Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070

!=! j|Xdf08 ;DaGwL hfgsf/L

Uff]kLrGb| kf}8]n - Pd P:;L, Pd P9_
;f}o{d08n– ;"o{, u|x, pku|x, lzz'u|x, pNsf, w'ds]t', k'R5|]|tf/fx? cflbsf] ;d'x .
j|Xdf08 M –cGtl/Ifdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lk08x?sf] cltljzfn ;d"x g} j|Xdf08 xf] .
o; cGtu{t ;Dk"0f{ ;f}o{d08n, tf/f, tf/fd08n, tf/fk'~h cflb kb{5g\ .
`` Cosmology: j|xdf08 ;DjlGw cWofog ug]{ zf:q xf] .
Uoflnlnof] UoflnlnM ;a}eGbf klxnf]] b'/aLg k|of]u u/L j|xdf08sf] cWoog ug]{ j}1flgs
;f}o{d08nM ;"o{ / ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] u|x, pku|x lzz'u|x, pNsfx?, w'ds]t', u|xx?sf] ljrdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ljB'trfh{o'Qm KnfHdf
cflbsf] ;d"x g} ;f}o{d08n xf] .
lgsf]n; sf]klg{s;M ;"o{ s]lGb|t l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs x'g\ . pgn] ;"o{ s]Gb|df /xG5 / k[YjL nufot u|xx?n] o;sf] kl/qmdf
ub{5g\ elg ;j} eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] l;4fGt k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
k|sf; jif{M cGtl/Ifdf b'/L gfKg k|of]u x'g] PsfO
k|sf;n] Ps jif{df kf/ u/]sf] b'/L g} Ps k|sf; jif{sf] xf] .
Ps k|sf; jif{ Ö (=$^× !)!% ld x'G5 .
k|sf;sf] ult M k|sf;sf] ult #×!)* ld=;]s]08 cyjf #×!)% ls=ld=;]s]08 x'G5 .
P:6f]gf]ldsn o'lg6 (AU) =
;f}o{ kl/jf/ leq b'/L gfKg] PsfO AU xf] . 1AU Ö ;'o{ / k[YjL ljrsf] b'/L .
1AU = 1.5×1011 m or 1.5×108km -s/Lj_
;"o{(sun)
– ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] ;j}eGbf k|d'v ;b:o
– cfsfzu+uf tf/fk'~hdf /x]sf Ps v/a tf/f dWo] dWod cfsf/sf] tf/f .
– ;f}o{d08nsf] nueu ((Ü ef/ ePsf] lk08
– cGo u|xx?sf] lk08x? eGbf &$) u'0ff j9L lk08 ePsf] .
– cf};t Jof; –!#, (@, $)) ls=ld
– ;fk]lIft 3gTj– !=$!
– k[YjL b]lvsf] b'/L– !$ s/f]8 ** nfv ls=ld=
– ;"o{sf] ;txsf] cf};t tfkqmd– 5540oc (10,0000F)
– ;"o{sf] s]Gb|sf] cf};t tfkqmd –1,50,00,000oc (35,000,000oF)
– ;f}o{ jtf;sf] j]u – 500km/s
– ;"o{sf] lk08=1.99×1030 kg (2×1030 kg)
– ;"o{sf] ljrdf b]lvg] wAaf – cDj|f(Umbra)
– ;"o{sf] ;txdf b]lvg] 3]/f – k]g'Dj|f(Penumbra)
– ;"o{ zlQmsf] d'nsf/0f – Go"lSnP/ k|ltlqmof
– ;"o{sf] jgfj6 – xfO8«hf]g – &)Ü lxlnod @*Ü cGo @
– ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf k|sfz cfOk'Ug nfUg] ;do – * ld= @) ;]s]G8
– ;"o{n] kl/qmdf ug]{ sIfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' – Uofn]lS6s ;]G6/ (Galactic Center)
– ;"o{sf] ult – 221 km/s
– ;"o{n] (Galactic center ) tf/fk'~hLo s]Gb|nfO{ Ps k6s 3'Dg nfUg] ;do – @% s/f]8 jif{ . o;nfO{ Cosmic year klg
elgG5 .
