Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm.

Ph:4784657, 9851095070

!=*=! lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 dfgj hLjgdf k/]sf] k|ToIf k|efj .

Gopi Chandra Paudel (M.s.c)
lj1fg
Nol6g efiffsf] “Scientia” af6 c+u|]hLdf Science x'G5 h;n] 1fg cyf{t Knowledge nfO{ hgfpF5 .
To;}n] Science is a systematic body of knowledge, lj1fg s|dj4 1fgsf] z/L/ xf] .
Science is the complete study of everything, k|To]s kbfy{sf] k"0f{ cWoog g} lj1fg xf] .
Science is a heap of truth lj1fg ;Tosf] y'k|f] xf] .
k|ljlw
s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;/n, ;xh / sd ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ ckgfOg] pkfo, tl/sf jf ljlw
lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 dfgj hLjgdf k/]sf k|efjx? M
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ljZj g} Pp6f ;fgf] ufpF (Global Village) sf] ?kdf v'Drg k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts,
;fF:s[lts cflb If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj j}1flgs cfljisf/ cflbn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;DkGgtf lt/ nu]sf] 5 . Technology sf] If]qdf Bio-
technology, information and communication technology, space technology, nano technology, robotics cflbn]
ljZjnfO{ ;DkGgtfdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fydf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ljgf;, k|b"if0f, ljgf;sf/L, xftxltof/sf] xf]8jfhL, gofF /f]ux?sf]
dfxfdf/L, cfly{s ;DkGgtf / ljkGgtf ljr lje]b h:tf gsf/fTds c;/x? klg ;fydf cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
;sf/fTds k|efjx? gsf/fTds k|efjx?
!= s'g} klg sfd ;xh, ;/n / l56f] ug{ ;lsg] != dfgjsf] l;h{gzLntf nf]k x'g] / d]lzgsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g]
@= l56f] ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg x'g] @= dflg;sf] /f]huf/L u'Dg]
#= gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; #= dfgjLo ;DaGw / ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cGTo eO :jfyL{ efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g]
$= pTkfbgdf j[l4 $= uf]kgLotf e+u eO gofF ck/fwsf] ljsf; x'g]
%= yf]/} ;do / ;fwgaf6 w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsg] %= k/Dk/fut k]zf Joj;fo nf]k x'g]
^= cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u ^= snf, wd{ ;+:s[ltdf x|f;
&= ljZj Ps ufpFsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g] &= jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'g]
k|d'v j}1flgs cGj]if0f / cfljisf/x?, k|l;4 j}1flgs / ltgsf] of]ubfg lj1fgsf ljleGg ljwfsf ;|i6fx?
qm=;+= ljwf -lj1fg_ ljwf -lj1fg_ ;|i6fx? -lktf_
1. Father of Science lj1fg cNj6{ cfO{G:6fO{g
2. Father of physics ef}lts zf:q cfOhs Go"6g
3. Father of Biology / Zoology hLj lj1fg / k|fl0fzf:q Pl/:6f]6n
4. Father of Botany jg:klt lyof]k|]m6;
5. Father of Chemistry /;fog lj1fg /j{6 af]O{n
6. Father of Microbiology dfOqmf]jfof]nf]hL n'O kf:r/
7. Father of Genetics hgg lj1fg u|]u/ d]08n
8. Father of Modern Genetics cfw'lgs hgg lj1fg ljlnod j]6];g
9. Father of Taxonomy hLjsf] juL{s/0f sf/f]n; lng]c;
10. Father of Medical science lrlsT;fzf:q lxKkf]lqm6;
11. Father of Ayurveda cfo'{j]b wgjGt/L, r/s
12. Father of Geometry Hofldlt o"lSn8
13. Father of Mutation pTk/Ljt{g xo'uf] l8= e]/fO{h
14. Father of Computer ;';fª\Vo oGq rfN; Aofj]h
15. Father of Anatomy zl// /rgf lh= s'leo/
16. Father of Nuclear chemistry cf0fljs lj1fg c6f]xfg
17. Father of Experiment k|of]u cfls{ldl8h
18. Father of Invention cflj:sf/ yf]d; PNjf Pl8;g
19. Father of Electricity/ Prince of Experiment ljw't dfO{sn kmf/f8]
20. Father of Evolution / Natural selection s|dljsfz / k|fs[lts 5gf]6 rfN;{ 8flj{g
21. Father of Blood Group sfn{ Nof08l:6lgo/
22. Father of Blood Circulation ljlnod xfj{]
23. Father of History x]/f]86\;

j}1flgs cGj]if0f ÷vf]h÷ l;4fGt / To;sf k|ltkfbsx?

