Prestressed concrete :

The design principle

ดร. สุนิติ สุภาพ
Dr. Suniti Suparp
nisuparp@yahoo.com

1
R
Recommended
d d books
b k
Prestressed
P t dCConcrete
t
Analysis and Design:
F d
Fundamentals
t l
A. E. Naaman
(2005
2005))

Prestressed concrete
structures
M.P. Collins & D.
Mitchell
(1997
1997))

2
Concept of prestressed concrete
 In conventional RC structures, the flexural cracks may
develop at early stages of loading.

service service

ultimate ultimate
Reinforced concrete Prestressed concrete

 In order to reduce such cracks from developing, a

concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the
longitudinal direction of the structural element.
 Such an imposed force is called “prestressing force”.
3
Reinforced vs
vs. Prestressed Concrete
 In PC, the entire concrete section is
generally active in resisting the load,
while in RC onlyy the uncracked ppart off
the section is active.
 Since PC is crackless, it provides better
protection than RC against corrosion of
tthee steel
stee in agg
aggressive
ess ve environmental
e v o e ta
and it is more suitable for fluid-
retainingg structures such as tanks and
nuclear vessels.
 Prestressed concrete (fully or partially)
provides the means for effective
deflection
f control,, especially
p y under long-
g
term sustained loading.
4
Reinforced vs
vs. Prestressed Concrete
 PC has
h bbetter
tt shear
h resistance
it
than reinforced concrete, due to
the slope of the tendons near the
supports and the pre-compression
which reduces diagonal tension.
tension
Thus it will require fewer stirrups.
 It is
i often
ft claimed
l i d that
th t PC
structures have a inherent safety
since they undergo the most
severe loading during initial
tensioning of the steel
steel. If they pass
this test, they are likely to perform
well under future service loads.

5
 Whyy we pprefers PC for
bridge constructions??
 High-strength concrete and high-tensile
steel, besides being economical, make
for slender sections.
 Prestressed concrete bridges can be
designed without any tensile stresses under
service loads, thus resulting in a crack-free
structure.
 Post-tensioned PC finds extensive
applications in long-span continuous
girder bridges of variable cross-section.
 Especially in Thailand, PC bridges can be
constructed with minimum labor skills.

6
 Prestressed forces
 There are three types of tendon force shall be considered.

 (1) Jacking force (Pj)  Measured form hydraulic jack.

 (2) Initial force (Pi)  After initial (short term) losses
 (3) Effective force (Pe)  After all losses

Initial losses Long term losses

Pj Pi Pe
Jacking Initial Effective
force force force

7
Analysis stages
 There are two stages needed for prestressing concrete.

 (1) Service stage  WDM

 To ensure that during service life the stresses in the section
are controlled in service limit stages.

 (2) Ultimate stage  SDM

 To ensure that at the ultimate stage, the PC section can be
resisted the ultimate load according to strength limit stages.

8
 How to analyze prestressed concrete?
PC concrete can be
P Mc
 A  + f 
analyzed by 2 stages.
stages. A I
 (1) Elastic stage : The Superposition
stresses due to apply loads method
shall be investigated by mean P Mc
of conventional “strength of  comb  
A I
material” or “combined
load concept”

C
 ( ) Ultimate stage
(2) g : The
ultimate capacity of PC jd
section can be evaluated
similarly to reinforced T
concrete structure. 9
 Combined load concept
 Stresses on the section of PC can be analyzed by
mean of superposition.
w
b
C.G. of ggirder

h ct
e
cb
C.G.
C G prestress
steel

1 P w
M
Pe
P
e
Pe
2
3
10
 Combined stresses concept
Axial stress Flexural stress Flexural stress
<prestress> <prestress> <external load> Combined stresses

+P/A -Pect /I +Mct /I P/A – Pect/I + Mct/I

-Pey /I y My /I y

+ + =

+Pecb /I -Mcb /I P/A + Pecb/I - Mcb/I

1 2 3
P Pec Mc
P PPec Mc
M f   
fp   fw   A I I
A I I
11
Example 1
 Determine the stresses at extreme fibers of beam
section at mid-span of beam in figure 1.
 P = 1,625 kN and Live load = 45 kN/m.

wLL = 45 kN/m
600

900 450 mm

250 mm 450 mm

10 m.

