying
• In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to
create signal elements. Both frequency and phase remain constant while
the amplitude changes.

Binary ASK (BASK)

ASK is normally implemented using only two levels with two different
amplitudes. This is referred to as binary amplitude shift keying or on-off
keying (OOK).
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Binary ASK (BASK)

The peak amplitude of one signal level is 0; the other is the same as the amplitude
of the carrier frequency.

• OOK consists of keying (switching) a carrier on and off with a unipolar

signal.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Bandwidth for ASK
• The carrier signal is only one simple sine wave, the process of modulation
produces a nonperiodic composite signal.
• This signal has a continuous set of frequencies. the bandwidth is proportional
to the signal rate (baud rate)

bandwidth signal rate

(baud rate).

d → is a factor which depends on the modulation and

filtering process. The value of d is between 0 and 1.

The required bandwidth has a minimum value of S and a maximum value of 2S.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Binary ASK (BASK)
Amplitude Shift Keying
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK
• A balanced modulator (or mixer) which multiplies the baseband digital unipolar
signal by the carrier signal coming from an oscillator.

• When the amplitude of the digital signal is 1, the amplitude of the carrier frequency is
held; when the amplitude of the digital signal is 0, the amplitude of the carrier
frequency is zero.
Implementation of binary ASK (detection )

OOK may be detected using either:

 Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK (optimum detection )
When the input OOK signal is corrupted by noise and the input noise is large,
product detector with matched filter processing and a threshold device
(comparator) is required.

FIG.A
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK (optimum detection )

Noise

FIG.B (Matched filter )

• Integrate the input signal plus noise over one symbol period T (which is the bit period for
binary signaling)
• The matched filter requires a clocking signal that is used to reset the integrator at the
beginning of each bit interval and to clock the sample-and-hold circuit at the end of each
bit interval. This clock signal is provided by a bit synchronizer circuit - called bit sync.
Integrate-and-dump realization of a matched filter. Fig.B
Coherent Detection with Matched Filter Processing

Output. Fig A
 Amplitude Shift Keying
Implementation of binary ASK (optimum detection )

• The optimum coherent OOK detector ( Coherent Detection with Matched

Filter Processing) is more costly to implement than the noncoherent OOK
detector.
• If the input noise is small, the noncoherent receiver may be the best solution,
considering both cost and noise performance.
.
 Sample and Hold Circuit
• A Sample and Hold Circuit, sometimes represented as S/H Circuit or S & H Circuit, is usually used
with an Analog to Digital Converter to sample the input analog signal and hold the sampled signal.

•Analog Switch

•Holding Capacitor