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
j}1flgssf] gfd cfljisf/÷of]ubfgsf] If]q
kfO{yfuf]/; -O{=k"= %*@_ u|L; ul0ft
lxKkf]qm]l6h -O{=k"= $^)_ o'gfg z/L/ lj1fg, zNolrlsT;f
Pl/:6f]6n -O{=k"= #*$_ o'gfg hLj lj1fg÷k|f0fL zf:q
o'lSn8 - O{=k"=##)–@^(_ cn]Sh]l08«of Hofldltsf lktf
cfls{ldl8h -O{=k"= @*&–@!@,_ u|L; ;fk]lIft 3gTj, pQf]ns Pj+ l3gL{sf] l;4fGt
lnof]gfbf{] bf leGrL -;g\ !$%@, O6fnL _ O{lGhlgol/ª\u, Hof]ltif lj1fg, e"ue{zf:q
lgsf]nf; sf]klg{s; -;g\ !$&#, kf]Nof08_ vuf]nzf:q, ul0ft, ;"o{s]lGb|t l;4fGt
Uoflnlnof] Uoflnln -;g\ !%^$–!^$@, O{6fnL_ vuf]nzf:q, 6]ln:sf]k
hf]xfg; s]Kn/ -;g\ !%&!–!^#), hd{gL_ vuf]nLo lk08x?sf sIf, u|xx?sf] ultsf] ljZn]if0f
cfO{Hofs Go"6g -;g\ !^$@–!&@&, O{FUNof08_ u'?Tjan, SofNs'n;, k|sfzsf] j0f{k6 rfnsf] lgod
hf]g 8fN6g -;g\ !&^^–!*$$, O{FUNof08_ k/df0f'sf] l;4fGt, ck'0f{ rfksf] l;¢fGt
hh{ ;fO{dg cf]xd\ -;g\ !&*&–!*%$, hd{gL_ ljB't cj/f]wsf] l;4fGt (Ohm's law)
yf]d; cNjf Pl8;g -;g\ !*$&–!(#!, cd]l/sf_ Father of invention, sl/a !)(# cfljisf/x?
c6f]xfg k/df0f' jdsf] l;4fGt
rfN;{ 8flj{g k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] l;4fGt, qmdljsf;sf] l;4fGt
/f]d/ k|sf;sf] ult
n'O; kf:r/ The Germ theory, kf:r/fO{h]zg, /]ljhEoflS;g
x]g/L Sofe]l08; Hydrogen Gas
hf];]km lk|:6n] Oxygen Gas
h'n Tffksf] cljgfl;s / ydf]{8fO{gfldS; l;4fGt
s]lNeg Tffksf] ultjfbL l;4fGt
lke;fn x;fpg] Uof;
;/ km|lG;n UofN6g lkmª\u/ lk|G6
x]g/L cf]s'/]n o'/flgod ljv08g
l;udG8 km|fo8 ;kgf lj:n]if0f
Pd08;]g blIf0fL w|'j{sf] vf]h
k|d'v j}1flgs cfljisf/ / ltgsf cfljisf/s Pj+ k|ltkfbs
l;4fGt÷cfljisf/ k|ltkfbs÷cfljisf/s a|]nlnkL n'O; a|]n
Electromagnetism xfG; lqmlZrog cf]P:6]8 cf0fljs l/ofS6/ Pgl/sf] kmdL{
Heliocentric theory lgsf]n; sf]klg{s; cfO{;ls|d h]/fN8 l6:;}g
Principle of buoyancy, cfls{ldl8h clS;hg lk|i6n]
principle of lever df]6/ uf8L sfn{ j]~r
Quantum theory DofS; Knf+s dfO{qmf];sf]k /j6{ x's
Theory of electro - dfOsn ˆof/f8] e];lng /j6{ r]yj|f]
magnetic induction Eofs'd d]l;g cfO{le; Eofsu]eL
Theory of lectromagnetic DofS; j]n h]g]/]6/÷8fOgfdf] dfO{sn kmf/f8]
waves
jfl;ª d]lzg rfN;{ :6f]g
Theory of evolution rfN;{ 8flj{g Jfik O{lGhg h]D;jf6
Theory of gravitation, cfOHofs Go'6g
law of motion Jof/f]ld6/ 6f]l/;]Nl
Theory of relativity cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg Jof6«L ef]N6f
/]l8od Dof8d So'/L k]6«f]n O{GhLg c§f]
/]l8of] dfsf]{gL k|];/ s's/ 8]g]; kflkg
/]lk|mh/];g h]= sIf kfls{; lk|lG6ª d]lzg s]S;6g
/f8f/ /a6{ jf6\;g Kof/f;'6 h]= Jn]grf8{
/j/ 6fo/ 8gnk k]G8'nd 3l8 xfO{h]G;
;fOsn Dofsldng lk|lG6ª k|]; u'6]gju{
l;d]G6 Hf];]km cf:kl8g k];d]s/ 8f= kfpnhf]n
38L P=Pn= la|u]6 kfZr/fOh];g, k|lt/]ljh ;'O{ n'O{ kfZr/
6]ln:sf]k Uoflnlnof] Uoflnln kmpG6]g k]g Jff6/ d]g
6]lnkmf]g u|fxd j]n kmf]gf]u|fkm yf]d; PNjfPl8;g
6]lnlehg h]=Pn=j]o8{ kmf]6f]u|fkm n'O{l8u'/]
8fOgfdfO6 cNk|m]8 gf]j]n kmf]6f]skL d]lzg r]i6/ sfn{;g
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
l;:df]u|fkm /j6{ Plne]6/ Pln;f lh=cf]l6;
l;nfO{ d]l;g Plnof; xf]j] Pkm Pd /]l8of] P8ljg cfd{i6ǻ
l6=jL lrlsT;f /j6{ sf]r Po/ slG8;g ljnL; s]l/o/
l8h]n O{GhLg ?8f]Nkm l8h]n PS; /] /f]PG6h]g
86k]g Nf;hf] lj/f] sDKo'6/ Charles Babbage
lrofkQL yf]d; ;'lnEofg sf]sfsf]nf hf]g o:68{g
nfO{6lgª /8 j]Ghfldg k|m]s+lng Sofd]/f hf];]km lgo;L
n]h/ rfN;{ 6«fp6 Sofns'n]6/ kf:sn
O{G;'lng /km a]+l6ª u|fdf]kmf]g yf]d; cNjf Pl8;g
O{n]S6«f]g h] h] yf]d;g Uof; O{lGhg 8fO{dn/
O{n]lS6«s df]6/ lgsf]nf t];nf Uofn]S;L, Big bang theory P8ljg xAan
P6d ad c6f] xfg x]lnsf]K6/ j|]:s]6
Pg]:y]l;of ldN6g Snfs{ xjfO{hxfh cf]/len / lj/en /fO{6
Pl:kl/g xd{g 8|];/ ydf]{ld6/ Uoflnlnof] Uoflnln
Plgd];g Pldn /]gfp8
!= cfls{ldl8h (Archimedes) -O=k"= @*&–O=k"= @!@_
lu|;, Give me a place to stand, I will move the earth" eGg] cfs{ldl8hnfO{ k|of]ufTds lj1fgsf lktf elgG5 . pgsf cfljisfx?df, pWj{rfksf]
l;4fGt, Knjgsf] lgod (Principle of floatation), ;fk]lIft 3gTjsf] l;4fGt, P]gf pQf]ns, l3gL{, =22/7, ;"o{, rGb|dfsf] Jof; gfKg]
tl/sf, w]/} 7"nf] ;+VofnfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/df n]Vg] ljlw, tyf Water screw cflb 5g\ .
@= lgsf]n; sklg{s; -;g\ !$&#–!%$#_ kf]Nof08df hGd]sf lgsf]n; sklg{s;n] ;j{k|yd ;"o{ s]lGb|t l;4fGt k|ltjfbg u/] .
#= Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL -;g\ !%^$–!^$@_ -O6fnL, lk;f_
UoflnnLsf cfljisf/x?df – k]G8'nd, 6]ln:sf]k, tfkqmd dfks oGq, Hofldlto sDkf;, k[YjL uf]nf] 5, rGb|dfsf] cfˆgf] k|sf; 5|}g, rGb|dfsf]
;txdf vfN8fv'N8L /x]sf] kQf nufPsf , s'g} j:t'nfO{ ) b]lv () sf] sf]0fdf k|If]lkt ubf{ To;sf] af6f] cg'j[lQo (Parabolic) x'G5,
j[x:kltsf] pku|x 5, zlgnfO{ c08fsf/ l/ªn] w]/]sf] 5, cfsf;u+ªufsf] lgdf{0f w]/} tf/fx? ldn]/ jg]sf] x'G5 cflb .
$= ;/ cfOHofs Go'6g -;g\ !^$@–!&@&_
OªNof08sf] lsË;fo/df hGd]sf Go"6gsf] k|d'v cfljisf/x? rfnsf] lgod, u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] lgod, k|sf;sf] ls/0fdf ;ftj6f /ª x'g], Calculus cflb
5g\ . pgsf k|d"v s[ltx?df Principia - !^*&_ / Optics -!&)$_ x'g .
%= hf]g 8fN6g (John Dalton) -;g\ !&^^–!*$$_– O{ªNof08sf] OuN;lkmN8df hGd]sf 8fN6gsf] d"Vo cfljisf/df – kf/df0fljs /rgf
(Atomic structure) ck"0f{rfksf] l;4fGt (Dalton's Law of partial pressure) xfOu|f]ld6/ x'g .
^= dfOsn kmf/f8] (Michael Faraday)-;g\ !&(!–!*^&_
OªNof08sf] Go' ljGu6gdf hGd]sf kmf/f8]nfO{ Prince of experiment elgG5 . pgsf cfljisf/x?df ef]N6fOs ;]n, h]g]/]6/, Snf]/Lg, kfgL tfGg]
d]l;g, j]GhLg, sfj{g ˆnf]/fO8, Kof/fDofUg]l6Hd, 8fODofUg]l6Hd, ljB't ljR5]bgsf] l;4fGt, ljB't r'Djlso pTkfbgsf] lgod (Law Of
Electro magnetic induction) cflb 5g\ .
&= rfN;{ 8flj{g -Charles Darwin -;g\ !*)(–!**@_ OªNof08sf] y|'hj/Ldf hGd]sf 8flj{gnfO{ ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtsf lktf elgG5 . pgn] j]un
(Beagle) hxfh r9]/ ufnfkfuf]; (Galapagos) 6fk'df cWoog u/]sf lyP . cNk|m]8 /;]n jfn];;+u ;xsfo{ u/]sf pgsf dxTjk"0f{ s[ltx?df
'The origin of species and Natural selection (1859), The Verification of Animals and plants under domestication (1868), The
descent of man and selection in relation to sex (1871) k|l;4 5g\ . pgsf l;4fGtx?df, Theory of Natural selection, mutation,
struggle for existence, survival of the fittest and origin of species x'g\ .
*= n'O{ kfZr/ (Louis Pasteur) -;g\ !*@@–!*(%_
k|mfG;df hGd]sf n'O kf:r/sf] dxTjk"0f{ cWoog Germ Theory, 3fp kfSg] sf/0f JofS6]l/of -;g\ !*^!_, kf:r/fOh];g k|ljlw xf] . s'g} t/n
kbfy{nfO{ %% l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf cfwf 306f /fVbf To;df /x]sf hLjf0f'x? gi6 x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f pgn] b'wnfO{ %% l8u|L ;]lN;o; ;Dd
pdfn]/ To;df ePsf hLjf0f' gi6 u/L k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP -!*^%_. pgsf cGo cfljisf/x?df Ifo/f]u (TB) sf] cf}ifwL, /]ljh /f]u -
xfO8«f]kmf]ljof_ sf] cf}ifwL, -;g\ !**%_, ePsf cflb x'g .
(= yf]d; PNjf Pl8;g (Thomas Alva Edison) -;g\ !*$&–!(#!_
cd]l/sfsf] cf]xfof] /fHosf] ldnfgdf hGd]sf Pl8;g cfˆgf] gfd cfkm} lj;{g] j}1flgs / cljisf/sf lktf eg]/ lrlgG5g\ . !)(# eGbf j9L
cfljisf/ u/]sf Pl8;gn] ;g\ !*^! df /]ndf g} 5fk]/ /]ndf g} j]lrg] klqsf Grand Trunk Herald k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . pgsf dxTjk"0f{
cfljisf/x?df Ps} rf]6L b'O{ nfOgjf6 ;dfrf/ k7fpg ;lsg] 6]lnu|fd -!*^*_, dt u0fgfoGq -!*^(_,u|fdf]kmf]g -!*&&_, rnlrq Sofd/f /
k|f]h]S6/ -!*&(_ ljh'nL lrd -!*&(_, ljB't /]n dfu{ -!**)_, Hellow zAbsf] klxnf] rf]6L k|of]u u/]sf] , laB'taf6 rNg] k]g -d]df]u|fkm_,
:6f]/]h Jof6«L, nfp8:kLs/, cflb 5g\ . ;g\ !()$ df ef}lts zf:q tkm{sf] gf]a]n k'?:sf/ k|fKt .
!)=Dof8d So"/L -;g\ !*^& –!(#$_
kf]Nof08sf] jf;f{df hGd]sL Dof8d So"/Lsf] jfNosfnsf] gfd dfl/of :snf]bf]j:sL lyof] . logn] ;g\ !()# df >Ldfg\ lko/] So"/L / u'? x]g/L
j]s'/]nsf ;fydf ef}lts zf:q tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf algg . ;g\ !(!! df /;fog zf:q
tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfOg . oLgsL 5f]/L cfO/]g So"/L / HjfO{ k|m]8/Ls h'lno6n] X- ray Radiagraphy kQf nufP jfkt ;g\ !(#% df
/;fog zf:q tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfPsf lyP . o;/L Pp6} kl/jf/df $ hgfn] u/L % j6f gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . So"/Ln]
lkrAn]8jf6 /]l8od / kf]nf]lgod cfljisf/ u/]sL lyOg . 1 gm /]8Lodsf nflu * 6g lkrAn]8 vr]{sf lyP . >Ldfg\ >LdtL b'j}nfO{ SofG;/
eP klg >Ldfg\ sf/ b'3{6gfdf / >LdtL SofG;/sf sf/0f d/]sf lyP .
!!= u'lUnNdf] dfsf]{gL (Guglielmo Marconi) -;g\ !*&$–!(#&_
O6fnLsf] jf]nf]Ugf ;x/df hGdsf] dfsf]{gLsf] jfNosfnsf] gfd (Billy) ljNnL lyof] . pgn] tf/ ljgfsf] 6]lnu|fkm -;g\ !*(&_ cfljisf/ u/]jfkt
;g\ !()( df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/] . ;g\ !()! l8;]Dj/ !@ df pgn] o"/f]kjf6 cd]/Lsf Wireless Telegraphy n] hf]8]sf lyP . ;g\
!()@ df r'Djlso l86]S6/ jgfP, ;g\ !(!^ df Short–wave jgfO{ /]l8of] ;Gb]z k7fP . dfsf]{gL /]8Lof]sf cfljisf/s x'g\ .
!@= cNj6{ cfO:6fOg (Albert Einstein) -;g\ !*&(–!(%%_
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
hd{gLsf] pNddf hGd]sf cfOG:6fOg cd]l/sfsf] Go" h;L{sf] lk|G:6g eGg] :yfkgf &^ jif{sf] pd]/df d[To' ePsf] lyof] . cfOG:6fOgn] ;fk]Ifjfbsf]
l;4fGt (Theory of Relativity) -;g\ !()%_, ;fdfGo ;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGt (General Theory of Relativity) -;g\ !(!^_, k|sf;sf] ljB'lto
c;/ (Photo electric effect), ljB'lto r'DjsTj (Electro magnetism) / u'?Tjfsif{0f (Gravitaion) nfO{ ;+of]hg u/L (Unified field
theory) -;g\ !(@)_ E= mc2 sf] ;"q, cflb kQf nufPsf lyP . k|sf; ljB'lto c;/sf] lgodsf nflu ;g\ !(@! df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lbOPsf]
lyof] . pgsf] dl:tisnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] lk|G;6g c:ktfndf ;"/lIft /flvPsf] 5 .
!#= c6f]xfg (Otto Hahn) -;g\ !*&(–!(^*_
hd{gLsf] k|mfGskm6{df hGd]sf c6f]xfgnfO{ kmfb/ ckm Go"SnLo/ s]d]i6«L elgG5 . oLgn] Go"lSnP/ lkm;g (Nuclear Fission) k|ltlqmof u/fO{
zlQm pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ u/]jfkt ;g\ !($$ df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/] . oLgsf] l;4fGtdf P6djd lgdf{0f eof] .
!$= cNk|m]8 jg{xf8{ gf]j]n -;g\ !*##–!*(^_
:jL8]gdf hGd]sf OlGhlgo/ tyf /;fogljb cNk|m]8 gf]j]nn] æ8fOgfdfO6Æ sf] cfljisf/ u/] . oLgsf] ;DklQnfO{ sf]ifsf] ?kdf /fvL ;g\ !()! b]lv
gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lbg yflnof] .
!%= :6]lkmg ljlnod xlsG; (Stephen William Hawking):- OªNof08sf] cS;kmf]8{df ;g\ !($@ hgj/L * df hGd]sf xlsG; Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) jf6 lk8Lt dxfg vuf]n zf:qL x'g\ . oLgnfO{ Go'6g / cfO:6fOg kl5sf dxfg j}1flgs dflgG5 .
rlr{t /rgfx?
 A Brief History of Time -;g\ !(**_
 Black Holes and Baby Universe and Other Essay -;g\ !(($_
 The Universe is a Nutshell -;g\ @))!_
 On the Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy -;g\ @))@_
 God Created the integers: The Mathematical Break Through That Changed History -;g\ @))%_
 The Grand Design -;g\ @)!)_
5f]/L n';L;+u ;+o'Qm n]vgsf afnsyf
 George's Secret Key to the Universe -;g\ @))&_ - George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt -;g\ @))(_
rnlrqx?
 A Brief History of Universe -;g\ !((!_  Masters of Science Fiction -;g\ @))&_
 Stephen Hawking's Iniverse -;g\ !((&_  Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe -;g\ @))*_
 Horizon: the Hawking Paradox -;g\ @))%_  Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking -;g\ @)!)_
lj1fgsf ljleGg ljwfsf] cWoog
Agronomy – jfnL lj1fg Hydrology – -kfgL_ hn lj1fg
Anatomy – z/L/sf] lr/kmf/ ug]{ lj1fg Horology – 38L tyf ;do lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cWoog
Anthropology – dfgj ljsf; cWooglj1fg Metallurgy – vlgh lj1fg
Apiculture – df}/L lj1fg Microbiology – ;'Id hLj cWoog lj1fg
Aerology – jfo' ;DjGwL cWooglj1fg Morphology – hLjsf] jgfj6 cWoog lj1fg
Archaeology – k'/ftTj cWoog ug]{ lj1fg Mycology – kmGhfO ;DjGwL cWoog lj1fg
Astrology – Hof]tLif lj1fg Oncology – SofG;/ lj1fg
Astronomy – cGtl/If lj1fg Optics – k|sf;sf] cWoog lj1fg
Bacteriology – hLjf0f' ;DjGwL lj1fg Ornithology – k+IfLx?sf] cWoog lj1fg
Biology – hLj lj1fg Pathology – /f]usf] sL6f0f'sf] cWoog lj1fg
Botany – jg:klt lj1fg Paleontology – hLjfjz]ifsf] cWoog lj1fg
Chemistry – /;fog lj1fg Pharmacology – cf}ifwL lgdf{0f af/]df cWoog
Cosmology – j|xdf08 lj1fg Physics – ef}lts lj1fg
Cytology – sf]ifsf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg Physiology – hLjg k|lqmofsf] cWoog lj1fg
Criminology – ck/fw zf:q Pisciculture – df5f lj1fg
Entomology – ls/fx?sf] cWoog lj1fg Pomology – kmnkm'n lj1fg
Epidemiology – /f]u ;DjlGw lj1fg Sericulture – /]zd v]tL lj1fg
Ethnology – s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] cWoog Seismology – e"sDk lj1fg
Genetics – j+zf0f' lj1fg Virology – efO/; ;DjGwL lj1fg
Geology – e"ud{ lj1fg Zoology – hLjhGt'sf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
s]lx dxTjk"0f{ pks/0fx?
Altimeter – prfO{ gfKg] pks/0f Hygrometer – ;fk]lIft cfb|tf gfKg] pks/0f
Ammeter – ljB't wf/f gfKg] pks/0f Lactometer – b'wsf] 3gTj gfKg] pks/0f
Anemometer – xfjfsf] ult gfKg] pks/0f Photometer – k|sf;sf] ltj|tf gfKg] pks/0f
Audiometer – >j0f zlQm gfKg] pks/0f Potometer – pT:j]bg gfKg] pks/0f
Audio phone – sd>j0f zlQm ePsfn] ;'Gg] Rain Gauge – jiff{sf] dfqf gfKg] pks/0f
Barometer – jfo'd08nLo rfk gfKg] Seismometer – e'sDksf] ult jf j]u gfKg] pks/0f
Binocular – b"/bz{s oGq Sphygmomanometer – /Qmrfk gfKg] pks/0f
Cardio meter – d'6'sf] :kGbg gfKg] pks/0f Stethoscope – z/L/sf] leqsf] cfjfh ;'Gg] oGq
Compass – lbzf ;"rs oGq Telescope – b"/bz{s oGq
Dynamo – oflGqs zlQmnfO{ ljB't zlQmdf kl/jt{g ug{ pks/0f Thermometer – tfkqmd dfks oGq
Endoscope – z/L/ leq x]g{ ;lsg] oGq Voltameter – ljB't ljR5]bg ug]{ pks/0f
Fathometer – gbL, tfn ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] pks/0f Voltmeter – kf]6]gzLon km/s gfKg] pks/0f
Galvanometer – sd dfqfsf] ljB't gfKg]oGq j|]ynfOh/ – cNsf]xn ;]jg u/] gu/]sf] hfFRg] oGq
Hydrometer – t/nsf] 3gTj gfKg] oGq
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070

s]lx ef}lts kl/df0f / ltgsf PsfO{

ef}lts kl/df0f PsfO{
!= e"sDk /]S6/ :s]n &= WjgLsf] ltj|tf 8];Ljn
@= ;fdYo{ jf6 *= ljB'twf/f PDkLP/
#= rfk kf:sn (= 3gTj lsnf]u|fd÷wgld6/
$= zlQm÷sfo{ h'n !)= kf]6]gzLon km/s ef]N6
%= tfk h'n÷Sofnf]/L !!= n]G;sf] ;fdYo{ 8foK6/
^= jn Go"6g !@= ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f zlQm h'n÷s]hL l8u|L ;]N;Lo;
s]lx gofF k|ljlwx?
!= n]h/(Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation):- 8f=rfN;{ 6«fp;4f/f cflj:sf/ ePsf] al9 3gTj ePsf] k|sfz xf]
. o;sf] pkof]u lrlsT;f, lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf xft xltof/sf] lgDtL k|of]u ul/G5 .
@= clK6sn kmfOj/M– Uof;af6 ag]sf] k"0f{cfGtl/s k/fj{tgaf6 x'g] ;fgf] tf/ g} clK6sn kmfOj/ xf] . /f}F sf] cfsf/df x'g] clK6sn kmfOj/n]
ljw'lto tyf r'Djlso l;UgnnfO{ k|sfzsf] ultdf jxfFp5 . o;n] yf]/} If]q cf]u6]/ w]/} 8f6f Transfer u5{ . of] single mode & multi-
mode u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
#= cN6«f;fp08M– @),)))Hz eGbf al9 t/+u nDafO{ ePsf] WjgL g} cN6«f;fp08 xf] . of] ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{, zl//df /x]sf] 6\o'd/ tyf ljleGg
cj/f]wsx? kQf nufpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
$= Black Box:- b'3{6gf ePsf] xjfOhfxfhsf] ;To tYo kQf nufpgsf] lglDt b'3{6gf kZrft ;Dd klg ;'/lIft /xg] kx]nf] /+usf] oGq xf] .
h;n] CVR(Cockpit Voice Record) tyf FDR(Flight Data Record) sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;'/lIft /fV5 .
%=86\;(DOTS):-If/f]usf] la/fdLnfO{ k|tIf lgu/flgdf ul/g] pkrf/ k4tL xf] . o;sf] k'/f ?k Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse xf] .
^=/f8/(RADAR):-of] ljdfg:yndf ljkl/t lbzfaf6 cfpg] xjfO{hxhnfO{ lrGg k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] k'/f ?kRadio Detection and Ranging xf] .
&= Doppler's Test:- zl//df /xg] /utsf] k|jfx hfFr ug]{ k|ljlw xf] .
*= PlGhof]Knf:6LM– pRr /Qmrfk / zl//df sf]n]i6]/f]nsf] dfqf al9 x'g] x[bo3ftsf] pkrf/df d'6'sf] wdlgdf cfPsf] cj/f]w ljgf lr/kmf/ v'nfpg]
k|ljlw xf] .

!=*=@ h}ljs k|ljlw, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw / j}slNks phf{ .