Fig.1

12
Example 1
 Step 1 : Calculate the sectional properties
- Area : A = 600x900 = 540,000 , mm2.
- Inertia : I = (1/12)bh3 = (1/12)x600x9003
= 3.65x10
3 65x1010 mm4.
 Step II : Maximum force due to external load
- Weight of beam : wg = 0.6x0.9x24 = 12.96 kN/m
- Mg= wgL2/8 = 12.96x102/8 = 162 kN-m
= 1.62x108 N-mm
- MLL = wLLL2/8 = 45*102/8 = 562.2
562 2 kN-m
kN m
= 5.62x108 N-mm

13
Example 1
 Step III : combine loads : Prestress load + Mg
- Top fiber :
ft= (P/A) – (Pec/I) + Mgc/I
= (1.65x106/5.4x105) – (1.65x106x250x450/3.65x1010)
+ (1.62x108x450/3.65x1010)
= -0.04 Mpa
p ((Tension!!))
Ft = -1.48 Mpa (O.K.!!)
- Bottom fiber :
fb= (P/A) + (Pec/I) – Mgc/I
= (1.65x106/5.4x105) + (1.65x106x250x450/3.65x1010)
- (1.62x108x450/3.65x1010)
= 6.15
6 15 Mpa (compression!!)
Fb = +21.0 Mpa (O.K.!!)
14
Example 1
 Step III : combine loads : Prestress load + Mg + MLL
- Top fiber :
ft= (P/A) – (Pec/I) + (Mg+MLL)c/I
= (1.65x106/5.4x105) – (1.65x106x250x450/3.65x1010)
+ ((1.62+5.62)x10
(( 62 62) 08x450/3.65x10
4 0/3 6 010)
= 6.91Mpa (Compression!!)

- Bottom fiber : Ft = 18.0 Mpa (O.K.!!)

fb= (P/A) + (Pec/I)
(P /I) – (Mg+MLL)c/I
) /I
= (1.65x106/5.4x105) + (1.65x106x250x450/3.65x1010)
- ((1.62+5.62)x10
((1 62+5 62)x108x450/3.65x10
x450/3 65x1010)
= -0.80 Mpa (tension!!)

Fb = -3.16 Mpa (O.K.!!)

15
 Example 1
 The stress diagram : Prestress + Mg

+3.07 -5.09 +2.0 -0.04

+ + =

+3.07 +5.09 -2.0 +6.15

6.15

16
 Example 1
 The stress diagram : Prestress + Mg + MLL

+3.07 -5.09 +8.93 +6.91

+ + =

+3.07 +5.09 -8.93 -0.80

0.80

17
 Prestressing methods
• Generally, there are two method for prestressing.
• Depend on tensioning of prestressing strands which are
induced before or after concrete hardened.

(1)Pre-tension system
(2)Post-tension system

Prestressing at yard
Prestressing at site

Pre--tension
Pre
Post--tension
Post 18
 Pre--tension system
Pre
 In pre-tension, the prestressing strands will be tensioned at
yard before concrete hardened.
 When concrete strong enough,
enough the stands are released form
anchorage beds.
 The prestressing force is 4
transferred to member
The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
through friction.
friction

3
2 19
 Post--tension system
Post
 In post-tension, the concrete element will be cast in site of
construction.
 However, the duct for inserting the prestressing strands are
prepared initially.
 When the concrete
hardened, the prestressing 4

tendon are jacked and

jacking load is transferred
by anchorages.
1

3
20
P
Post
Post-
st-tension
tensi n : Bond vs Unbonded tendon
 Bonded tendons represent the traditional post-
tensioning technique.
 Firstly
F l prestressing fforce is transferred
f d to the
h
concrete by end anchors, but in finish structure the
tendons interact directly with the concrete by bond.
bond
 Cement grout injected into the ducts provides the
bond.
bond

 Unbonded tendons consist of single strands in

plastic sheaths or without grouting.
 The strands are greased for reduction of friction and
protection against corrosion.