;"o{ / k[YjLsf] t'ngf
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] cfsif{0f jn – @* u'0ff a9L
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] Jof;sf] lx;fjn] –!)( u'0ff a9L
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] lk08 lx;fan] – #,#@,($^ u'0ffa9L
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] cfotgsf] lx;fajn] – !@, ((, #&) u'0ff a9L
u|xx?M
– ;"o{sf] j/Lkl/ 3'Dg] cfsflzo lk08
– cfˆg} tfk / k|sf; gePsf] lk08
– hDdf u|x – * j6f
– ;g\ @))^ cui6 @#–@$ sf] cGt{/fli6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf] @^ cf}F dxf;ef af6 odnfO{ u|xsf] dfGotfaf6 x6fO{of] .
o;sf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff ;]K6]Da/ @))^ df eof].
lelqu|x – j'w, z'qm, k[YjL d+un
aflx/Lu|x – j[x:ktL, zlg, c?0f, a?0f
u|x x'gsf] nflucfjZos of]UotfM
1. cfˆgf] :ki6 sIf x'g'kb{5 .
2. u'?Tjjnn] uf]nfsf/ (Spherical) x'g'kb{5 .
1|P a g e Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070
3. cGo cfsflzo lk08 sIfsf] glhs x'g' x'Fb}g .
od ;Fu} lzz'u|xx? /x]sf] / o;sf] l5d]s (Clear) gePsf]n] o;nfO{ u|xsf] dfGotfaf6 x6fPsf] xf] o;nfO{ xfnk'mRr] u|x
(Dwarf planet) elgG5 .
;a}eGbf ;fgf] u|x – j'w ;j}eGbf 7'nf] u|x – j[x:klt
;fgf b]lv 7'nf] qmdsf] u|xM a'w, d+un, z'qm, k[YjL, j?0f, c?0f zlg, j[x:klt .
;"o{af6 glhs b]lv 6f9f ;Ddsf] u|xx?sf] qmdM
a'w ,z'qm, k[YjL, d+un, j[X:klt, zlg, c?0f a?0f
j'w(Mercury)
– ;j}eGbf ;fgf] u|x
– Pstkm{ clttftf] / csf]{lt/ clt708f ePsf] u|x
– ;"o{af6 % s/f]8 &^ nfv ls=ld= 6f9f /x]sf] u|x
– ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ *&=(& nueu ** lbg nfU5 .
– cfˆg} cIfdf 3'Dg %*=^% -%( nueu lbg nfU5_ .
– a'wsf] ult $* ls=ld=÷;]s]08 5 .
z'qm(Venus)
– ;"o{af6 bf];|f] glhssf] u|x
– ;j}eGbf rlDsnf] u|x
– sIf e|d0f ;do– @@$ lbg -z'qmsf] jif{_
– cIf e|d0f ;do – @$#= lbg -z'qmsf ]lbg_
– jif{ eGbf lbg nfdf] x'g]
– ;j}eGbf tftf] u|x, pku|x, gePsf] .
– Morning star / Evening star sf] pkgfdn] lrgLg]
– ;"o{af6 b'/L !) s/f]8 %& nfv ls=ld=
– z'qmsf] ult #%=^# ls=ld=÷;]s]08 5 .
– sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] jfbn ePsf] -jfo'd08n_ j9L tftf] ePsf]
k[YjL(Earth)
– ;lhjnfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f x'g] u|x .
– b'O ltxfO -&!Ü_ kfgL / @(Ü hldg /x]sf]
– ;"o{nfO{ 3'Dg #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $%=%! ;]s]08 nfU5 .
– cfˆg} cIfdf 3'Dg – @# 306f %^ ldg]6 $=)( ;]s]08
– k[YjLsf] ult #) ls=ld=÷;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
– o;sf] cf};t Jof; !@^&@ ls=ld /x]sf] 5 .
– o;sf] Psdfq pku|x rGb|df xf] .