!= h}ljs k|ljlw
k|s[ltdf ePsf hLljt j:t'x?sf] k|of]u u/L dfgj pkof]uL sfo{df nufpg] ljlwnfO{ g} h}ljs k|ljlw (Biotechnology) elgG5 .
h}ljs k|ljlw ;'?sf] ;dodf l;+uf] hLjsf] k|of]u ePtf klg xfn To; hLjsf] sf]ifsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . ;j{k|yd h}ljs k|ljlw zAbsf]
gfdfs/0f ug]{ JolQm xª\u]l/og OlGhlgo/ sfn{ O/]sL x'g\ .
Károly Ereky (German: Karl Ereky; October 20, 1878 – June 17, 1952) was a Hungarian agricultural engineer. The term
'biotechnology' was coined by him in 1919. He is regarded by some as the "father" of biotechnology.
n'O kfZr/n] ;g\ !*%& df ;"Id hLjf0f'x?af6 Fermentaion x'g] tYo kQf nufPsf lyP . Formentation ljlwåf/f w]/} k|sf/sf
cf}iflwx? agfOG5g\ . h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg k|sf/sf EoflS;gx? tyf OG;'lng tof/ ul/G5 . Alexander Flemming n]
h}ljs k|ljlwaf6 g} k]lgl;lng PG6Ljfof]l6s ;g\ !(@* df kQf nufPsf lyP . DNA testing, tissue culture, artificial
fertilization, genetic engineering, vegetative propagation, cloning cflb h}ljs k|ljlw x'g\ . ;j{ k|yd ufOj:t' tyf 3/]n'
rf}kfodf s[lqd tl/sfaf6 jLo{wf/0f u/fO{ uef{wfg ug]{ (Artificial fertilization) sfo{ ;g\ !(%! af6 ;kmntf ;fy ;+rfng x'Fb} cfof] .
;j{k|yd OlhK6df kfp/f]6L , hfF8, /S;L pTkfbgsf nflu h}ljs k|ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .h}ljs k|ljlwdf w]/}h;f] k|of]u x'g] h}ljs tTa
DNA / k|f]l6g x'g\ . l8=Pg=P= sf] agfj6 kQf nufpg] j}1flgs h]D; jf6;g / k|mflG;n lqms -;g\ !(%#_ x\g . uf]N8]g /fO;sf] pTkfbg
h}ljs k|ljlwsf] pbfx/0f xf] . b'waf6 bxL agfpg] tyf u'Gb|'s agfpg] AofS6]l/of NofS6f] Aofl;n; xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] dGqLkl/ifbaf6 lj=;+=
@)^# df h}ljs k|ljlw lglt kfl/t u¥of] . h}ljs k|ljlwaf6 k[YjLdf &) k|ltzt gfO6«f]h g l:yl/s/0f eO/x]sf] dflgG5 .h}ljs k|ljlwaf6
;j{k|yd Rofp pTkfbg ug]{ b]z rLg xf] .
Tissue culture dfp lj?jfsf] s'g} ;fgf] efunfO{ /f;folgs dfWodaf6 pko'Qm jftfj/0fdf /fvL x'sf{pg] tl/sfnfO{ Tissue
culture elgG5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] l6:;' sNr/ ug]{ j}1flgs Haberlandt x'g . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)#$ ;fndf ;j{ k|yd uf]bfj/Ldf jg:klt
ljefu cGtu{t Tissue culture :yfkgf eof] / cfn' / 6df6/sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf l6:;' sNr/df cfwfl/t cfn' ljsf;
v'dn6f/df ul/Psf] 5 . bxL, u'Gb|'s, /S;L agfpg] k|s[of h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k/Dk/fut pbfx/0f xf] . cfn' / uf]ne]+8fsf] xfO{la|8nfO{ kf]df6f]
elgG5 .
h]g]l6s OlGhgLo/Lª ck|fs[lts tj/n] hLljt k|f0fL, jg:klt jf hLjf0f'df NofOg] j+zfg'ut x]/km]/ g} h]g]l6s OlGhgLo/Lª xf] . ;g\ !(()
af6 cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;'?jft ePsf] h]g]l6s OGhLgLol/ª s[lif tyf vfB, kz'kfng, lrlsT;f If]qdf pkof]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . DNA /
k|f]l6gsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g NofO{ Genetic engineering k|of]u ul/G5 . DNA sf] /rgf ;g\ !(%# cd]/LsL hLjzf:qL h]D; jf6\;gn]
@% jif{sf] pd]/df kQf nufPsf lyP . Ps hLjdf /x]sf] hLgnfO{ csf]{ hLjdf k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ ljlwnfO{ h]g]l6s OlGhlgol/Ë elgG5 .
Pl/:6f]6nn] u8\of}nfnfO{ k[YjLsf] cfGb|f, df6f]sf] OlGhlgo/ tyf u'0f}u'0fn] ;DkGg dflg;sf] ldqhLj eg]sf lyP .
Snf]lgª dfO6f];L; sf]if ljefhgaf6 x'g] Somatic Cell sf] ljefhgaf6 tof/ kl/Psf ;dfg k|s[ltsf sf]ifx?sf] k|lt?k (clone)
elgG5 . Genetic Engineering af6 p:t} ;+/rgf ePsf] k|fl0fsf] pTkfbg ug]{ k|ljlw g} Snf]lgª xf] . klxnf] k6s ;kmntf ;fy Snf]g
tof/ ug]{ JolQm Oofg ljNd6 x'g\ . ;j{k|yd ;g\ !((^ df hLg Snf]lgª u/L hGdfOPsf] e]8fsf] gfd 8nL xf] .
6]i66\o'j j]jL Recombination of DNA sf] k|ljlw ;j{k|yd 8f= k]6?s (Petrucc) n] u/]sf] x'g\ . o; k|ljlw 6]i66\o'j j]jL agfpg
pkof]u ul/G5 . z'qmsL6 / l8DanfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0fdf lgz]rg u/L $* 306f kl5 kf7]3/df k|Tof/f]k0f u/fpg] k|ljlw g} Test tube
baby k|ljlw xf] . n'O; j|fpg ljZjsf] klxnf] 6]i6 6\o"j j]jL x'g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(&* h'nfO{ @% df ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] klxnf] 6]i6 6\o"a

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
j]jL cf]dd0fL tfdfªsf] hGd lj=;= @)^! ;fn kmfu'g @) ut] cf]d xl:k6ndf eof] . ;/ /a6{ Hof]k|mL P8jf8{;, a]nfotn] cflj:sf/ u/]sf]
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) ljlw 6]i6 6\o'a a]aL ljlw ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
@= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw
;"rgf xs ;DjGwL P]g @)^$ n] æ;"rgf eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfojf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] jf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] sfd tT;DjGwL
sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o;+u ;DjlGwt s'g} lnvt, ;fdu|L jf hfgsf/L ;Demg'k5{Æ elg pNn]v ePsf] 5 . sDKo'6/sf] g]kfnL ?kfGt/0f ;';fVo xf] .
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u lj=;+= @)@* sf] hgu0fgfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;j]nf k|of]u ul/Psf] sDKo'6/ IBM 1401 xf] .
Data Storage
Vacuumtube klxnf] k':tf 8 Bits 1 Byte
Transistor bf]>f] k':tf 1024 Bytes 1 KB
Chips t]>f] k':tf 1024 KB 1 MB
Micro Chips rf}yf] k':tf 1024 MB 1 GB
Bio Chips kfFrf}}+ k':tf 1024 GB 1 TB

;fO{6sf] gfd k|of]udf NofOPsf] ldlt ;fO{6sf] gfd k|of]udf NofOPsf] ldlt
Yahoo 1995 Youtube 2005
hotmail 1996 Twitter 2006
google 1997 September 15 Whatsapp 2009
Skype 2003 Viber 2010
Facebook 2004
Capacity sDKo'6/df e08f/0f ul/Psf] tYofªsnfO{ gi6 ug]{, cgfjZos kmfOnx?sf] ;[hgf ug]{ tyf sDKo'6/sf] sfo{ IfdtfnfO{
gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpg] vfnsf k|f]u|fdx?nfO{ sDKo'6/ efO/; elgG5 . Fred Cohen n] ;j{k|yd !(*# df sDKo'6/ efO/; zAbsf] k|of]u
u/]sf lyP .
kfO/];L (Piracy) Ps JolQmsf] l;h{gf ;h{ssf] cg'dlt ljgf g} gSsn (Copy) u/L To;sf] j]rljvg u/L cfDbfgL ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
o;nfO{ k|ltlnkL P]gn] !),))) b]lv ! nfv ;Dd hl/jfgf jf ^ dlxgf s}b x'g ;S5 .
Hacking/Cracking sDKo'6/sf] dfWodjf6 c? JolQmsf] sfo{ If]qdf cgfjZos ?kdf xfgL, gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg], uf]Ko ;'rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{
tyf k|f]u|fdx? gi6 ul/lbg] sfo{nfO{ xoflsª elgG5 .
Wi-Fi sDKo'6/, df]jfOn h:tf ljB'lto pks/0fjf6 lglZrt If]q leq ljgf tf/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlw g} Wi-Fi xf] .
Internet 6]lnkmf]g, df]jfOn, Od]n, :of6]nfO6 nufotsf ljB'lto pks/0fjf6 k|jflxt x'g] ;"rgf tyf tYofªsf] ljZj ;+hfnLs[t
:j?knfO{ Internet elgG5 . ;g\ !(^) df Internet sf] kl/If0f cd]l/sL ;'/Iff cfof]hgfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;g\ !(($
jf6 lghL If]qsf] ds{06fOn sDo"lgs];gn] ;]jf z'? u/]sf] lyof] .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw
;/sf/L If]qjf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw dfkm{t Jojl:yt u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf Economy, Efficency and
Effectiveneess Nofpg] k4ltnfO{ E-Governance elgG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ If]qnfO{ r':t, k|efjsf/L Pj+ e/kbf]{ jgfpg k|of]u ul/g]
k|ljlwnfO{ g} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw elgG5 . h:t}M ljB'lto zf;g (e-governance), ljB'lto jfl0fHo (e-commerce), b"/ ;+rf/
(Tele-communication), b'/ lrlsT;f (Tele-medicine) cflb . g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lj=;= @)%& df ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt NofOPsf]
xf] . xfn ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)^& sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . sfe|] lhNnfsf] jg]kfsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
kx'Fr ePsf / gePsfx? jLrsf] km/snfO{ Digital Divide elgG5 .
;"rgf ;"rgf c+u|]hL zAb Information sf] g]kfnL ¿k xf] h;sf] cy{ x'G5 æs'g} ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgÆ . To;}n] ;"rgf eg]sf] lglZrt
hfgsf/L lbg] 1fg jf tYo xf] . ;"rgfnfO{ c+s, cIf/, zAb, lrq, rnlrq / WjgLdf k|:t't ul/G5 . To;}n] k':ts, kqklqsf, /]8Lof],
6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n, OG6/g]6 cflbaf6 k|fKt x'g] cy{k"0f{ ;Gb]z g} ;"rgf xf] .
;"rgf ;+sng ljlw
!= ;"rgf k|flKt / clen]vLs/0f M ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ug]{ / k|fKt ;"rgfnfO{ pko'Qm 9fFrf jf k4ltdf clen]va4 ul/g] .
@= ;"rgf k|zf]wg jf 5gf]6 M k|fKt ;"rgf dWo] pko'Qm dfq 5fGg] / To;nfO{ cy{k"0f{ / pkof]uL agfpg cfjZos 9fFrfdf 9fNg] sfo{ .
#= ;"rgf ;Dk|]If0f jf k|jfx M pko'Qm ;dodf pko'Qm lgsfo ;+u7g jf :yfgdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ .
;"rgfsf] e08f/0f
rflxPsf] ;do / :yfgdf k'g k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L 8fo/L, kmfOn, /lh:6f/, sDKo'6/ cflbdf hDdf ug{] sfo{ .

;+rf/ zAb Nof6Lg efiffsf] "communis" / c+u|]hL efiffsf] "communication" g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . h;sf] cy{ æcfbfgk|bfg ug'{Æ x'G5 .
To;}n] s'g} b'O{ JolQm jf kIfx¿aLr ;"rgf, ljrf/, wf/0ff, efjgfx¿ ;f6f;f6 jf cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ g} ;+rf/ xf] . s'g} b'O{ kIf aLr af]n]/, n]v]/
jf b'j} kIfn] a'em\g ;Sg] ;+s]t jf Jojxf/åf/f ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] sfo{nfO{ g} ;+rf/ elgG5 .

!= zflAbs ;+rf/ M zAb dfkm{t, af]n]/ jf n]v]/ ul/g] ;+rf/ .

@= u}/ zflAbs ;+rf/ M zAbsf] k|of]u ljgf ul/g] ;+rf/ .
;"rgf k|0ffnL
!= Psf]xf]/f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL M lr¶Lkq, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf cflbaf6 PstkmL{ ¿kdf k|jfx x'g] ;"rgf k|0ffnL .
@= bf]xf]/f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL M 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOnkmf]g, lel8of] Rofl6Ë, lel8of] sGk|m]G; cflb ;+rf/ ;fwgaf6 Ps} ;fy va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
k|0ffnLnfO{ bf]xf]/f] ;"rgf k|0ffnL elgG5 .
 lj=;+= !(#% g]kfndf x'nfs ;]jfsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf] .  lj=;+= @))& r}q @)– /]l8of] g]kfnsf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+= !(%* uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg -b]j zd;]/ h=j=/f=_  lj=;+= @)$! df3 !& – g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :yfkgf
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
 lj=;+= @)%* – g]kfn 6]lnlehg e";"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfa4  ;g\ !((( /]l8of] k]lhª / df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] z'?jft
 ;g\ !(&@ – 6]n]S;sf] z'?jft  6]lnkmf]gsf] cflj:sf/ ;g\ !*&^ df cn]Sh]08/ u|fdj]n n] u/]sf] .
 ;g\ !(*# ;u/dfyf e"pku|x -cy{:6]zg_ jnDa', sf7df8f}+  6]lnlehgsf] cflj:sf/ ;g\ !*(& df hf]g n]uL j]o8{n] u/]sf] .
 ;g\ !(** cGt/f{li6«o u]6j] PS;r]Ghsf] :yfkgf
 df]afOn kmf]gsf cflj:sf/s dfl6{g s'k/ -df]6f]/f]nf sDkgL_ ;g\ !(&# df cflj:sf/ ul/Psf] .
 g]kfndf df]afOn kmf]gsf] z'?jft lj=;+= @)%^ b]lv ePsf] .
 g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]gsf] z'?jft lj=;+= !(&) b]lv ePsf] xf] .
STD ;]jf lj=;+= @)$@ b]lv z'? CDMA k|ljlw lj=;+= @)^@ df3 @# b]lv z'?
ISD ;]jf lj=;+= @)$$ b]lv z'? DTH k|ljlw ;g\ @)!) b]lv z'?
 g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)$!, sfo{qmd z'? la=;+=@)$@ df3 !&
 sf7df08f}+sf] anDe'df lj=;+= @)#( df e"–pku|x s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/Psf] .
 ljZjsf] klxnf] ;~rf/ e"–pku|x Early Bird sf] k|If]k0f ;g\ !(^% df ul/Psf] .
 g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf z'? ;g\ !(($ -ds{G6fOn sDo"lgs]zg_ / g]kfn b'/;~rf/ ;+:yfgaf6 ;g\ !((% b]lv z'? ePsf] .
 PSsf;f} ztfAbL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o'u x'g] eGg] JolQm a6]«G8 /;]n -a]nfot_ x'g .
 OG6/g]6 ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;ˆ6j]o/nfO{ a|fph/ (Browser) elgG5 . h:t}M Internet explorer, opera, Mozilla
 O–d]nsf] z'?jft ;g\ !(&^ df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ePsf] xf] .
 WWW sf] z'?jft ;g\ !((! b]lv ePsf]
 Google sf] z'?jft ;g\ !((& ;]K6]Da/ !% b]lv cd]l/sfaf6 ePsf] -Nof/L / ;h]{_
 Skype sf] z'?jft ;g\ @))# cu:t b]lv ePsf] .
 Facebook sf] z'?jft ;g\ @))$ b]lv ePsf] -h's/au{_
 Facebook.com sf] z'?jft ;g\ @))%, cu:t b]lv ePsf]
 Twitter sf] z'?jft ;g\ @))^ b]lv ePsf]
 l;ldt Ifdtfsf] sDKo'6/ Simputer
Full Forms:-
www world wide web PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
GB Giga Byte LAN Local Area Network
http hypertext transfer protocol RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
e-mail electronic mail LASER Light Implication by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol LCD Liquid Crystal Display
CCTV Closed Circuit Television LED Light Emitting Diode
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line IBM International Business Machine
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp SCT Smart Choice Technology
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access ROBERT Rocket Borne Emergency Radio Transmitter
WAN Wide Area Network Wi Max Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access
ATM Automated Teller Machine
# j}slNks phf{
k/Dk/fut Pj+ k|rlnt phf{sf] ;§fdf k|of]u ul/g] phf{nfO{ j}slNks phf{ elgG5 . lj|s]6, ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], kmf]6f];]n, ;f]nf/ Kofgn, 6'sLdf/f, kfgL
3§ cflb ;j} j}slNks phf{;Fu ;DjlGwt 5g\ . ;f}o{ phf{sf] k|of]u4f/f vfg]kfgL z'l4s/0f ug]{ ljlwnfO{ ;f]8L; k|ljlw elgG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
k/Dk/fut phf{sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ug{ lj=;= @)%# ;fn sflt{s !* df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno cGtu{t j}slNks phf{ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf vkt x'g] phf{nfO{ k/Dk/fut -%%=##Ü_ Joj;flos -$@Ü_ / j}slNks gljs/0fLo -@=^&Ü_ u/L tLg k|sf/df ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . dflg;n] k|of]u u/]sf] klxnf] phf{ cfuf] xf] .
cgjLs/0fLo phf{sf] ;|f]tx¿sf] ;§fdf k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tnfO{ j}slNks phf{sf ;|f]t
elgG5 . h:t}M hnljB't\, jfo" phf{, h}ljs pmhf{, lhof]yd{n phf{, Hjf/ef6f phf{, Go"lSno/ phf{ cflb .
alx/x]sf] kfgLsf] ;xfotfaf6 6jfO{g 3'dfP/ pTkfbg ul/Psf] ljBt'nfO{ hnljB't\ elgG5 . g]kfnsf] cg'dflgt hnljB't\ Ifdtf
*#,))) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s tyf k|fljws b[li6n] $@,))) d]ufjf6 ljB't lgsfNg ;lsG5 . n3' hnljB'ttkm{ sl/a %) d]ufjf6 ljB't
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . ;f}o{ phf{af6 sl/a !!#@=& d]ufjf6 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] . uf]a/ UofF; tkm{ !( nfv uf]a/UofF; KnfG6x?
:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] .;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]af6 !) b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd pmhf{ art ug{ ;lsg] . !)) lsnf]jf6 ;Ddsf] hnljB'tnfO{ n3'hnljB't
elgG5