21
Unbonded consideration
 Advantages
- Small dimension
- No injection
- Low friction losses
- Light stressing equipment

 Disadvantages
- Lower ultimate strength
- Lower stiffness Need non-
prestressing steels
- Large cracks concentration
- Need corrosion protection

22
 Pre--tension vs.
Pre vs Post
Post--tension
 A post-tension
post tension is suitable for longer span rather than
pretension because of transpiration problem.
 For
F speciali l shape
h off girder
i d section,
i cost for
f new
constructing a new formworks and anchorage bed
foundation needed to considering.
considering
 Post-tensioned member may require less total prestressing
f
force than
h equally ll strong pre-tensioned
i d member.
b

23
 Pre--tension vs.
Pre vs Post
Post--tension
 Post-tensioning
P i i allows
ll the
h tendons
d to be
b placed
l d through
h h
structural elements in smooth curves of any desired path.
 Pre-tensioned tendons can be employed in other than
straight paths, but not without
expensive plat facilities and
p
somewhat complicated
construction procedures.

24
 Pre--tension vs.
Pre vs Post
Post--tension
 Because post-tension tendons can be installed in holes
preformed in precast concrete elements or segment,
they can be used to prestress a number of small
precast elements to form a single large structural
member.
b

25
Pretensioned vs.
vs Post
Post--tensioned
 The cost of post-tensioned tendons is significantly
greater than the cost of pretensioned tendons,
because of the larger amount of labor required in
placing, stressing, and grouting (where applicable)
post-tensioned d tendons,
d as wellll as the
h cost off speciall
anchorage devices and stressing equipment.

26
Effect of stresses at the end spans
 The straight strand is the most common type of
prestressing concrete.
 However, the excessive stresses may be induced,
especially, in the case of end spans of girder which the
counter balance force due to applied load is rare.
Stress due to Need,
Need
Stresss at fiberr

prestress sufficient!!
Need, insufficient!!

Stress due to
Mg and MLL
distance

27
Example 2
 Determine the stresses at extreme fibers of beam
section at end-span of beam in figure 2.
 P = 1,650 kN and consider only self weight of beam

600

900 450 mm

250 mm 450 mm

10 m.
Fi 2
Fig.2

28
 Example 2
 combine loads (At end span): Prestress load + Mg
- Topp fiber :
ft = (P/A) – (Pec/I) + Mgc/I
= ((1.65x106/5.4x105) – ((1.65x106x250x450/3.65x1010) + 0
= -2.04 Mpa (Tension!!)

Ft = -1.48
1 48 Mpa
M (check!!)
( h k!!)

- Bottom fiber :
fb = (P/A) + (Pec/I) + Mgc/I
= (1.65x106/5.4x105) + (1.65x106x250x450/3.65x1010) + 0
= 8.15 Mpa (compression!!)

Fb = +21.0 Mpa (O.K.!!)

29
Tendon profiles
 The high tensile stress at the ends of girder may be
reduced by decreasing the tendon eccentricity.

e Harped tendon 1
(Draped = depress)

e Harped tendon 1

e Parabolic tendon

e Debonded tendon

30
Parabola tendons

Need
Need,
Stresss at fiberr Stress due to sufficient!!
prestress
OK
O.K.

Stress due to
Mg and MLL
distance

31
Harped tendons

Stress due to
Need,
Need
Stresss at fiberr prestress sufficient!!

Seem O.K.
OK

Stress due to
Mg and MLL
distance

32
Debonded tendons

Stress due to
prestress
t Need,
Need
Stresss at fiberr sufficient!!

Seem O.K.
OK

Stress due to
Mg and MLL
distance

33
Example 3
 Determine the stresses at extreme fibers of beam
section at end-span of beam in figure 2.
 Pend = 1,155 kN (Debonded at the ends)
 consider to self weight
g onlyy

600

900 450 mm

250 mm 450 mm

10 m.
Fig.2

34
 Example 3
 combine loads (At end span): Prestress load + Mg
- Topp fiber :
ft = (P/A) – (Pec/I) + Mgc/I
= ((1.16x106/5.4x105) – ((1.16x106x250x450/3.65x1010) + 0
= -1.43 Mpa (Tension!!)