– o;sf] cf};t 3gTj 5.52gm/cm35 . To;}n] ;j}eGbf j9L 3gTj ePsf] u|x xf] .
d+un(Mars)
– /ftf] u|x -lndf]gfO6 x'gfn] b]lvPsf]_
– u|xsf] b'j} w|'j{df UofF;Lo j/kmsf 6f]kL /x]sf]
– sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] kftnf] jfo'd08n /x]sf]
– o;n] ;"o{nfO{ Psk6s 3'Dg ^*& lbg nufpF5 .
– o;n] cfˆgf] cIfdf @$ 306f #& ldg]6 @@ ;]s]08df 3'D5 .
– cf};tJof; ^&$@ ls=ld= 5 .
– o;sf @ j6f pku|x /x]sf 5g\ . -kmfaf]; / l8df];_
– ;"o{af6 @@ s/f]8 %^ nfv ls=ld= 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
– o;sf] ult 24km/s /x]sf] 5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 3.93gm/cm3 5 .
– d+unu|x uPsf] klxnf] ofg – efOlsË–!
j[x:klt(Jupiter)
– ;f}o{d08nsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] u|x
– /ftf] bfu ePsf] ldy]g / co2sf] jfo'd08n ePsf]
– ;"o{af6sf] b'/L && s/f]8 &@ nfv ls=ld=
– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug{ !!=*^ jif{ nfU5 .
– cfˆgf] cIfdf 3'Dg ( 306f %% ldg]6 #) ;s]08 nfU5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 1.33gm/cm35 .
– pku|xsf] ;+Vof ^& 5g\ .
– ;j}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x …u]gLd]8Ú
Zflg(Saturn)
– ;f}o{d08nsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] u|x
2|P a g e Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070
– jl/kl/ rqm ePsf] u|x
– ;"o{ b]lvsf] b'/L !,^@,($,)),))) ls=ld=
– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug{ @(=$^ jif{ nfU5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 0.687gm/mc3 5 .
– ;j}eGbf xn'sf -3gTjsf] lx;fjn]_ kfgLdf pqg]
– pku|xsf] ;+Vof –^@
– ;j}eGbf 7'nf] pku|x –6L6fg
– ;j}eGbf ;fgf] pku|x – kmf]j]
c?0f (Uranus)
– t];|f] 7"nf] u|x
– ;"o{jf6 b'/L @,*&,%),)),)) ls=ld=
– ;"on { fO{ kl/qmdf ug{ *$ jif{ nufpF5 .
– cf};tult %=$ ls=ld=÷ ;]s]08 5 .
– cfˆgf] cIfdf 3'Dg !& 306f !$ ldg]6 nfU5 .
– c?0fsf] cf};t 3gTj 1.27gm/cm35 .
– pku|xsf] ;+Vof @& 5g\ . xl/of] /+u b]lvG5 .
j?0f (Neptune)
– ;"o{af6 ;j]}eGbf 6f9fsf] u|x
– ;"o{jf6sf] b'/L $,$(,&),&),)) ls=ld= 5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 1.64gm/cm35 .
– o;n] cIfdf 3'Dg !^$=( jif{ nfufpF5 .
– o;sf] !$ j6f pku|x 5g\ .
– ;j}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x 6«fO6g (Triton)xf] .
pku|xM
u|xsf] jl/jl/ 3'Dg] cfsflzo lk08nfO{ pku|x elgG5 .
pku|x k|fs[lts / s[lqd u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
j'w / z'qmu|xsfpku|x 5}gg\ .
k[YjLsf] pku|x – ! zlgsf]] pku|x– ^@
d+unsf] pku|x– @ c?0fsf] pku|x – @&
j[x:kltsf] pku|x– ^& j?0fsf] pku|x – !$
hDdf pku|x !&# j6f 5g\ .
lzz'u|x M
d+un / j[x:klt u|xx?sf] ljrdf /lx ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{ cfsflzo lk08 .
– lolgx?sf] lglZrtcfsf/ 5}g
– lolgx? !=^ ls=ld= b]lv *)) ls=ld= ;Dd Jof; ePsf 5g\ .