hGt' jg:klt / ltgLx¿af6 lg:sf;g ePsf kbfy{x¿af6 k|fKt x'g] pmhf{nfO{ h}ljs pmhf{ elgG5 . h:t}M afof]df;, jfof]UofF; cflb .
-s_ afof]df; M d'Votof jg:kltsf d/]/ ;'s]sf] efux¿ k/fn, 5jfnL, e';, sf7sf] w'nf] cflbnfO{ afof]df; elgG5 .
-v_ afof]UofF; M hgfj/x¿sf] dnd"q tyf s'lxPsf jg:kltsf efux¿af6 ljR5]bg u/L agfOPsf] UofF;nfO{ afof]UofF; cyf{t\ uf]a/ UofF; elgG5 .
o;df ldy]g (50-75%), sfa{g8fO{cS;fO8 (25-50%), gfO6«f]hg (0-10%) , xfO8«f]hg (0-1%), xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8 (0-3%) tyf
clS;hg (0-1%) sf] ;ld>0f x'G5 .g]kfndf ;g\ !(&$ b]lv afof]UofF;sf] sfo{qmd ;'?jft ePsf] xf] .
jfo" phf{ tLj| ultdf alx/x]sf] xfjfsf] ;xfotfn] pTkfbg u/]sf] phf{nfO{ afo" phf{ elgG5 . jfo" zlQmaf6 lah'nL lgsfNg] klxnf] b]z
8]gdfs{ xf] . jfo" zlQmsf] k|of]usf] nflu pko'Qm dflgPsf] g]kfnsf] lhNnf d':tfË xf] .
lhof]yd{n pmhf{ M k'YjLsf] leqL efudf /x]sf] tfkzlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/L pTkGg x'g] zlQmnfO{ lhof]yd{n phf{ elgG5 . k[YjLsf] ;txaf6
k|ltlsnf]ld6/ ulx/fOdf cf};t 30°C tfkqmd a9\b} hfG5 . oxL tfkzlQm pkof]u u/L kfgLnfO{ afkm agfO OlGhg ;+rfng u/]/ ljB't \
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . e"–tfkLo phf{sf] ;|f]tsf] nflu g]kfnsf] k|l;4 lhNnf l;Gw'kfNrf]s xf] .
Hjf/ef6f phf{ ;d'Gb|df p7\g] Hjf/ef6fsf] ;xfotfaf6 pTkfbg ul/g] phf{nfO{ Hjf/ef6f phf{ elgG5 . ;d'Gb| glhssf If]qx¿df Hjf/sf
sf/0fn] cfpg] kfgLnfO{ ;+lrt u/L To;af6 6jfO{g 3'dfP/ ljB't pTkfbg ul/G5 .
Go"lSno/ phf{ tTjsf] k/df0f'df /x]sf] Go'lSno;sf] ;+of]hg jf ljR5]bgaf6 pTkGg x'g] phf{nfO{ Go"lSno/ phf{ elgG5 .

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
Go'lSno/ lkm;g M tTjsf] k/df0f'sf] Go"lSno; 6'lqmo/ cyf{t\ ljR5]bg eO{ ;/n tTjsf] Go"lSno; aGg] lqmofnfO{ Go'lSno/ lkm;g elgG5 . o;
k|lqmofdf s]xL lk08 gfz x'G5 h'g zlQmdf kl/jt{g x'G5 .
Go"lSno/ km\o'hg M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;/n tTjsf Go"lSno;x¿ ;+of]hg eO{ 7"nf] tTjsf] Go"lSno; aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ Go"lSno/ km\o'hg elgG5 .
o;/L Go"lSno/ lkm;g / km\o'hgsf qmddf aGg] pmhf{nfO{ Go"lSno/ phf{ elgG5 .
;f}o{ phf{
;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] phf{nfO{ ;f}o{ phf{ elgG5 . ;"o{df x'g] Go"lSno/ k|ltlqmofsf sf/0fn] ;"o{af6 k|z:t tfk / k|sfz lg:sG5 . To;}n] ;f}o{ phf{
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 / ;"o{nfO{ cgGt zlQmsf] ;|f]t elgG5 .

!=*=# qmdljsfz / j+zf0f', :jf:Yo, /f]u, vf]k, vfB, kf]if0f, ;/;kmfO{ .

qmd ljsf;
k[YjLdf /x]sf ljleGg hLjx¿ oxL ¿kdf pTklQ ePsf xf]Ogg, oLhLjsf] ljsf; Ps}k6s geO{ qmlds?kdf t ;/n hLjaf6 qmdzM ljsf; x'Fb}
jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfOk'u]sf x'g eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ qmd ljsf;sf] l;4fGt elgG5 . o; l;4fGt cg;f/ ePsf] xf] .
hLjx?sf] ljsf; qmdsf] cWoog kq] r6\6fgdf kfOg] cjz]ifsf] cWoogaf6 ul/G5 . hLjfjz]if ;DalGw cWoog ug{] lj1fgnfO{ Kofn]G6f]nf]hL
(Paleontology) elgG5 . hLjfjz]ifdf /x]sf] sfj{g tTj / o;sf] cfO;f]6kx?sf] cWoog u/L cjz]ifsf] cfo' lgwf{/0f ul/G5, o; ljlwnfO{
sfj{g 8]l6ª\u (Carbon dateing)elgG5 .
dflg;sf] qmd ljsf;
;a}eGbf klxn] ;d'b|df Ps sf]ifLo hLjsf] pTklt→ ax'sf]ifLo hLj → tGt', c+u k|0ffnL ePsf hLj→9f8 gePsf hLj→9f8 ePsf hLj→#@
s/f]8 jif{ klxnf] df5fsf] pTklt→!( s/f]8 jif{ klxn] k+IfL→!^ s/f]8 jif{ klxn] :tgwf/L → ! s/f]8 %) nfv jif{ klxn] – klxnf] dfgj
→k|f]lKnof]lky]s;→/fdflky]s;→ci6«]nf]lky]s;→xf]df]O/]S6;→lgof08f/yn→xf]df] :yflkoG; -xfnsf] dflg;_ .
;a}eGbf k|frLg dfgjk"j{hsf] ?kdf Ps s/f]8 %) nfv aif{cl3sf] dflgPsf]s]Gofdfk|fKtPropliopithecus nfO{ dflgG5 .dfgjsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg
?k /fdflky]s; xf] .
g]kfnsf] a'6jnsf] ltgfp vf]nfsf] 5]pdf ! s/f]8 !) nfv aif{ k'/fgf] /fdflky]s;sf] a+uf/fsf] vf]h 8f= h]=Pr=xflr;g lj=;+=@)#& df u/]sf lyP
./]d08 P= 8f6{n] blIf0f clk|msfdf km]nf kf/]sf] Pp6f afnssf] vKk/nfO{ ci6«]nf]lky]s; gfdfs/0f u/]sf] lyP .km|fG;sf] d':t]/ eGg] 7fpFdf
kfOPsf cjif]znfO{ d':t]/ dfgj elgG5 .
cfheGbf sl/a @%÷#) xhf/ aif{ cufl8sf] xf]d];]lko] dfgjsf cjif]zx? cd]l/sf, clk|msf, ci6]«lnof, o'/f]kdf kfOPsf] 5 . 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf]
?kdf s's'/ kfNg] klxnf] dfgj xf]df];]lko] g} xf] .
Ths Siwalik (Churia) belt of Dang is the same belt, where the fossilized form of the early human ancestors, the Ramapithecus was
found at the Butwal Siwalik Range. A fossil of Ramapithecus were found in a place near Butwal, Lumbini Zone of Western
Nepal in December 1980. It was discovered by Dr J.H. Hutchinson, G.E.Lewis and L.S.B. Leakey. The Ramapithecus has
been studies from the piont of view of the development of Hominid and it has been proved that the Ramapithecus is the first
in this chain, which existed about 14 million to 8 million years ago. Robert M.West first undertook the geological study of
Dang valley from the American museum and teh Department of Mines of HMG, Nepal in 1976.
n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt
qmdljsf;sf] l;4fGt ;j{k|yd k|ltkfbg ug]{ j}1flgs n]dfs{ x'g\ . pgn] klxn]sf hLjx¿ lj:tf/} ljsl;t x'Fb} uP/ xfnsf] hLjx¿sf] pTklQ ePsf]
xf] eGg] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt cg';f/,
!= hLj dfly jftfj/0fLo k|efj @= c+usf] pkof]u / cg'kof]u #= cflh{t u'0fsf] x:tfGt/0f
8fla{gsf] l;4fGt
qmd ljsf;sf ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ dWo] 8flj{gsf] l;4fGt Ps k|d'v l;4fGt xf] . 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] l;4fGt jf 8flj{gsf]
ljsf;jfb klg elgG5 . pgsf] l;4fGtsf k|d'v a'Fbfx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
!= k|To]s hLjdf k|z:t ;Gtfg pTkfbg Ifdtf eP klg hLjsf] hg;+Vof em08} oyfjt\ /xG5 .
@ afFRgsf] nflu ;+3if{ ug'{'kb{5 . hLjsf] ;+3if{ vfgf, jf;:yfg / k|hggsf nflu x'G5 .
#= ;Ifd g} afFRg ;Sb5g\ M hLjn] afFRgsf] nflu vfgf, zq'af6 aRg, /f]u lj?4 n8\g jftfj/0f cg's"n x'g ;Sg'kb{5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;kmn
x'g]x¿ cfkm\gf] cl:tTj /Iff ub{5g\ / afFRg ;kmn x'G5g\ .
$= k|fs[lts 5gf]6M k|s[ltn] ;do cg's'n ljsl;t hLjnfO{ dfq afFRg ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . h'g hLj ;do cg's"n ljsf; x'g ;Sb}gg\, ltgLx¿ nf]k
x'Fb} hfG5g\ . s'g hLj afFRg] / s'g hLj nf]k x'g] eGg] s'/f k|s[ltn] g} lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
%= kl/j[lQ / j+zh M kl/j[lQ eg]]sf] Pp6}k|hfltsf] aLrsf /x]sf] km/skg xf] . j+zf0f'ut u'0f / jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf sf/0fn] hLjdf kl/j[lQ
NofpF5 h'g gofF ;Gtltdf ;b}{ hfG5 . k"j{haf6 gofF ;GttLdf ;g]{ u'0fx¿ g} j+zhsf u'0fx¿ x'g\ .
^= gofF hfltsf] pTklQ M hLjn] kl/j[lQaf6 k|fKt u/]sf u'0fx¿ k|To]s ;Gtltdf x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} hfFbf cGTodf k"vf{eGbf km/s k|hflt b]vfkb{5 /
gofF hfltsf] pTklQ x'G5 .
qmd ljsf; l;4fGtsf k|df0fx¿
!= cjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0f M klxn]sf hLjx¿ d/]/ ;8]/ k[YjLd'lg r§fgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] afFsL cj:yf g} cjz]if x'g . oL cjz]ifsf] cWoogn]
qmdljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k'li6 ub{5g\ .
@= t'ngfTds z/L/ /rgfaf6 k|fKt k|df0fM ljleGg hLjsf] zf/Ll/s agfj6sf] cWoog ubf{ kfOg] ;dfgtfaf6 hLjsf] ;[li6 Pp6} ;/n k"j{haf6
qmdzM ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] k'li6 x'G5 . cfsf/ / pTklQ Pj+ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf ;dfg t/ a]Unfa]Un} sfd ug]{ c+unfO{ ;hflto c+u (Homologus
Organs) elgG5 .
#= e'|0f ;DaGwL k|df0fM ljleGg hLjsf] e'|0fsf] cWoog ubf{ kfOg] ;dfgtfaf6 k|fKt k|df0f .
$= cjz]iffËfaf6 k|fKt k|df0fM sltko hLjdf sfod /x]sf t/ s'g} ljz]if sfo{ gePsf c+ux¿nfO{ cjz]iffË elgG5 . w]/} klxn]sf] k"j{hdf /x]sf
o:tf c+ux¿ lqmofzLn lyP t/ xfn lqmofzLn geP/ klg pkl:yt 5g\ .k"j{hdf lqmoflzn t/ clxn] n'Kt Pj+ lqmofxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf
c+ux?nfO{ cjz]iff+u(Vestigeal Organ) elgG5 . h:t}M dflg;df x'g] Pk]l08S;, z/L/sf /f} cflb .
%= ef}uf]lns ljt/0f M ef}uf]lns ljt/0faf6 Pp6} k"vf{af6 ag]sf ;Gtlt :yfg cg';f/ km/s x'Fb} uPsf] k|df0f k|fKt x'G5 .