Ft = -1.48
1 48 Mpa
M (O.K.!!)
(O K !!)

- Bottom fiber :
fb = (P/A) + (Pec/I) – Mgc/I
= (1.16x106/5.4x105) + (1.16x106x250x450/3.65x1010) + 0
= 5.70 Mpa (compression!!)

Fb = +21.0 Mpa (O.K.!!)

35
Pretension : Harp
H p strands
t d

• Need harping devices

• Need of modifying of
anchorage bed 
Strong foundation
• Shall be consider hold
down effect
• Increase shear capacity
• Reduce number of
prestressing strands.

36
Pretension : Debonded
D b d d strands
t d

• Simple tendon profile.

• No needed to modifying
of anchorage bed
• Consider about number
of debonded
• Consider shear strength
• Can not reduce the
number of strands
• Development length
design shall be
considered.

37
Tendon profile by FEM program

38
Tendon profile by FEM program

39
T d profile
Tendon fil bby FEM program

40
 Stress analysis by FEM program
Dead load moment (Mg) Dead load stress (Mg)

Live load Moment (MLL) Live load stress (MLL)

41
 Stress analysis by FEM program
Prestressing moment (Pe)

Prestressing stresses (ft & fb)

Prestressing force (P)

42
St
Stress analysis
l i bby FEM program
 Combined stress Mg + MLL + Mpre

Live load Prestress Combined

43
D t il plot
Detail l t

44
Tendon profile effects (prestressing only)
End Mid

0.25 m.

0.25 m.

End Mid

0.25 m.

End Mid

0.25 m.
0.10 m.

45
Tendon profile effects (Combined)
End Mid

0.25 m.

0.25 m.

End Mid

0.25 m.

End Mid

0.25 m.
0.10 m.

46
Design
D i consideration
id ti : Section
S ti properties
ti

 Simplified section
 C G of section (ct vs.
C.G vs cb)
 Moment of inertia (I)
 Section modulus (St and Sb)

47
Simplified section
 Naaman (2005) recommended to simplify of girder
geometry based on equivalent area.
bt bt

A1 ht = ??

btxht = A1

A2

True section Equivalent section

48
Transform area
 C.G. of section
y 
 yi Ai
x1
1
2  A
x2

y
x3
y1
3 y2
x 
 x i Ai
y3
3  A
x
 Gross moment of inertia
I x  I xi  A i ( y  y i ) 2
I y  I yi  A i ( x  x i )2
49
 Example 4
 Find the section modulus of girder and composite
girder as shown below.
1.85
0.6
0.20
0.20 0.20
0.15 0.15

0.20 0.20
1.40 1.40

0.15 0.15
0.20 0.20
0.6

girder Girder+deck (composite)

50
Example 4
 Divided section

2
6 7

4 5
3

51
Example 4

52
 Example 4
 Divided section
8
2
6 7

4 5
3

53
Example 4
 Divided section

54
Example 4

55
Section modulus (S)
 The ratio of “I/c” called “section modulus”.
 Therefore, the stress equation
q can be rewritten as

P Pe M
f  
A S S

 F top fib
For fiber
P Pe M
ft   
A St St

 F bottom
For b fib
fiber
P Pe M
fb   
A Sb Sb
56
D i consideration
Design id ti : Material
M t i l properties
ti

 Concrete
 Non-prestressing
N i steell
 Prestressing steel

57
 Mechanical
M h i l properties
ti off Concrete
C t

 Unit weight
 Poisson’s ratio
 Compressive strength
 Modulus of elasticity
 T il strengthh
Tensile
 Combined stresses
 Confined concrete

58
U it weight
Unit i ht off C
Concrete
t
 Normal concrete have a density  of around
2,300 to 2,600 kgf/m.3.
 For calculating dead loads, the weight if
structural concrete is often taken to be
24 or 25 kN/m.3, which includes an allowance
for presence of steel reinforcement.