– nueu !^)) j6f lzz'u|xsf] klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5 .
pNsf(Meteor)
cfsfzdf jNb} k[YjLlt/ emg]{ qmddf x/fpg] lk08 g} pNsf x'g\
pNsf lk08 ( Meteorite): cfsfzdf jNb} emb}{ hfFbf k[YjLsf] ;tx ;Dd cfOk'Ug] cfsflzo lk08nfO{ pNsf lk08 elgG5 . sl/j %)
xhf/ jif{ klxn] cd]l/sfsf] Pl/hf]gdf !@^% ld6/ rf}8f / !&% ld6/ ulx/f vfN8f] jgfpg] u/L pNsflk08 vz]sf] cg'dfg
ul/G5 .
pNsflk08 # k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
s_ 9'Ëf h:tf (Stony) v_ kmnfd h:tf (Irony) u_ b'j} ldl>t (Stony Irony)
;'l6Ë:6f/ M – cfsfzsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jNb} uP/ ljnfpg] cfsflzo lk08
kmlnË:6f/ M– cfsfzdf dflyaf6 tnlt/ emg]{ pNsf
pNsfjiff{ -pNsfkft_ M Ps};fy 7"nf] ;+Vofdf vz]sf] pNsfx?sf] ;d"x .
pNsfkft pQ/ / blIf0fL w'j{df j9L x'G5 .
w'ds]t'÷ k'R5«]tf/f (Comet) ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ c08fsf/ sIfdf 3'ld/xg] s'rf] cfsf/sf] j/kmaf6 jg]sf] rxlsnf cfsflzo
lk08x? g} k'R5«]tf/f x'g\ . lolgx? j/km / ;ªu'l6sf af6 ag]sf] x'G5 . logdf co2 / CH4sf] 8«fOcfO; x'G5 .
k'R5«]tf/fsf] gfd ;"o{kl/qmd0f ;do
!= x]lnsf] &^ jif{
@= 6]Dkn66n ## jif{
#= PGs] #=# jif{
$= :jf:dfog jf:dfog !% jif{
%= ;'d]s/ n]le – ;g\ !(($ df j[x:kltdf 7f]lSsP/ gfz ePsf] .
sf]df M k'R5«]tf/fsf] 7f]; s]lGb|o efusf] aflx/ rf/}lt/ jfbn h:tf] b]lvg] j/km / w'nf]s0f ld>Lt UofF;Lo jfo'k08n .
;f}ojtf; M – ;"oj{ f6 j]un] 5'6]/ ePsf rfh{o'Qm kf/df0flas s0fx?M
3|P a g e Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070
Tff/fM cfˆg} k|sf; ePsfcfsflzo lk08x?
sfnf]l5b| -ANofsxf]n_M tf/fx? cGTo eO;s]kl5 jGg] clt j9L u'?Tjsfif{0f zlQm ePsf] If]q hxf Fk|sf; klg ljnfpF5g\ .
tf/fd08nM cfsfzdf tf/fx? ldnL j;]sf] lgLZrt If]qnfO{ tf/fd08n elgG5 .
tf/fd08nx? ** j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
tf/fk'~hM s/f]8f}F tf/fx? / ltgLx?sf jl/kl/ /x]sf cfsflzo lk08x?sf] cltljzfn ;d"x
tf/fk'~hsf] k|sf/ M
s_ sdfgL -:kfO/n_ v_ c08fsf/ u_ clgoldt
cfsf;df /x]sf s/f}8f}F t/fk'~h dWo] ;f}o{kl/jf/ /x]sf] tf/fk'~hnfO{ cfsfzu+uf (Milky way galaxy) elgG5 . of]
sdfgL -:kfO/n_ cfsf/sf] 5 .
kN;f/ M /]l8of] t/Ë lbg] tf/f
rGb|dfM– k[YjLsf] Psdfq pku|x
– rGb|dfsf] Jof; #$%^ ls=ld=
– o;sf] cf};t 3gTj 3.3gm/cm3
rGb|df; M
– Pp6f cf};L b]lv csf]{ cf}F;L ;Ddsf] ;do
– of] s/Lj lbgsf] x'G5 .
gIfqdf; M
– rGb|dfn] lbgdf k[YjLsf] kl/qmdf ub{5 . h;nfO{ gIfqdfq (Sidereal month) elgG5 .
u|x0f M rGb|dfn] ;"o{nfO{ 5]s]/ k[YjLdf 5fofF kfg'{ jf k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ 5]s]/ rGb|dfdf 5fFof kfg'{ nfO{ u|x0f elgG5 .