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
^= b'O{ ju{ aLrsf] hgfj/af6 k|fKt k|df0fM s'g} hLjx¿ b'O{ ju{sf u'0fx¿ af]s]/ /x]sf x'G5g\ g ltgLx¿nfO{ tNnf] ju{df /fVg ;lsG5 g dflyNnf]
ju{df . h:t}M Kn]6Lk; eGg] hGt' km'n kfb{5 t/ aRrfnfO{ b'w r';fpF5 . To;}n] r/f / :tgwf/L aLrdf kg]{ o:tf] hLjn] klg qmd ljsf;sf]
l;4fGtnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . jlu{s/0fsf b'O{ ;d"xx?sf] ;femf u'0f b]vfpFg] hLjx?nfO{ a|Lh Plgdn (Bridge Animal) elgG5 .
j+zf0f' j+zhsf af/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fgnfO{ hgg\ lj1fg (Genetics) elgG5 . cli6«ofsf kfb/L u|]u/ d]08n (1822–1884) nfO{ j+zh
lj1fg (Genetics) sf lktf elgG5 . hLjsf] sf]ifsf] Go"lSno;df /x]sf] qmf]df]hf]d leq /xg] ;"Id tTj h;n] k'vf{sf u'0fx¿ gofF ;GttLdf
x:tfGt/0f ub{5g To;nfO{ j+zf0f' elgG5 . j+zf0f' l8=Pg=P= af6 ag]sf] x'G5 .j+zf0f'sf] df}lns agfj6 / sfo{ af/] vf]hL ug{ hLg DoflkË
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿M– cfdfjfj'jf6 gofF ;GttLdf ;g{ ;Sg] u'0fx¿nfO{ j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿ elgG5 .
hGdf]Q/ nIf0fM–cfdfjfj'jf6 k|fKt gePsf t/ hLjn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfndf cfh{g u/]sf u'0fnfO{ hGdf]Q/ nIf0f elgG5 .
d]08nsf] k|of]u
hLjx¿sf ;Gtfgx¿df j+zf0f'ut u'0fx¿ s;/L ;b{} hfG5g\ elg d]08nn] km/s u'0f ePsf s]/fpsf lj?jf aLr u/]sf k|of]unfO{ d]08nsf] k|of]u
elgG5 . pgLn] b'O{ km/s u'0f aLr qm; k/fu;]rg u/fO klxnf] gtLhf k|fKt u/] eg] ;f] k|s[ofjf6 pTkflbt lj?jf aLr k'g :jk/fu;]rg u/L
bf]>|f] j+zsf] gtLhf k|fKt u/] . To;}u/L b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf km/s u'0fsf] aLrdf s:tf] glthf k|fKt x'G5 egL Ps} ;fy k|of]u u/] / k|To]s u'0f
:jtGq ¿kn] ;b{5 eGg] k'li6 u/] .
d]08nn] cfkm\gf] k|of]usf nflu s]/fpsf lj?jf g} 5fGg'sf] sf/0fx¿
1. s]/fpsf] lj?jfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf u'0fx¿ kfOg', 3. s]/fpsf] km'n peO{lnËL ePsf]n] :j k|hgg x'g ;Sg' .
2. s]/fpsf] hLjg rqm 5f]6f] x'g' , 4. cfjZostf cg';f/ k/k|hgg u/fpg ;lsg' .
5. s]/fpjf6 Ps} k6s w]/} ;GttL pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg' cflb .
d]08nn] cfˆgf] k|of]usf nflu s]/fpsf lj?jfsf lgDg lnlvt ;ftj6f nIf0fx¿ 5fg]sf lyP .
1. lj?jfsf] prfO — cUnf (T) / xf]rf (t) 5. ljpsf] cfsf/ — uf]nf](R) / rfpl/Psf] (i)
2. km"nsf] :yfg — sfkdf (A) / 6'Kkf] (a) 6. km"nsf] /Ë — v}/f] (B) / ;]tf] (b)
3. sf];fsf] /Ë — xl/of] (G) / kFx]nf] (g) 7. ljpsf] /Ë — kFx]nf (Y) / xl/of] (y)
4. sf];fsf] cfsf/ — k'i6 (I) / v'lDrPsf] (i)
d]08nsf] lgodx¿
1. k|jntfsf] lgod 2. n}+lus z'4tfsf] lgod 3. :jtGqtfsf] lgod
! k|jntfsf] lgod
d]08nsf] k|jntfsf] lgod cg';f/ Pp6f km/s–km/s z'4 u'0f ePsf hLjx¿sf aLr k/k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf Pp6f u'0f dfq b]vf kb{5 /
csf{] u'0f n'Kt /xG5 o;}nfO{ k|jntfsf] lgod elgG5 . klxnf] j+zdf b]vfkg{] u'0fnfO{ k|jn u'0f / bljP/ /x]sf] u'0fnfO{ n'Kt u'0 f elgG5 .
h:t} M cUnf] / xf]rf] s]/fpaLr k/k/fu;]rg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;j} cUnf s]/fp b]lvg' k|jn u'0f xf] eg] xf]rf gb]lvg' n'Kt u'0 f xf] .
k|jn u'0f / n'Kt jf blaPsf] u'0f
k|To]s hLjx¿df :jtGq¿kdf /x]sf s]lx JolQmut u'0fx¿ x'G5g h'g Ps j+zjf6 csf{] j+zdf ;b{} hfG5g\ . oL km/s u'0f ePsf b'O{ dftflktf aLr
k/ k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf Pp6f u'0f b]vfkb{5 eg] csf{] u'0f bljP/ /xG5 . h'g u'0f b]vfkb{5 To;nfO{ k|jn u'0f / h'g u'0f b]vfkb{}g
To;nfO{ n'Kt u'0f elgG5 . h:t}M sfnf] d';f/ ;]tf] d';faLr k/k|hgg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;j} sfnf] b]lvg' k|jn u'0f xf] eg] ;]t f] gb]lvg'
n'Kt u'0f xf] .
dgf]xfOlj|8 qm; / 8fOxfOlj|8qm;
Pp6fdfq km/s u'0f ePsf] hLjx¿ aLr k/k|hgg u/fpg] k|s[ofnfO{ dgf]xfOlj|8 qm; elgG5 . h:t} M sfnf] / ;]tf] d';faLr ul/g] k|hgg .
b'O{j6f km/s km/s u'0f ePsf hLjx¿aLr ul/g] k/k|hggnfO{ 8fOxfOlj|8 qm; elgG5 . h:t} M kFx]nf] uf]nf] jLp / xl/of] rfpl/Psf] jLp
ePsf] s]/fp aLr ul/g] k/k/fu;]rg .
l7dfxf
b'O{ km/s u'0fx¿ ePsf] Pp6} k|hfltsf hLjx¿sf] ;+of]ujf6 pTkGg ePsf] hLjnfO{ l7dfxf elgG5 . h:t} M cUnf] / xf]rf] s]/fpjf6 lg:s]sf] klxnf]
j+zsf] cUnf] s]/fp l7dfxfdf Pp6f u'0fdfq b]vfk/] klg dftflktf b'j}sf u'0fx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
lkmgf]6fOk / lhgf]6fOk
hLjsf] aflx/L ¿kdf aflx/jf6 b]vfkg{] u'0fnfO{ lkmgf]6fOk elgG5 . s'g} klg hLjsf] agfj6 cg';f/sf] u'0fnfO{
lhgf]6fOk elgG5 . h:t} M cUnf] (TT) / xf]rf] (tt) s]/fpaLr k/k/fu;]rg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf b]vfkg{] ;j}
cUnf] s]/fp (Tt) aflx/jf6 x]bf{ cUnf] b]]lvg' lkmgf]6fOk u'0f xf] eg] To;sf] hLgsf] agfj6 l7dfxf (Tt) /xg'
lhgf]6fOk xf] .
@ n}lËs z'4tfsf] lgod
s'g} klg cfdf / jfj'df ePsf b'O{ leGgfleGg} hLg -j+zf0f'_x¿ ltgLx¿sf] ;Gtfgdf ;b{5g / cGo;Fu ;Dks{
geP;Dd cfˆgf] df}lnstf gu'dfO oyfjt /x]sf x'G5g h'g Uofd]6 jGg] k|s[ofdf Ps cfk;df gld;Lsg 5'§LP/
uO{ km/s Uofd]6df km/s km/s u'0f /xg k'U5g\ h;jf6 k|To]s Uofd]6 z'4 /xg k'Ub5 cyf{t Pp6f dfq u'0f
jf]s]sf] Uofd]6 k}bf x'G5, k|jn of n'Kt . o;}nfO{ n}lËs z'4tfsf] lgod elgG5 .d]08nn] z'4 cUnf] / z'4 xf]rf]
s]/fp aLr k/k/fu;]rg u/fpFbf klxnf] j+zdf ;j} cUnf] s]/fp kfOP / o;/L kfOPsf klxnf] j+zsf cUnf
s]/fpdf :j;]rg u/fpFbf bf];|f] j+zdf tLg efu cUnf / Ps efu xf]rf s]/fpx¿ kfOof] . tLg efu cUnf dWo] Ps efu z'4 cUnf, b'O{ efu
l7dfxf cUnf b]vfk/] . o;/L klxnf] j+zdf ;j} cUnf b]lvP klg kl5Nnf j+zdf b'j} u'0f b]vfkg{' jf6 tL u'0fx¿ Ps cfk;df 5\of;ld; geO{
Uofd]6 jGg] k|s[ofdf z'4 ¿kn] g} x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} hfG5g\ eGg] j'l´G5 .
# :jtGqtf u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgod (Law of Independent Assortment)
ljleGg km/s u'0f ePsf dftflktf aLr qm; u/fpFbf aGg] ;GttLx¿df tL km/s u'0fx¿ :jtGq ¿kn] ;b{5g\
cyf{t\ tL u'0fx¿ ;bf{ Pp6f u'0fn] csf]{ u'0fsf] ;/fOnfO{ c;/ kfb}{g, o;}nfO{ :jtGqtfsf] lgod elgG5 .
d]08nsf] :jtGq u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgodnfO{ k'li6 ug{ b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf km/s u'0f jLr k/k|hgg ug{'kb{5 . b'O{
b'O{ km/s u'0fjLr ul/g] k/k|hggnfO{ 8fOxfOj|L8 s|; / b'O{eGbf a9L km/s u'0faLr ul/g] s|;nfO{
kf]nLxfOj|L8 s|; elgG5 . d]08nn] :jtGq u'0f k|;f/0fsf] lgod k'li6 ug{ 8fOxflj|8 s|; u/]sf lyP .
uf]nf] k+x]nf] —9
uf]nf] xl/of] —3 9:3:3:1
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
rfp/LPsf] k+x]nf] —3
rfp/LPsf] xl/of] —1
T H Morgan n] d]08nsf] lgodsf] k|of]u 8«f];f]lkmnf eGg] lemFufdf u/]sf lyP .
kl/j[lt
o; ;+;f/df /x]sf Pp6} k|hftLsf hLjx¿ aLrdf klg s]xL g s]xL km/skgf /x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6} cfdfjfj'jf6 hGd]sf ;GttLx¿df klg s]lxg s]xL
km/skgf kfOG5 h;sf sf/0f ltgLx¿ Ps csf{df km/s b]lvG5g , o;}nfO{ kl/j[lt elgG5 . kl/j[ltnfO{ d"Vo b'O{ efudf jfF8\g ;lsG5 .
!= j+zf0f'ut kl/j[lt M Ps j+zjf6 csf{] j+zdf j+zf0f'jf6 ;b{} uPsf] kl/j[ltnfO{ j+zf0f'ut kl/j[lQ elgG5 .
@= jftfj/0fLo kl/j[lQ M j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] Ps}k|sf/sf hLjx¿ klg km/s jftfj/0fdf x's{b} hfFbf b]lvg] ljleGgtfnfO{ jftfj/0fLo kl/j[lQ elgG5 .
pTkl/jt{g
k"j{hjf6 ;/]/ gcfPsf] t/ gofF ;GttLdf cs:dft b]vfkg{] gofF u'0fnfO{ pTkl/jt{g elgG5 . h:t} M s'g} dflg;sf] xftsf] cf}Fnfsf] ;+Vof j9L x'g' .
DNA sf] agfj6 RNA sf] agfj6

gfO6«f]hg a];sf] qmd km/s km/s x'g] ePsfn] ljleGg hfltsf hLjx? tyf Pp6} hfltsf hLjx?aLrdf leGgtf cfpF5 .