59
 C
Concrete
t Class
Cl
 The concrete is classified by compressive strength as
follows:

 Low strength concrete : f ’c <= 20 MPa

 Moderate strength
g concrete : 20 < f ’c < 40 MPa
 High strength concrete : f ’c => 40 MPa

• In order to reduce the member section and

size of foundation of Baiyoke tower2,
tower2 High
Strength Concrete was selected.
• Concrete strength of prestressed is found
30 – 50 Mpa
• LRFD required that the strength of
concrete shall not be less than 28 MPa
60
 C
Compressive
i strength
t th
 The Compressive
Th C i strength h (f ’c) off concrete is
determined by test to failure 28-days-old 150 mm. by
300 mm. concrete
cylinder at a specific
rate loading.

Stress-strain
Compressive failure test
relationship
l ti hi

61
 Stress-strain curve of concrete

       2  p
parabolic curve
 f c 2 c    c   c  co Hognestad (1951)
    co   co    = 0.15
  
fc  
   c  co 
 f c 1    co  c  cu
   cu  co 


 (MPa)
•00 – 0
0.4f’
4f’c : li
linear
• > 0.7f’c : losses stiffness
 fc 
cf   co 1  1  
 f c 
f’c
0.7f’
0 7f’c
 When corresponding
q
strain is required!! 0.4f’c
 (mm./mm.)
( / )

co = 0.002 cu = 0.003 62

Material
M t i l requirement
i t : Properties of concrete
 Modulus of elasticity

Ec = 4800*sqrt(f’c)  AASHTO LRFD

 f’ci = compressive strength at transfer (Mpa)

= cylindrical
li d i l test  field
fi ld (follow
(f ll the
h ddesigned)
i d)
= 0.80f’c  may be used for designing
 f’c = compressive
strength
g at 28 daysy

63
 Modulus of Elasticity (ACI)
 For manyy yyears the modulus of elasticityy of concrete
was approximate adequately as 1,000f’c by ACI code.

 Recently
R tl ACI318 proposed
d th
the modulus
d l off elasticity
l ti it for
f
normal weight concrete as

 Ec = 4,700(f’c)0.5 (MPa)

 ACI363 proposed the following equation for High

strength
t th concretes
t :

 (f’c)0.5
Ec = 3,320(f’ 5 (MPa)
0 5 + 6,895 ( P )

64
 R t off loading
Rate l di
 It should be noted that the shape of the
stress--strain curve for various concretes of the same
stress
cylinder strength under various condition of loading, varies
considerably.

Cylinder strength
f’c = 21 MPa
at 56 days

65
 Repeated Compressive Load
 Repeated high-intensity compressive loading produces a
pronounced hysteresis effect in the stress-strain curve.

Monotonic compressive load

 From tests indicted that the envelope curve was almost

identical to the curve obtained from monotonic load
application
66
 Compressive Strength in Thailand
Compressive strength at 28 Day
(MPa)
Cube : 150x150x150 mm. Cylinder : 150x300 mm.
18 14
21 18
24 21
28 24
(British standard) 32 28 (American standard)
Cylinder = (approx.) 0.87*Cube
35 30
38 32
40 35
42 38
45 40

67
 Poisson’ss Ratio
Poisson
 The ratio between the transverse strain and the strain in
the direction of applied uniaxial loading, referred to as
Poisson’s ratio.

 For concrete,, it is
usually found to be
in the range 0.15
to 0.20.
20

 At high compressive
stresses the transverse
strains increase rapidly, owing to internal cracking
parallel to the direction of loading.
68
 Tensile Strength
 The tensile strength of
concrete varies from
about 8 to 15% of its
compressive strength, f’c.

 The tensile strength of

concrete doesn
doesn’tt vary
in direct proportion to
its compressive strength.
strength

 It does,
does however
however, vary
approximately in proportion
to the
h square root off f’c.
69
Tensile Strength
g
 Tensile strength is quite difficult to measure with direct
axial tension loads
l ads beca
because
se off problems
r blems in gripping,
ri in stress
concentrations and aligning the loads.