;"o{u|x0fM cf}l;sf] lbgdf ;"o{, rGb| / k[YjL Pp6} ;/n /]vdf kbf{ rGb|dfsf] 5fFof k[YjLdf k/]/ ;"o{ 5]lsg'nfO{ ;"o{u|x0f elgG5 .
;"o{ k"0f{ ?kdf 5]lsPdf vu|f; ;"o{u|x0f cf+lzs ?kdf 5]lsPdf v08u|f; ;"o{u|x0f / ljrsf] efu 5]lsP/ j/Lkl/ l/Ë b]lvg]
jnou|x0f elgG5 .
rGb|u|x0fM k"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf ;"o{, k[YjL / rGb|df Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf kbf{ rGb|dfsf] s]xL efu jf k"0f{ efudf k[YjLsf] 5fofF kb{5, h;nfO{
rGb|u|x0f elgG5 .
k|To]s cf};L / k"l0f{dfdf u|x0f gx'gsf sf/0fx?
rGb|sIf / k[YjLsf] sIf Ps cfk;df %=!%)sf] sf]0f jgfO 9Ns]sf] x'gfn] .
rGb|dfsf] snfM k[YjLaf6 x]bf{ k|To{s lbg rGb|dfsf] cfsf/ kl/jt{g x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ rGb|dfsf] snf elgG5 .
!=!=@= k[YjLM kl/ro, pTklt / ult
cg'dflgt pd]/ – $=% c/j jif{
;txsf] hDdf If]qkmn – %), (&, )),))) ju{ ls=ld=
:ynv08 – !$, *$,)),)) ju{ ls=ld=
hn v08 – #^,!#,))),))) ju{ ls=ld=
Jof; – !@=&%^=# ls=ld=
3gTj – %=% gm//cm3
lk08 – ^× !)@$ ls=ld=
pku|x – ! rGb|df

pTkltM
1. ;f}o{d08naf6 k[YjLsf] pTklt ePsf] – hh{ jkmfg
2. g]j'n/ kl/sNkgf – sfG6 / n]Knf;
3. Hjf/Lo l;4fGt – lhG; / h]k|m]
k[YjLsf] ultM(Rotation)
k[YjLsf] kl/e|d0f- b}lgsult_ – @# 306f %^ ldg]6 $ ;]s]08df cfˆgf] cIfdf Psk6s 3'Dg]
k[YjLsf] kl/qmd0f (Revolution) jflif{s ultM
k[YjLn] #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $^ ;]s]08df ;"o{nfO{ Ps k6s 3'Db5 . o;nfO{ jflif{s ult elgG5 .
clwsjif{ M k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ Psk6s 3'Dg nfUg] #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $^ ;]s]08 ;don] k|To]s $ jif{df ! lbg j9\g uO
#^^ lbgsf] jif{ x'G5 . o;}nfO{ clws jif{ ( Leap year) elgG5 .
k[YjLsf] sIf– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ af6f]
k[YjLsf] cIf – k[YjL cfkm}df 3'Dbf kf/ ug]{ jf6f] – s]Gb|nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ klZrdaf6 k"j{ 3'Db5 . cfˆgf] cIfdf l8u|L 9Ns]sf] 5 .
) .
ss{6 /]vfM e"dWo] /]vfaf6 pQ/ tkm{ pQ/L uf]nf4df @# #) pQ/L cIff+znfO{ ss{6 /]vf elgG5 .
ds//]vfM blIf0fL uf]nf4df @#)#). sf] cIff+z /]vfnfO{ ds/ /]vf elgG5 .

;dfKt

4|P a g e Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor KTM Ph:4784657, 9851095070