:jf:Yo
ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª3sf cg';f/ /f]u / b'j{ntfjf6 d'Qm x'g' dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs tj/n] k"0f{ tGb'?:t x'g'nfO{ g} :jf:Yo
elgG5 . o; kl/efiffn] /f]ujf6 d'Qm x'g'sf ;fy} :jf:Yosf cfwf/e"t tLg kIfx? – zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5
.zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo cGtu{t zf/Ll/s ljsf; / tGb'?:tL kb{5 . dfgl;s :jf:Yo cGtu{t :j:y lrGtg / dl:tissf] ljsf; k5{ . ;fdflhs
:jf:Yodf JolQmsf] ldng;fl/tf, ;xof]usf] efjgf, cfr/0f, g]t[Tj / ldqtf sfod ug]{ Ifdtf cflb kb{5g\ . To;}n] zf/Ll/s tGb'?:t /lx
dfgl;s ?kn] ;r]t eO{ ;fdflhs / cfly{s tj/n] pTkfbgzLn hLjg ljtfpg ;Sg' g} :j:y x''g' xf] .
:j:y dflg;df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx?
– ;Grf] x'g' – cfTdljZjf; / cfTd lgoGq0f x'g'
– hfFu/ cfpg' – :j:y lrGtg ug{ ;Sg'
– ef]s nfUg' / lgb|f kg'{ – ;xof]usf] efjgf x'g'
– xFl;nf] / v';L b]lvg' – c? ;+u ldn]/ j:g ;Sg' .
– lrGtf d'Qm x'g'
æ;Dk"0f{ pknlAw eGbf :jf:Yotfsf] k|flKt pRrtd tyf c;n pknlAw xf]Æ uf}td a'4
 WHO sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($* clk|n & df ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfnn] WHO sf] ;b:otf ;g\ !(%$ d] !) df k|fKt u¥of] .
 o"lg;]km (UNICEF) sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($^ df eof] .
 WHO n] ;g\ !(&* df æ;j}sf] nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf hgtfsf] clwsf/Æ elg 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
 g]kfnn] lj=;= @)%$ df @) jif{ :jf:Yo gLlt NofPsf] xf] .
 g]kfnnfO{ lj=;+= @)#$ j}zfv ! ut] ljkm/d'Qm b]z 3f]if0ff ul/of] .
 v]nf8Ln] gzfn' cf}ifwL k|of]u u/] gu/]sf] kQf nufpg ul/g] kl/If0fnfO{ 8f]lkË 6]i6 elgG5 .
 cGt/fli6«o kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($* df eof] .
 lj=;= @)!% df cf}+nf] pGd'ng ;ª3sf] :yfkgf eof] .
Special Day Date ljZj cj'{b /f]u lbj; km]a'|c/L $
World Leprosy Day 30th Janaury ljZj kfgL lbj; dfr{ @@
World TB Day 24th March
World Health Day 7th April
ljZj bd lbj; d] #
Labour Day 1st May ljZj dft[Tj lbj; d] *
World Redcross Day 7th May cGt/fli6«o g;{ lbj; d] !@
World Smoking Day 31th May ljZj /Qmbfg lbj; h'g !$
World Environment Day 5th June ljZj d'6' lbj; ;]K6]Da/ #)
World Population Day 11th July ljZj xftw'g] lbj; cS6f]a/ !%
International Peace Day 17th September
World Mental Health Day 10th October
ljZj vfB lbj; cS6f]a/ !^
World Sight Day 11th October ljZj dw'd]x lbj; gf]e]Da/ !$
World AIDs Day 1st December ljZj ckfË lbj; l8;]Da/ #
/f]u (Disease)
z/L/sf s'g} klg cªux?sf] sfo{df cfPsf] u8j8Lsf sf/0f c;lhnf] x'g', b}lgs sfdx? ug{ ufx|f] x'g' jf sfdx? ug{ g} g;Sg] x'g'nfO{ …/f]uÚ
elgG5 . To;}n] /f]unfO{ k|f0fLsf] hLjgdf cfpg] c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf elgG5 . jf:tjdf dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs kIfdf cfpg]
c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf g} /f]u xf] . j]ai6/ (Webster disctionary) sf cg';f/ /f]u eg]sf] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo IfL0f, :jf:Yolxgtf / cGo z/L/sf]
k|d'v k|lqmof l5Gg–leGg x'g] cj:yf xf] .
/f]unfO{ ;g]{ /f]u / g;g]{ /f]u u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
Ps JolQmjf6 csf]{ JolQmdf ljleGg dfWodjf6 ;g]{ /f]unfO{ ;?jf /f]u elgG5 . oL /f]u k|fou/L hLjf0f' (Bacteria), ljiff0f' (Virus), k|f]6f]hf]cf
(Protozoa), 9';L (Fungi), s[ld jf h'sf (Worms) cflbsf sf/0fn] ubf{ x'G5 . h:t} M n'tf], 3fpm vl6/f, lgdf]lgof, bfb"/f, l6=aL=, cfFvf
kfSg] /f]u, ?3fvf]sL, emf8fkfvfnf, cfpF, x}hf, dn]l/of, sfnfhf/ cflb .
Ps JolQmjf6 csf]{ JolQmdf g;g]{ /f]ux? c;Gt'lnt cfxf/f, s'kf]if0f, k|b"if0f, cJojl:yt hLjgz}nL, tgfj, j+zf0f'ut nIf0f, cDdn cflbsf sf/0fn]
x'G5g\ .
h:t} M– dfgl;s /f]u, df]6f]kg, d'6'sf] /f]u, ;'s]gf;, /St cNktf, /tGwf], unufF8, bd, afy/f]u, /Strfk, cDnlkQ, dw'd]x, kTy/L, h:tf /f]ux?
;b}{gg\ .
;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux? jLr km/s
cfwf/ ;g]{ /f]u g;g]{ /f]u
/f]usf] sf/0f ls6f0f' jf k/hLjL c:j:y hLjgz}nL, j+zf0f'
;g]{ tl/sf /f]uL;+usf] ;Dks{ / hgfj/jf6 cfxf/ ljxf/, hLjg z}nL j+zf0f'ut sf/0f
/f]usf] k|s[lt w]/} h;f] l56f] nfUg] / l56f] ;Grf] x'g], nfdf] ;do nflu /xg]lgsf] gx'g], lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg]
s]lx lgsf] gx'g] t/ lgd'{n kfg{ g;lsg] .
;?jf /f]u nfUg'sf k|d'v sf/0fx?
!= b'lift kfgL – emf8fkvfnf, 6fOkmfO8 #= b'lift vfgf – emf8fkvfnf, x}hf
@= b'lift xfjf – lgdf]lgof, Ifo/f]u $= ;+qmldt ls/f km6\ofª\u|fsf] 6f]sfO – cf}nf], sfnfhf/, 8]+u'
%= ljleGg ;'Id lhjf0f', ljiffn', kmGhfO, k|f]6f]hf]cfsf] ;+qmd0f h:t} M cf}nf], sfnfhf/, xfQLkfOn], 8]Fu', 6fOkmfO8
^= c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ – P8\;, x]kf6fOl6; aL, le/ª\uL
&= ;+qmldt cfdfn] aRrf hGdfpFbf aRrfdf /f]u ;b{5, h:t} M P8\;, x]kf6fOl6; aL, le/ª\uL
*= lb;f lk;fasf] plrt lj;h{g gugf{n] h:t} M emf8fkvfnf
(= ;+qmldt ;'O{ / cf}hf/sf] ;f6f;f6af6 h:t} M P8\;, x]kf6fOl6; aL
!)= b'lift efF8fs'8f, n'ufsk8fsf] k|of]u ugf{n] h:t} M n'tf], bfb .
k|f]6f]hf]cf (Protozoal diseases):– dn]/Lof, cfpF, sfnfhf/, kvfnf(Giardiaris)
hLjf0f'jf6 x'g] (Bacterial Disease) M– x}hf, emf8fjfGtf, lgdf]lgof, ;lGgkft -6fOkmfO8_, nx/]vf]sL, Eofu't] /f]u, wg'if6ªsf/ -l66fg;_, Ifo/f]u,
uf]g]/Lof, d]g]GhfO6L;, l;kmnL;, ugf]/Lof
efO/;jf6 x'g] (Viral Diseses) M– ljkm/, bfb'/f, OG;]kmnfO6L;, k+x]nf] Hj/-h08L;_, /]jLh, ?3f, P8\;, xf}8] cflb .
9';L (Fungus diseases):– n'tf], bfb
s[ld (Wormy diseases):– uf]nf] h'sf, r'gf{, gfDn], lne/kmNo"s,xfQLkfOn] (Filaria), lkmQ] h'sf(Tape Worm), c+s'z] h'sf (Hook Worm), cflb .
s]xL /f]ux? / tL /f]ux? nufpg] ls6f0f'M
/f]usf] gfd /f]u nufpg] ls6f0f' /f]usf] gfd /f]u nufpg] ls6f0f'
Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica Bacillary dysentery Shigella
Bird Fleau H5N1 Swin Fleau H1N1
Cholera x}hf Vibrio Cholerea Common Cold Rhino Virus
Filaria Wuchereria bancrofti HIV Retro Virus
Eofu't] /f]u (Diphtheriya) Coryne Bacterium Diphtheriya Kala Azar Leishmania donovani
Leprosy Micobacterium lepre Malaria Plasmodium Vivax
Measles Paramixo virus Tetanus Clostridium tetani
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Whooping Cough Bordetella Pertusis
/]lah /f]u Lyssa Virus lel/ËL (Syphilis) Treponema Pallidium
lakm/ /f]u Variola Virus ;'hfs (Gonorrhoea) Gonococus of Neiser
cf}nf] /f]u Pgf]lkmn; hftsf] kf]yL nfdv'6\6]af6 hg} vl6/f (Herpes Zoster) Varicella Zoster
8]+u' /f]u Pl8h Ph]K6fO{ nfdv'§]sf] 6f]sfO{af6 xflQkfOn] So"n]S; nfdv'§]sf] 6f]sfO{af6
Dofb] Hj/f] (Typhoid) Salmonella Typhi sfnfhf/ Sandfly gfds e';'gfsf] 6f]sfO{af6
s]lx dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx?
 hg:jf:Yo zAbsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ;g\ !*$) lt/ ePsf] dflgG5 .
 ;fd'bflos k|of;af6 hgtfsf] :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx tyf /f]ux?sf] /f]syfdnfO{ g} hg:jf:Yo elgG5 .
 hg:jf:Yo ;DaGwL klxnf] sfg'g agfpg] b]z a]nfot-;g\ !*$* _ xf] .
 /f]usf] /f]syfd ;DjGwL k|lqmof, lqmofsnfk Pj+ pkfox?nfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|fylds, dfWolds / k|j4{gfTds
 /f]syfd /f]u nfUg'jf6 jrfpg] pkfonfO{ k|fylds /f]syfd, /f]u nflu ;s]kl5 ul/g] pkrf/nfO{ dfWolds /f]syfd / cfo' j9fpg], :jf:Yosf]
k|j4{g ug]{, ;'/lIft kfgL, rkL{sf] k|of]u h:tf ultljlw k|j4{gfTds /f]syfd cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
 la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn n}hfg' eGbf cufj} p;sf] hLjg arfpg ul/g] pkfonfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ -First Aid_ elgG5 .
 vf]k ;]jf, ;?jf /f]usf] lgoGq0f, kl/jf/ lgof]hg tyf dft[ lzz' ;]jf cflbnfO{ k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
 dfgj z/L/df /f]usf hLjf0f'x? k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 /f]usf] nIf0f gb]lvpGh]n ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ Incubation Period elgG5 .
 vf; pkrf/ kQf nflu g;s]sf] /f]unfO{ c;fWo /f]u elgG5 .
 PSsf;L s'g} /f]u Jofks ?kdf km}lng'nfO{ dxfdf/L elgG5 .
 Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{df k|ToIf ;Dks{ jf :kz{af6 ;g]{ /f]unfO{ :kzf{Tds /f]u -Contagious Disease_ elgG5 .
 Ps JolQmaf6 ;d'bfosf JolQmx?df ck|ToIf ?kdf xfjf, kfgL, ef]hg, ls/fx? cflbsf] dfWodaf6 km}ng] /f]unfO{ ;+qmfds /f]u -Epidemic
Disease_ elgG5 .
vf]k vaccine

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
dflg;sf] z/L/sf] /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf j9fpg] s[lqd pkfonfO{ vf]k elgG5 . vf]kn] ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx?;+u ldln Antibody pTkfbg ub{5 h;n]
xflgsf/s ls6f0f'nfO{ gfz u/L /f]unfUg jf6 jrfpF5 . jRrfnfO{ /f]u nfUgjf6 jrfpg] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf g} vf]k xf] . jRrfnfO{ Ps jif{
leq g} ;j} vf]ksf] dfqf k'/f ug'{kb{5 .
 jRrfnfO{ hGdg] ljlQs} Psk6s BCG vf]k lbg'kb{5 . o;n] Ifo/f]ujf6 jrfpF5 .
 jRrf hGd]sf] ^ xKtf b]lv ! jif{ leqdf !÷! dlxgfsf] km/sdf tLgk6s DPT vf]k lbO{G5 .
 DPT nfO{ Triple vaccine klg elgG5 .o;n] jRrfnfO{ Eofu't] /f]u, nx/]vf]sL / wg'if6+sf/ /f]ujf6 jrfpF5 .
 jRrf hGd]sf] ^ xKtf b]lv ! jif{ leq !÷! dlxgfsf] km/sdf tLgk6s @–# yf]kfsf] b/n] kf]lnof] yf]kf v'jfOG5 .
 jRrfnfO{ bfb'/fjf6 jrfpg jRrf hGd]sf] ( dlxgf b]lv ! jif{ leq bfb'/fsf] vf]k lbOG5 .
 cfdf / jRrf b'j}nfO{ wg'if6ªsf/jf6 jrfpg !% b]lv $( jif{ ;Ddsf ;j} dlxnfx?nfO{ T.T vf]k lbOG5 .
AIDS Acquired Immune Difficiency Syndrom DPT Diptheria Pertusis Titanus
ANC Antenatal Care ECG Electro – Cardiogram
BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin OPD Out Patient Department
CT Scan Computed Tomography Scan OPV Oral Polio Vaccine
DOTS Direct Observed Treatment short course STD Sexually Transmitted Disease
vfB / kf]if0f
vfB kbfy{ eGgfn] vfgfsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] kbfy{ eGg] j'lemG5 . kf]if0f eGgfn] xfdLn] vfPsf] vfB kbfy{sf] pkof]u ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 .
To;}n] vfB kbfy{ / kf]if0f Pp6} s'/f xf]Ogg\ . xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ zlQm k|fKt ug{, j[l4 ljsf; ug{, sf]if tGt'sf] ljsf; / lgdf{0f ug{ kf]if0fo'Qm
vfB kbfy{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . xfdLn] vfBkbfy{jf6 g} kf}li6s tTjx? k|fKt ub{5f}+ .
/f;folgs jgfj6sf lx;fjn] vfBkbfy{nfO{ ^ ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= sfjf]{xfO8«]6; (Carbohydrates) M of] zlQmsf] k|d"v ;|f]t xf] Ps u|fd sfjf]{xfO8«]6n $ Sofnf]/L zlQm lbG5 . sfjf]{xfO8«]6 kfOg] vfBkbfy{df
rfdn, ux'F, ds}, cfn', hf}, ;nud, lkF8fn', t?n, pv', u'lnof] kmnkm"n cflb .
@= lrNnf]kbfy{ (Fats)M o;n] klg zlQm k|bfg ub{5 . Ps u|fd lrNnf]kbfy{n] ( Sof]nf]/L zlQm lbG5 . lrNnf]kbfy{ kfOg] vfBkbfy{df, l3p,
t]n, jf];f], dvg, jbfd cflb .
#= k|f]l6g (Protein) M k|f]l6gn] zf/L/Ls j[l4, ljsf; / sf]if, tGt'sf] lgdf{0f / dd{t ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . k|f]l6g kfOg] vfBkbfy{df
u]8fu'8Lx? rgf, s]/fp, jf]8L, l;dL, e6df;, b'w, c08f, df5f, df;' kb{5g\ .
$= vlgh (Mineral) z/L/nfO{ /Iff ug{ / /f]ujf6 jrfpg vlghsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kmnkm"n, ;fukft, df5f, df;', c08f cflbdf vlgh
tTj kfOG5 .
%= le6fldg (Vitamins): le6fldg klg zlQm k|bfg ug]{, z/L/sf] /Iff ug]{ tyf /f]ujf6 jRg dbt ub{5g\ . kmnkm"n, ;fukft, b'w, df5f, df;'
cflbdf le6fldg kfOG5 . le6fldg kfgLdf 3'Ng] / jf];f]df 3'Ng] u/L b'O{ k|sf/df x'G5g\ . le6fldg B / C kfgLdf 3'N5g\ eg] A, D, E, K
jf];f]df 3'Nb5g\ .
^= kfgL (Water)
z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;Gt'ng /fVg / vfPsf] vfBkbfy{nfO{ z/L/df ;f]:g kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lkpg] kfgL ;kmf / sL6f0f' /lxt x'g'kb{5 .
vfgfsf] /;folgs agf]6sf] cfwf/df jlu{s/0fM
 k|f]6Lg — Body building  vlgh tTj — x8\8L alnof] agfpg] sfd
 af];f] — zlQm k|bfg ug'{  kfgL — 3f]nssf] sfd ug]{
 le6fldg — /f]u;Fu n8\g] zlQm  sfaf{]xfO8«]6, k|f]l6g / lrNnf] kbfy{nfO{ macro nutrients elgG5 .
 sfaf]{xfO8«]6\; — zlQmsf] ;|f]t  le6fldg / vlgh tTjx?nfO{ micro nutrients elgG5 .
 le6fldgx? ^ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E & K, water soluble vitamins- B & C.
ljleGg le6fldgsf] j}1flgs gfd
Vitamin A – Retinol Vitamin B1 – Thiamin
Vitamin B6 – Phyridoxine Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin
Vitamin C – Ascorbic Acid Vitamin D – Calciferol
Vitamin E – Tocoferol Vitamin K – Phyloquinone
;Gt'lnt ef]hg M
k|To]s JolQmdf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfjf]{xfO8«]6\;, k|f]l6g, lrNnf], le6fldg, vlghkbfy{ / kfgLsf] b}lgs dfu k"lt{ x'g] u/L ljleGg vfBj:t'sf] 7Ls
kl/df0f / cg'kftsf] vfgfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ef]hg elgG5 . :j:y /xgsf nflu ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . olb ;Gt'lnt ef]hg k|fKt
gePdf cg]s ;d:ofx? b]vfkb{5g\ .
;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] nflu lgDg ;d"x dWo] k|To]s ;d"xjf6 sDtLdf s'g} Ps vfgf x'g'kb{5 .
;d"x …sÚ M zlQm lbg] vfgfx? M rfdn, ds}, ux'F, hf}, sf]bf], kmfk/, cfn', lkF8fn', dx, l3p, t]n .
;d"x …vÚ M z/L/ j[l4 ug]{ vfgf M df5f, df;', km'n, b'w, 9fn, u]8fu'8Lx? .
;d"x …uÚ z/L/nfO{ /Iff ug]{ vfgf M ;fukft / kmnkm"n
kf]if0f tTjsf] sdLn] x'g] /f]ux? M
/f]usf] gfd s] sf] sdL < /f]usf] gfd s] sf] sdL <
;'s]gf; (Marasmus) sfjf]{xfO8«]8 / k|f]l6g km's]gf; (Kwasiorkar) k|f]l6g
/QmcNkQf (Anemia) x]df]Unf]jLg / /ftf/Qmsf]if unufF8 (Goitre) cfof]l8g
/tGwf] (Night Blindness) Vitamin A k]n]u|f Pellegra Vitamin B3
a]/L a]/L (Beri-Beri) Vitamin B1 dflg;sf] d'v tyf cf]7df 3fp cfpg] Vitamin B
:seL{ Scurvy Vitamin C 3fp lgsf] gx'g] Vitamin C
l/s]6\; (Rickets) Vitamin d /ut auL /xg] Vitamin K
hnlaof]hg (Dehydration) z/L/df kfgL