Direct tensile test Modulus of rupture Splitting Test

 As a result of these problems,
problems two rather indirect tests
have been developed to measure concrete’s tensile
strength.
strength

 These are the modulus off rupture

p and the split
split-
p -cylinder
y
test.
test
70
Material
M t i l requirement
i t : Properties
P i off concrete

 Modulus of rupture fr (Mpa)

Concrete matrix

Details Modulus of rupture

D fl ti and
Deflection d clamber
l b 0 63 t(f’c)
0.63sqrt(f’
Minimum reinforcement 0.97sqrt(f’c)
Sh
Shear design
d 0 52
0.52sqrt(f’
(f’c)

 Thermal expansion
p (()) : 10.8x10‐6/oC 
 Shrinkage at 28 day : 200 Micron
 Shrinkage for one year of drying : 500 Micron

71
 Tensile strength
g ((ACI))
 Table shows approximate formulas for tensile
strength obtained from three different approaches.
Normal
weight
(MPa)
Direct test 0.33(f’c)0.5
Splitting test 0.53(f’c)0.5
M d l off rupture
Modulus 0.50(f’c)0.5
05

 Based in hundreds of
tests, the code provides
fr = 0.5(f’c)0.5
od s of rupture
a modulus pt e

f r  0.50 f c
72
Strength
g under Combined Stress
 In many structural situations, concrete is subjected
simultaneously to various stresses acting in various
directions.

 Byy methods of mechanic of materials,, these stresses can be

transformed to the principal stresses,
stresses tension or
compression.
p
P1
w P2
M

Uniaxial Biaxial Triaxial

C C T C C
T
C C T T T C

T C T C
C C
73
 Biaxial Stress
 In this case, the stresses act in one plane and the third
principal stress is zero.
zero

 Kupfer, H. et al ((1969
1969)) concluded that strength of concrete
subjected to biaxial compression may be as much as 27%
higher than uniaxial strength.

 The strength of biaxial tension

is approximately equal to the
uniaxial tensile strength.

 However,, the combination off

tensile & compressive loads
reduce both the tensile &
compressive stresses at failure. In the picture, fu = f’c
74
 Biaxial stress
 Vecchio and Collin (1986
(1986)) quantified the biaxial stress
(compression affected by tension) and present the equation.

f c
f 2 max   f c
0.8  1701

 Hsu (1993
(1993)) refers to this phenomenon as “compression
compression
softening”
75
 Triaxial compressive stress behavior
 The strength and ductility of concrete are greatly increased
under conditions of triaxial compression.

 Richart, F. E. et al. ((1928

1928)) found the following relationship for
concrete cylinder
y loaded axiallyy to failure while subjected
j
to confining fluid pressure.

f’cc = f’c + 4.1fl 1

 Where f’cc = Confined compressive strength

f’c = Unconfined
U fi d compressive
i strengthh
fl = Lateral confining pressure

76
 Triaxial
T i i l compressive
i stress
t behavior
b h i
 The figure shows the axial stress-strain
stress strain curves obtained by
compression of concrete cylinder confined by fluid pressure.
pressure

77
 C
Concrete
t confined
fi d by
b reinforcement
i f t
 In practice, concrete may be confined by transverse
reinforcement, commonly in the form of closely spaced
steel spirals or hoops
hoops.

 At low levels of stress in the concrete, the transverse

reinforcement is hardly stress; hence the concrete is
unconfined.
unconfined

Reinforced concrete
C l
Column confined
fi d by
b
various techniques

 The concrete becomes confined when at stresses

approaching the uniaxial strength.
strength
78
 C
Concrete
t confined
fi d by
b reinforcement
i f t
 Iyengar et al. ((1970
1970)) tested three sets of concrete cylinder
confined by circular spirals, each set was for a different
unconfined compressive strength.

The increase in strength

and ductility with content
1 2 3 g steel is significant
of confining g

79
 C
Concrete
t confined
fi d by
b reinforcement
i f t
 Tests have demonstrated that circular spirals confine
concrete much more effectively than rectangular or square
hoops.
hoops

Tie Column Spiral Column

80
 C
Concrete
t confined
fi d by
b reinforcement
i f t
 The reason for the difference between the confinement by
spirals & hoops is illustrated by Fig.

