CCE410: Digital Communication

Introduction

LECTURER: SHIMAA SALAMA

 Course Info
Title Digital Communication

Lecturers Dr. Shimaa Salama

Lecturers webpages
Lecturer e-mail
Teaching assistant (TA)
References
Dr .heba adly
http://www.bu.edu.eg/staff/shimaasal
ama3
shimaa.salama@feng.bu.edu.eg
Eng. Reem
Multiple references will be used
 Course Contents
Introduction digital system

Amplitude Shift Keying

Frequency Shift Keying

Phase Shift Keying

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Code division multiplexing

 References
 Behrouz A. Forouzan “Data Communication and
Networking” (5th Edition), McGraw Hill, 2015.

 Peyton Z. Peebles, JR. “Digital Communication

Systems”, Prentice Hall, 1987.
 Transmission of Digital Signals

 We can transmit a digital signal by using one of two different

approaches: baseband transmission or broadband transmission
(using modulation).
 Baseband Transmission
 Baseband transmission means sending a digital signal over a
channel without changing the digital signal to an analog signal.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Baseband Transmission
 Baseband transmission requires that we have a low-pass channel, a
channel with a bandwidth that starts from zero.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Baseband Transmission
 Low-Pass Channel with Wide Bandwidth
 Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape
of the digital signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel
with an infinite or very wide bandwidth.

 f1 is close to zero, and f2 is very high.

 Some of the frequencies are blocked by the medium, they are not
critical.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Baseband Transmission
 Low-Pass Channel with Limited Bandwidth
 In a low-pass channel with limited bandwidth, we approximate the
digital signal with an analog signal. The level of approximation
depends on the bandwidth available.

 The digital signal can be approximated using the first harmonic

frequency for worst case, then the required bandwidth is:
N
Bandwidth  ,where N is the bit rate of the digital signal
2
 To make the shape of the analog signal look more like that of a
digital signal, we need to add more harmonics of the frequencies.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Baseband Transmission
 Low-Pass Channel with Limited Bandwidth
 We need to increase the bandwidth. We can increase the
bandwidth to 3N/2, 5N/2, 7N/2, and so on.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Baseband Transmission
 Example 1
 What is the required bandwidth of a low-pass channel if we need
to send 1 Mbps by using baseband transmission?

 Solution
 The answer depends on the accuracy desired.
 The minimum bandwidth is B = bit rate/2, or 500 kHz.
 A better result can be achieved by using the first and the third
harmonics with the required bandwidth B = 3 X 500 kHz = 1.5
MHz.
 A still better result can be achieved by using the first, third, and
fifth harmonics with B = 5 X 500 kHz = 2.5 MHz.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Baseband Transmission
 Example 2
 We have a low-pass channel with bandwidth 100 kHz. What is the
maximum bit rate of this channel?

 Solution
 The maximum bit rate can be achieved if we use the first
harmonic. The bit rate is 2 times the available bandwidth, or 200
kbps.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Broadband Transmission (Using Modulation)
 Broadband transmission or modulation means changing the digital
signal to an analog signal for transmission.

 Modulation allows us to use a bandpass channel, a channel with a

bandwidth that does not start from zero.
 Transmission of Digital Signals
 Broadband Transmission (Using Modulation)
 If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the
digital signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital
signal to an analog signal before transmission.
 Digital System

Functional block diagram of a digital communication system

 Digital System

 Analog-to-Digital Converter
 The transmitting subsystem can accept digital signals directly. It
can also work with analog signals if they are converted to digital
form in the A/D converter.

 Source Encoder
 The general purpose of the source encoder is to convert effectively
each discrete symbol (level) into suitable digital representation,
often binary.
 Digital System

 Source Encoder
 Most practical message sources have redundancy, a principal
purpose of the source encoder is to reduce the redundancy in the
original information depending on the required fidelity.

 For example, voice can be intelligibly encoded into a 4 kbit/s bit

stream for severely bandwidth constrained settings, or sent at 64
kbit/s for conventional wireline telephony.

 The more effective the encoder is, the more redundancy is

removed, which allows a smaller average number of binary digits
to be used in representing the message.
 Digital System

 Channel Encoder
 The channel encoder reduces the effects of the errors that may
arise from channel imperfections during the transmission of the
signal through the channel.

 The channel encoder makes this reduction possible by adding

controlled redundancy in a known manner such that errors may be
reduced.

 for applications that are delay insensitive, the channel code may be
optimized for error detection, followed by a request for
retransmission.
 Digital System

 Channel Encoder
 For real-time applications for which retransmissions are not
possible, the channel code may be optimized for error correction.

 Modulator
 The modulator translates the discrete symbols output by the
channel encoder into an analog waveform and shifts them to a
higher frequency band for better radiation performance.

 Channel
 Channel is the physical medium that is used to send the signal
from the transmitter to the receiver.