:jf:Yo ;DaGwL s]xL cGj]if0f÷vf]h÷l;4fGt / To;sf cGj]ifsx?M

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
j}1flgs cGj]if0f÷vf]h÷l;4fGt cGj]ifs b]z Ldlt
/]ljh EoflS;g n'O{ kfZr/ k|mfG; ;g\ !**%
:6]yf]:sf]k /]g Yof]kmfOn tyf nfog]s k|mfG; ;g\ !*!^
6fOkmfO8 lhjf0f' Pjy{
a]/La]/L lrlsT;f cf]Ohse]g
An8 ;s'{n];g k4lt ljlnod xfj]{ a]nfot ;g\ !&(^
An8 6«fG;ˆo'hg, kf]lnof] efO/; n}+8 l:6g/ cli6«of ;g\ !()), !()*
An8 a}+s / KnfHdf a}+s sf] z'?jft rfN;{ l/rf8{ l8«p cd]l/sf ;g\ !($)
AofS6]l/of /a6{ sf]r
B.C.G. cnj6{ lnof]g sfnd]6, Sofldn] Uo'l/g k|mfG; ;g\ !(@!
d'6' kl/jt{g 8f=lqmlZrog agf{8{ blIf0f clk|msf ;g\ !(^&
dn]l/of Kof/f;fO6 ;/ /f]gfN8 /f; a]nfot ;g\ !*(*
e];lng /a6{ r]ha|f]
efO/; dfl6{g; ljlnod jf]Oh]/lgs xNof08 ;g\ !*(%
k]lG;lng cn]Sh]08/ ˆn]ldË :s6Nof08 ;g\ !(@*
kf]lnof] EoflS;g hf]gf; ;fns cd]l/sf ;g\ !(%$
Kofyf]nf]hL ?8f]Nkm ler{c hd{gL
l8Ky]l/of / wg'i6+sf/sf] PlG6 6f]lS;g Pldn jg j]xl/+u hd{gL ;g\ !*()
lakm/ la?4sf] vf]k P8jf8{ lhg/ a]nfot ;g\ !&(^
le6fldg 8L Pkm=;L= xf]kflsG;
OG;'lng /km a]+l6u Sofgf8f ;g\ !()!
Pg]:yf]l;of ldN6g Snfs{
Pl:kl/g xd{g 8]«;/ / j]lnS; xkmDofg hd{g ;g\ !()^
x}hf EofS;Lg tyf Ifo/f]u /a6{ sf]r hd{g qmdzM ;g\ !**$, !**@
X-Ray ljNx]d /f]G6hg hd{g ;g\ !*(%

;/;kmfO{
;/;kmfO{ eg]sf] ;kmf ;'U3/ jgfpg' xf] . :j:y jGgsf nflu j/k/sf jftfj/0f ;km ;'U3/ x'g' clt cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfkmgf] 3/, 3/
jl/kl/sf If]q, 5/l5d]s / ;d"bfo ;kmf /fVg'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ ToxfFsf] hldg, xfjf, kfgL h:tf ef}lts kIfx? ;kmf / :j:ys/ jGg dbt
k'¥ofpF5 . :j:ys/ jftfj/0fn] dflg;nfO{ lg/f]uL jGg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] dflg;nfO{ pTkfbg d"ns Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 u/fpF5 .
;/;kmfOsf nflu cfkm\gf] 3/, clkm;, pBf]u snsf/vfgfaf6 lg:sfl;t cgfjZos 7f]; tyf t/n kbfy{sf] plrt lj;h{g ug'{kb{5 . kmf]xf]/
kbfy{sf] k|s[lt x]/L sd k|of]u, k'g k|of]u jf k'g rqm0f ug{ ;lsg]nfO{ ;f]xL cg'?k ug'{kb{5 . ;8\g], uNg] kbfy{nfO{ dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . ls6f0f'oQm kmf]xf]/ kbfy{nfO{ hnfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 guNg] / ghNg] kbfy{nfO{ uf8\g' pko'Qm x'G5 . vf]nfgfnf gbL, tfn, kf]v/Ldf
kmf]xf]/ kbfy{ kmfNg' x'Fb}g . kmf]xf]/ kbfy{sf] k|s[lt / u'0fsf] cfwf/df To;sf] lj;h{g u/L ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
s]lx dxTjk'0f{ hfgsf/L
 ljZjsf] klxnf] Pl06afof]l6s cf}iflw Penicillin xf] .
 ;a}eGbf a9L /f]u ;fg{] hLj lem+uf xf] .
 8]+u' /f]u Pl8h Ph]K6fO{ gfds nfdv'6\6]sf] 6f]sfOaf6 ;g{] u5{ .
 g]kfndf of] /f]usf] cflwsf/Ls hfgsf/L ;g\ @))^ b]lv ePsf] .
 bfb'/f /f]usf] ljiff0f' ;g\ !(%$ kQf nfu]sf] xf] .
 Ifo/f]usf] lhjf0f' ;j{k|yd /f]a6{ sf]r -;g\ !**@_ n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
 P8\; /f]u ;j{k|yd ;g\ !(*! -cd]l/sf_ kQf nfu]sf] xf] .
 P8\; /f]usf] pTklt dWo clk|msf af6 ePsf] dflgG5 .
 x]kf6fOl6; aL sn]hf]df ;+qmd0f x'g] /f]u xf] .
 g]kfndf Ifo/f]u lgoGq0fsf nflu DOTS ljlwsf] ;'?jft lj= ;+= @)%$ -;g\ !((^_ b]lv ul/Psf] xf] .
 vfgfdf kmnfd tTjsf] sdL ePdf /Qm cNktf /f]u nfU5 .
 dflg;sf] d'6' km}ng] / v'Drg] lqmofnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ s[lqd ?kdf h8fg ul/g] oGqnfO{ Pece Maker elgG5 .
 :j:y dflg;sf] d'6'sf] w8sg k|ltldg]6 ^)–*) x'G5 .
 /utsf] u|'k ljefhg ;DalGw vf]h ug{] j}1flgs sfn{ n]08 l:6g/ sf] x'g\ .
 :j:y jo:s JolQmsf] /Qmrfk 120/80 mm of Hg x'g' k5{ .
 :j:y dflg;n] Ps ldg]6df ;fdfGotof !$ b]lv !* k6s Zjf; km]b{5 .
 :j:y jo:s dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd (*=^ 0F x'G5 .
 :j:y jo:s dflg;sf] gf8Lsf] ult ;fdfGotof k|lt ldg]6 &@ k6s x'g' kb{5 .
 clS;hgsf] dfqf sdL ePdf dflg;sf] z/L/df lgnf]kgf (Cyanosis) b]lvG5 .
 g]kfnnfO{ lj= ;+= @)#$ j}zfv ! lakm/d'Qm b]z 3f]if0ff ul/of] .
 g]kfndf nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g lj=;+= @)## b]lv nfu" eof] .
 g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Lsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@) ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;+3sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)!^ ePsf] lyof] .
 g]kfndf kf]if0f sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)#& b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;kmntfk"j{s d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f lj+ ;+= @)^% ul/of] .
 g]kfndf cf}krfl/s ?kdf ue{ktg ;]jfsf] k|f/De lj= ;+= @)^) r}q % ut] b]lv ul/Psf] xf] .
 zxLb u+ufnfn /fli6«o x[bo/f]u s]Gb| lj= ;+= @)%# c;f/ !% b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] .
 v]nf8Lx?n] gzfn' cf}iflw ;]jg u/] gu/]sf] kQf nufpg ul/g] k/LIf0fnfO{ 8f]lkª 6]i6 elgG5 .

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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
 ;f}o{ ls/0faf6 pkrf/ ul/g] ljlwnfO{ x]lnof]y]/fkL elgG5 .
 cfFvf bfg ubf{ sf]lg{of efu k'gM k|of]udf cfpF5 .
 dfgj z/L/sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] xf8 sfgdf (Stapes) x'G5 .
 dfgj z/L/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xf8 lt3|fdf x'G5 .
 dflg;sf] z/L/df ^^ k|ltzt k|ltzt kfgL x'G5 .
 OGˆn'PGhf /f]unfO{ cGt/f{li6«o /f]u egL lrlgG5 .
 dfgj z/L/sf] cl:yk~h/ k|0ffnL @)^ j6f xf8x? ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 .
 le6fldg P sf] /f;folgs gfd /]l6gf]n xf] .
 MMR vf]k bfb'/f (Measles), xfF8] (Mumps) / ?a]nf (Rubella) /f]uaf6 arfj6 ug{sf nflu lbOG5 .
 Antipyretic eGgfn] Hj/f] sd ug]{ cf}iflwnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
 lj=kL=:d[lt SofG;/ c:ktfn rLgsf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
 ljZj :jf:Yo lbj; clk|n & dgfOG5 .

