Experiment No.

10

To understand working of turbine and analyze variation of its parameters.

Objectives:-
a) To analyze relationship of torque and speed.
b) To analyze relationship power and volumetric flow rate.
c) Graphs

Theory:
Impulse Turbine.
An impulse turbine is a turbine that is driven by high velocity jets of water or steam from a
nozzle directed on to vanes or buckets attached to a wheel. The resulting impulse (as
described by Newton's second law of motion) spins the turbine and removes kinetic energy
from the fluid flow. Before reaching the turbine the fluid's pressure head is changed to
velocity head by accelerating the fluid through a nozzle. This preparation of the fluid jet
means that no pressure casement is needed around an impulse turbine.

Working 
The steam at high pressure enters through a stationary nozzle of a steam turbine, as a result
the pressure of the steam is decrease and an increase in steam velocity.  As a result of
increased steam velocity steam pass through the nozzle in the form of a high-speed jet. This
high-velocity steam hit the properly shaped turbine blade, as a result, the steam flow
direction is changed. The effect of this change in direction of the steam flow will produce an
impulse force. This force cause the blade move, thereby the rotor will start to rotate.
The force applied to the blade is developed by causing the steam to change the direction of
flow (Newton’s 2nd Law – change of momentum). The change of momentum produces the
impulse force.
In the impulse turbine pressure drops and the velocity increases as the steam passes through
the nozzles. When the steam passes through the moving blades the velocity drops but the
pressure remains the same.
The fact that the pressure does not drop across the moving blades is the distinguishing
feature of the impulse turbine. The pressure at the inlet of the moving blades is same as the
pressure at the outlet of moving blades.
 
Types of Impulse Turbine:

Pelton Turbine
A Pelton turbine has one or more free jets discharging water into an aerated space and
impinging on the buckets of a runner. Draft tubes are not required for impulse turbine since
the runner must be located above the maximum tailwater to permit operation at atmospheric
pressure.
 A Turgo turbine is a variation on the Pelton. The Turgo runner is a cast wheel whose shape
generally resembles a fan blade that is closed on the outer edges. The water stream is applied
on one side, goes across the blades and exits on the other side.
 Cross-flow turbine
A cross-flow turbine is drum-shaped and uses an elongated, rectangular-section nozzle
directed against curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped runner. It resembles a "squirrel cage"
blower. The cross-flow turbine allows the water to flow through the blades twice. The first
pass is when the water flows from the outside of the blades to the inside; the second pass is
from the inside back out. A guide vane at the entrance to the turbine directs the flow to a
limited portion of the runner. The cross-flow was developed to accommodate larger water
flows and lower heads than the Pelton.

Unit Layout

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Process Schema:

The compressed air supply is connected to the unit via a rapid action coupling (1). A
solenoid valve (2) interrupts the supply of compressed air if the turbine reaches a
supercritical speed. The initial pressure for the demonstration unit is adjusted using a
pressure regulator / filter (3). The volumetric flow rate is adjusted using a fine regulation
valve (4). From a manifold (5), the compressed air flows through ball cocks (8) to turbine
nozzles (9). Following expansion in the turbine, the air flows through a flowmeter (11). At
the inlet, as well as at the outlet to the turbine, there is a temperature measuring point (6) and
a pressure measuring point (7). The air cooling for the turbine shaft is drawn from the
manifold (5). The cooling can be controlled using a shut off valve (10).

Performing Experiment:-

Procedure:
1. Fully open all 4 nozzles and the valve for the air cooling.
2. Undo loading device and slowly increase nozzle pressure to 1.8 bar using fine
regulation valve.
3. Turbine runs up until it has reached its no-load speed. At a speed of more than 40000
rpm (overspeed), a rapid stop is triggered.
4. Using the loading device, brake the turbine in steps and note speed, torque, nozzle
pressure, temperatures and air volumetric flow rate.
5. Ensure that the nozzle pressure is constant; otherwise readjust using the fine
regulation valve.

Calculations and Measurements:

The mech. power is calculated from torque in Ncm and speed in rpm.

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The hydraulic input power is calculated from nozzle pressure in Pa and volumetric flow rate
in m3/s. The very low outlet pressure can be ignored.

In the case of the volumetric flow rate, 100% on the display signifies a volumetric flow rate
of 315 l/min or 0.00525 m3/s.The efficiency is calculated from the ratio of
mechanical to hydraulic power.

Observation and Measurments Table:-

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Analysis of the experiment:

Discuss variation of torque, power and speed.

Discuss effect of volumetric flow rate on power.
Disscus variation and effect of speed and power of efficiency.

Graph:
Torque vs Power Vs speed
Power Vs Speed Vs Efficiency

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