!=*=$ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'x? ;fa'g, Knfli6s, /];f, sfFr, dn / ls6gfzs cf}ifwL, cflb .
l;d]G6 SoflN;od l;lns]6 / SoflN;od Pn'ldg]6sf] ld>0f g} l;d]G6 xf] . r'g9'Ëf (CaCO3) / laz]if k|sf/sf] df6f] (Al2O3SiO2) sf] w'nf]sf]
ld>0fnfO{ kfgLdf n]bf] agfO{ em08} !^))ºC ;Dd ttfP/ l;d]G6 SnLGs/ agfO{ @–#% lhK;d (CaSO4.2H2O) ldnfP/ lkg]/ l;d]G6 agfO{G5 .
l;d]G6 lSnGs/ r'g9'Ëf / laz]ifk|sf/sf] df6f]sf] w'nf]sf] ld>0fnfO{ kfgLdf n]bf] agfO{ ttfP/ agfOPsf]] l9SsfnfO{ l;d]G6 lSnGs/ elgG5 .
l;d]G6 agfpFbf lhK;d nj0f l;d]G6 hDg nfUg] ;do (Setting time) a9fpgsf] nflu lhK;d nj0f /flvG5 .
s+lqm6 / uf/f l;d]G6df afn'jf, /f]8f / kfgL ld;fP/ rnfO{ agfPsf] ld>0fnfO{ s+lqm6 elgG5 . l;d]G6df afn'jf / kfgL ld;fP/ agfOPsf]
ld>0fnfO{ uf/f elgG5 .
;]/fldS; sfa{g, gfO6«f]hg, l;lnsf, clS;hgo"Qm laz]if k|sf/sf] df6f] (xfO8«]6]8 cfn'ldlgod l;lns]6 (Al203.SiO22H2O) nfO{
;]/fldS; elgG5 .
sfcf]lng z'4 ;]tf] df6f]nfO{ sfcf]lng elgG5 . of] sk, Kn]6, efF8fs'8f agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
;]/fldS;sf u'0fx¿
 logLx¿nfO{ pRr tfkqmddf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .  logLx¿ cGo /f;folgs tTj;Fu k|lts[of ub}{gg\ .
 tfk / ljB'tsf s'rfns x'G5g\ .
;]/fldS;sf pkof]lutf
 pRr tfkqmddf ttfpg] e§L agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .  ljB'tsf ˆo"h tf/ /fVg], lx6/ tf/ /fVg] h:tf ;fdfg agfpg .
 gSsnL bfFt , xf8hf]gL{ agfpg .  sk, Kn]6, efF8fs'F8f agfpg .
;]/fldS;sf efF8f df6f]nfO{ w'nf] kf/]/ kfgLdf d'l5G5 / laleGg cfsf/df 9fn]/ 3fddf ;'sfO{ e§Ldf *))ºC eGbf a9L tfkqmddf ttP/ s8f
7f]; a:t'sf] ¿kdf ;]/fldS;sf efF8fx¿ agfOG5 . ;]/fldS;sf efF8fx¿ tfk vKg ;Sg] kfgL g;f]:g] / ;lhn} k|lts[of gug]{ ePsf]n] vfB;fdfuL|
/fVg pko"Qm x'G5g\ .
;fa'g k\mof6LcDnsf] ;f]l8od of kf]6fl;od nj0fnfO{ ;fa'g elgG5 . ag:kltsf] t]n jf jf];f]nfO{ ;f]l8od xfO8f«]cS;fO{8 ;Fu ttfP/ ;fa'g
tof/ ul/G5 .
C3H5(OOCR)3+3NaOH  3NaOOCR+C3H5(OH)3
hxfF R=C17 H35_
;fa'gsf] gfd ;f]l8od kfnld6]6 (C15H31 COONa) ;f]l8od cf]ln/]6 (C16H33 COONa) ;f]8Lod l:6/]6 (C17H35 COONa)
;fa'gsf] agfj6 / o;n] kmf]x/ x6fpg] tl/sf
;fa'gsf] d'Vo @ efu x'G5g\ . !_ xfO8f«]sfa{g @_ ;f]l8od jf kf]6fl;od nj0fsf] sfjf]{h]n]6 ;d"x xfO8f«]sfa{g efu kfgLdf 3'Nb}g t/ lrNnf]
kbfy{df 3'N5 / sfjf]{h]n]6 efu kfgLdf 3'N5 . log} tTjn] j:t'df ePsf] kmf]x/nfO{ 3'nfP/ kfgLdf NofpF5 / kmf]x/ x6fpF5 .
l86/h]G6 xfO8f«]sfj{gjf6 k|fKt x'g] 3'ngzLn ;+Zn]lift k]6f«]lnod /;fognfO{ l86/h]G6 elgG5 .
h:t}M– !_ ;f]l8od nl/n ;Nkm]6, @_ cNsfOn j]lGhg ;Nkmf]g]6 #_ ;f]l8od kfO/f]kmf]l:km6 cflb .
Knfl:6s sfa{go"Qm df]gf]d/x¿sf] kf]lnd/fOh];g k|s[ofåf/f ag]sf s[lqd kbfy{x¿nfO{ Knfli6s elgG5 . h:t}M– kf]lnyLg, j]s]nfO6 .
dgf]d/ / kf]nLd/ sfa{lgs of}lussf] ;fgf] c0f' h;af6 kf]nLd/ agfOG5, To;nfO{ dgf]d/ elgG5 . w]/} dgf]d/x¿ ttfpFbf k/:k/df
6fFl;guO nfdf] c0f' aGb5, h;nfO{ kf]nLd/ elgG5 .
kf]nLd/fOh];g sfa{gsf dgf]d/x¿ ttfP/ kf]nLd/ agfpg] k|s[ofnfO{ kf]nLd/fOh];g elgG5 .
k|fs[lts kf]nLd/ k|s[lt åf/f l;lh{t kf]nLd/nfO{ k|fs[lts kf]nLd/ elgG5 . logLx¿ laleGg hLjsf] dfWodaf6 aGb5g\ . h:t}M– /a/,
:6fr{, k|f]l6g cflb .
ydf]{Knfli6s ttfpFbf kUng] / rflxPsf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] g/d nrsbf/ Knfli6snfO{ ydf]]{Knfli6s elgG5 . h:t}M – kf]lnyLg,
PVC cflb .
pkof]lutfx¿M
 jflN6g, kfOk, 8f]/L, emf]nf cflb agfpg .  lah'nLsf] tf/sf] s'rfnssf] ¿kdf .
ydf]{;]l6+u Knfli6s o;sf u'0f
ttfpFbf gkUng], cem s8f x'Fb} hfg] Knfli6snfO{ ydf]{;]l6Ë elgG5 . h:t}M– j]s]nfO6
kmd{nl8xfO8 / sfaf]{lgs cDnsf] ld>0faf6 tof/ ul/Psf] ydf]{;]l6Ë Knfli6snfO{ a]s]nfO6 elgG5 .
pkof]lutfx¿
 k|];/s's/sf] ;dfpg] 7fpFdf k|of]u ug{ .  af]6nsf] lasf]{, 6fFs, s's/sf] aL8 cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
 ljB'tsf] ;fdfgx¿ :jLr, Knu, ;s]6, ˆo"h cflb agfpg .
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
ydf]{Knfli6s / ydf]{;]l6+u Knfli6s
ydf]{Knfli6s kf]nLlyg ydf]{;]l6Ë j]s]nfO6
! of] ttfpFbf kUnG5 . ! of] ttfpFbf kUnb}g .
@ o;nfO{ lr:ofpFbf 7f]; x'G5 . @ o;nfO{ ttfpFbf s8f x'G5 .
# o;nfO{ k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . # o;nfO{ ttfP/ k'g k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsb}Fg .
$ of] g/d, nrsbf/ / tlGsg] x'G5 . $ of] s8f / lk6\ lk6\ km'6\g] x'G5 .
/];f
alnof] / tGsg] u'0f ePsf wfuf] h:tf a:t'x¿ g} /];f x'g\ . /];f d'Vo @ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
!= k|fs[lts /];f M k|fs[lts ¿kdf pTkfbg x'g] /];fx¿nfO{ k|fs[lts /];f elgG5 . h:t} M skf;, h'6, pmg cflb .
@= s[lqd /];f M dflg;n] k|of]uzfnfaf6 pTkflbt /];fnO{ s[lqd /];f elgG5 . h:t} M /]og, gfOng cflb .
k|fs[lts /];fx¿ l56} ;8\5g\ / k|b'if0f ub}{gg\, To;}n] s[lqdsf] t'ngfdf /fd|f] dflgG5 .
;+Zn]lift /];fx¿
/f;folgs ljlwåf/f agfOPsf /];fx¿nfO{ ;+Zn]lift /];f elgG5 . h:t} M gfOng, kf]lni6/, Pqm]lns cflb .
k'g?Tkflbt /];f
skf;df x'g] ;]n'nf]h / sf7leqsf] kNk k|of]u u/L /f;folgs tl/sfn] pTkfbg ul/Psf] /];fnfO{ k'g?Tkflbt /];f elgG5 . h:t} M /]og .
/]og
skf;df x'g] ;]n'nf]h, sf7 leqsf] kNk / ;f]l8od xfO8«f]cS;fO8, sfj{g8fO ;NkmfO8, ;Nkm'l/s Pl;8 ldnfP/ /]og agfOG5 .
pkof]lutfx¿
 ;f/L, s'tf{, Aof08]h agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .  6fo/ agfpg, cflb sfddf k|of]u ul/G5 .
 sfk]{6 agfpg .
k|fs[lts ;]n'nf]h kmfOa/x¿
k|s[ltdf kfOg] kf]nLd/nfO{ ;]n'nf]h elgG5 . ag:kltsf] sf]ifsf] sf]ifleQfdf ;]n'nf]h kfOG5 . k|fs[lts ;]n'nf]h kmfOa/x¿ skf; / h'6 x'g\ .
sfFr
l;lnsf / wft'sf] of}lus aLr k|ltlqmof eO{ ag]sf] wft'sf] l;nLs]6 of}lus g} sfFr xf] .
Sjfh{ sfFr
l;nLsfnfO{ cTolws tfkdf -em08} !^))°C_ ttfpFbf aGg] lqmi6nfOg sfFrnfO{ Sjfh{ sfFr elgG5 .
pkof]lutfx¿
 ljB'tLo pks/0f agfpg .  /+uLg Sjfh{, ax'd"No kTy/ agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
 /f;folgs k|of]uzfnfsf ;fdu|L agfpg .
Sjfh{ sfFrsf u'0fx¿
 of] w]/} s8f x'G5 .  tfksf] 36a9fpg] c;/ ub}{g .
 kfgL / cDn;Fu k|ltlqmof ub}{g .
Sjfh{ sfFrdf tfksf] c;/ gkg]{ cyf{t\ tfkn] ubf{ x'g] k|;f/ Hofb} sd x'G5 To;}n] ttfP/ lr;f]kfgLdf b'afpFbf klg km'6 \b}g .
kfgL sfFr (Water Glass)
l;lnsfnfO{ ;f]l8od sfaf]{g]6 jf kf]6fl;od sfaf]{g]6;Fu sl/a *))°C ;Dd ttfpFbf qmdzM ;f]l8od l;lns]6 jf kf]6fl;od l;lns]6 aGb5 .
h;nfO{ kfgL sfFr (Water Glass) elgG5 . of] kfgLdf 3'Ng] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kfgL sfFr elgPsf] xf] .
SiO2+Na2 CO3  Na2SiO3+CO2
SiO2 + K2 CO3  K2 SiO3 + CO2
pkof]lutfx¿
 clUgk|lt/f]ws ;fdfg agfpg .  l;lnsf uf8]{g agfpg .
;fwf/0f sfFr
l;lnsf;Fu ;f]l8od sfaf]{g]6 / SofN;Lod sfaf]{g]6 ld;fP/ ttfpFbf aGg] ;f]l8od l;lns]6 / SoflN;od l;lnsf]6sf] ld>0fnfO{ ;fwf/0f sfFr
elgG5 .
pkof]lutfx¿
 ;fwf/0f af]6n, em\ofndf k|of]u ul/g] sfFr, 6]i66\o'a cflb agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
 n]G;, lk|Hd agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
%)Ü l;lnsf, !%Ü ;f]l8od sfaf]{g]6, !)Ü SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6 / @%Ü sfFrsf 6'qmfx¿ ld;fP/, ttfP/, kufn]/ ;fwf/0f sfFr agfOG5, h'g ;lhn}
kUng] ePsf]n] g/d sfFr klg elgG5 .
l;lnsf;Fu ln8 dgf]cS;fO8sf] k|ltlqmof eO{ ln8 l;lns]6 aGb5 . h;n] ubf{ o;sf] l/km\ofS6Le OG8]S; a9\5 . o; k|sf/sf] sfFraf6 n]G;, lk|Hd
cflb k|sfz ;DaGwL pks/0f agfOG5 .
s8f sfFr
l;lnsf;Fu kf]6fl;od sfaf]{g]6 / SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6sf] ld>0fnfO{ ttfpFbf aGg] kf]6fl;od l;lns]6 / SoflN;od l;lns]6sf] ld>0fnfO{ s8f sfFr
elgG5 . o;nfO{ kf]6f; nfOd sfFr klg elgG5 .
u'0f ;fwf/0f tfkqmddf kUnFb}g .
pkof]lutf xf8{Unf; 6]i66\o'j agfOG5 .
af]/f]l;lns]6 jf kfO/]S; sfFr
l;lnsf;Fu ;f]l8od sfaf]{g]6, SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6 / j]l/s cS;fO8 ld;fP/ ttfpFbf aGg] ;f]l8od l;lns]6, SoflN;od l;lns]6 / jf]/f] l;lns]6sf]
ld>0fnfO{ jf]/f]l;lns]6 jf kfO/]S; sfFr elgG5 .
u'0f tfksf] 36a9n] k|efj kfb{}g .
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 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657, 9851095070
pkof]lutf k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]u ul/g] tfk vKg ;Sg] pks/0f agfOG5 .
o;df jf]/f]l;nLs]6 ePsf]n] tfksf] 36a9sf] sd k|efj kb{5 .
ln8 lqmi6n sfFr jf km\n'6 Unf;
l;lnsf;Fu kf]6fl;od sfaf]{g]6 / ln8 cS;fO8nfO{ ld;fO ttfP/ agfOPsf] kf]6fl;od l;lns]6 / ln8 l;lns]6sf] ld>0fnfO{ ln8 lqmi6n] sfFr jf
km\n'6 sfFr elgG5 .
 o;sf] l/km\ofS6Le OG8]S; a9L x'G5 .  n]G;, lk|Hd, lah'nLsf lrd cflb agfOG5 .
/ª\uLg sfFr
;fwf/0f sfFr agfpg] ld>0fdf ljleGg wft'sf cS;fO8x¿ ld;fO ttfP/ agfOPsf ljleGg /ªsf sfFrnfO{ /lª\ug sfFr elgG5 .
 ;hfj6sf ;fdu|L agfpg .  ;gUnf; agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
 6«flkms nfO6 agfpg .
/ª\uLg sfFr agfpg k|of]u ul/g] wft'sf cS;fO8x¿
sfFrsf] /ª wft'sf] cS;fO8 j}hgL DofUgLh cS;fO8
gLnf] sf]jfN6 cS;fO8 /ftf] sk/ cS;fO8
sfnf] lgs]n cS;fO8 kx]Fnf] cfO/g cS;fO8
xl/of] qmf]ldod cS;fO8 ;]tf] l6g cS;fO8
dn
lj?jfsf] a[l¢ / lasf;sf nflucfjZos tTj o'Qm of}uLs kbfy{nfO{ dn elgG5 h;nfO{ df6f]df ldnfP/ lj?jfnfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 . dn d'Vo @
k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . !_ h}ljs dn . @_ /f;folgs dn .
NPK
gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od tTjo'Qm dnnfO{ NPK elgG5 .
gfO6f«]hgo'Qm dnsf] pkof]lutfM
 lj?jfsf] a[l¢sf nflu cfjZos kb{5 .  kft, km"n / kmnx¿ ljsl;t / 7'nf x'gsf nflu rflxG5 .
kmf]:kmf]/;o'Qm dnsf] pkof]lutfM
 la?jfsf] h/fsf] a[l¢ lasf; ug{ .  kft / 6';f x's{g dbb\t ub{5 .
 kmn kfSg / cGgsf bfgf lasf; x'g .
kf]6fl;od o'Qm dnsf] pkof]lutfM
la?jfnfO{ vfgf agfpg dbb\t ub{5 .
 /f]u lg/f]ws Ifdtf a9fpg cfjZos kb{5 .
/f;folgs dn
/f;folgs kbfy{sf] ld>0fx¿n] ag]sf] dnnfO{ /f;folgs dn elgG5 . h:t}M– Pdf]lgod gfO6«]8, o'l/of, Pdf]lgod ;Nkm]6, kf]6fl;od
;Nkm]6 cflb .
gfO6f«]hgo'Qm dn M
!_ Pdf]lgod gfO6«]6 (NH4NO3) @_ Pdf]lgod ;Nkm]6 [(NH4)2SO4]
#_ SofN;Lod Pdf]lgod gfO6«]6 (Ca (Na3)2NH.NO3) $_ o'l/of (Ca(NH2)2)
kmf]:kmf]/;o'Qm dn M
!_ Pdf]lgod km:km]6 . (NH4)3PO4 @_ SoflN;od ;'k/ km:km]6 (Ca(H2PO4)2.2CaSO4) #_ SoflN;od l6«kn ;'k/ km:km]6 . (3Ca(H2PO4)2
Kff]6fl;odo'Qm dn M
!_ kf]6fl;od Snf]/fO8, KCl @_ kf]6fl;od gfO6«]6, KNO3 #_ kf]6fl;od ;Nkm]6, K2SO4
gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;odsf] cefjdf la?jfdf b]lvg] c;/x¿
gfO6«f]hgsf] cefjdf b]lvg] c;/x¿M
 Kfft kx]Fnf] x'g] .  km"nx¿ /fd|/L gkm'Ng] .
kmf]:kmf]/;sf] cefjdf x'g] c;/x¿M
 la?jfsf] a[l¢ l9nf] x'g] .  kmn kfSg l9nf] x'G5 .
 kft / 6';fsf] a[l¢ x'b}Fg\ .
kf]6fl;odsf] cefjdf x'g] c;/x¿M
 k|f]l6gsf] lgdf{0f / sf]if laefhg x'g df afwf x'G5 .  /f]u lg/f]ws Ifdtf xf|; cfpF5 .
 kft / 6';f cf]OnfpF5 .
ls6gfzs cf}ifwL
xflgsf/s ls/fx¿ Dffg{ k|of]u ul/g] /;fognfO{ sL6gfzs cf}ifwL elgG5 .
ls6gfzs cf}ifwL nfO{ sfjf]{lgs / csfjf]{lgs u/L @ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 .
sfjf]{lgs sL6gfzs
sfa{g, xfO8f«]hg / clS;hgaf6 ag]sf ;+Zn]lift of}lusnfO{ sfa]{lgs sL6gfzs cf}ifwL elgG5 . oL d'Vo # k|sf/sf x'G5g .
!_ Snf]l/g]6]8 xfO8f«]sfa{g of}lus, eg. BHC,DDC, PN8«Lg .
@_ cuf{lgs kmf]:km]6 of}lus h:t}M– kf/flyog, dfnflyog .
#_ sfjf{d]6 h:t}M– j]ug, 6ld{s .
csfj{lgs sL6gfzs cf}ifwL
vlgh kbfy{åf/f agfOPsf ls6gfzs cf}ifwLnfO{ csfa{lgs ls6gfzs cf}ifwL elgG5 . h:t}M–SoflN;od– cf;]{g]6, n]8–cf;]{g]6,ˆnf]/fO8 cflb .
;dfKt

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