 Circular
Ci l spirals,
i l bbecause off their
h i shape,
h are iin axial
i l hhoop
tension and provide a continuous confining pressure around
th circumference.
the i f

 In contrast,
contrast square hoops can apply only confining reactions
near the corners of the hoops tends to bend the sides
outwards.

81
 Confined
C fi d Compressive
C i strength
t th
 In a recent study by Kappos
Kappos,, A.
A J.J (1991
(1991)) the confined
compressive strength can be obtained by multiply K.

 K = 1 + (w)b f ’cc = Kf ’c fc

 where
h w = wfyw/f ’c f cc
f’
f’c

 a = 0.55, b = 0.75 for

c
 a = 1.00, b = 1.00 for

 a = 1.25, b = 1.00 for

82
 Effect of Temperature Change
 Like most material, concrete expands with increasing
temperature and contracts with decreasing temperature.
temperature

Pa)
40
 The effects
Th ff t off suchh volume
l T = 70°C

(MP
changes are similar to those T = 400°C

ngth
30

c (กก.//ซม. )
แรงอัด, f’stren 2
T = 200°C T = 600°C
caused by shrinkage. 20

หน่วยแsive
The coefficient
Th ff off thermal
h l

Compress
 10 T = 800 C °

expansion () and contraction

0

C
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05
varies somewhat, depending Stain, ความเครี
0.04
ยด,  (ซม./ซม.)
c (mm./mm.) c

upon the type of aggregate and richness of the mix. mix

 It is ggenerallyy within 10x10‐6 //Co.

83
Non
Non--prestressing reinforcement
 The nominal yield strength excess of 520 Mpa shall not
be used for design purposes.
 Bars with yield strengths less than 420 Mpa shall be
used only with the approval of the owner.
 The modulus of elasticity
Es, of steel reinforcing
shall be assumed
as 200,000
200 000 Mpa.
Mp

84
 Idealized of stress-
stress-strain relationships
fs (Mpa)
fsu
14 y ; f y  300 MPa
fsb  sh  
fy  5 y ; f y  400 MPa

0.14   sh ; f y  300 MPa

 su  
 0.12 ; f y  400 MPa

s (mm./mm.)
(mm /mm )
y sh su sb

 Ess 0  s   y
f su  1.5 f y
  y   s   sh
 f y
   s   sh 
f s   y 
f  ( f su  f y )  sh   s   su
   su   sh 
    s   su  
 fu 1   ( f su  f sb )  su   s   sb
    sb   su  
85
 Tension stiffening
 When the steel is embedded in concrete, the behavior
is different than for the bare steel bars.
 The tensile strain, of steel between cracks, is reduced.
This phenomenon is “tension stiffening”.

 This effect also tends

to round off the sharp
k
knee if the
th elastic-
l ti
perfectly plastic
behavior.

86
Prestressing reinforcements
 There are two popular prestressed reinforcement has
been used.
 (1) Prestressing strands
 ((2)) Prestressing
g bars

 The most commonly used type is 7-wire

7 wire strand.
strand
 There are two different types of strand are produced.

 (1) stress-relieved strand, and

 (2) stress-relaxation strand

87
Production off
7-wire strand

88
Stress--strain curve of PC strands
Stress

89
How to find the yield point of strand??

1% strain (ASTM A421) 0.2% offset (AS1310)

90
 Material requirement
re irement : Prestressing steel
 Tensile and yyield strengths
g for these steels mayy be taken as
specified in Table.

Ep = 197,000 Mpa (strand)

Ep = 207,000
207 000 Mpa (bar)

91
Stress limits for prestressing tendon
 The tendon stress at the strength and extreme event
limit stages shall not exceed the tensile strength limit
p
specified in the Table

92
 St
Stress-
Stress-strain
t i curve for
f Grade
G d 270 strand
Grade270 t d
 (Mpa)
M )

fpu = 1860 MPa

fpy = 0.90fpu fps  bonded prestressed

= 1674 MPa
fps  Unbonded prestressed
fpe = 0.65fpy
= 1088 Mpa
M
(approximate)

 (mm./mm.)
(mm /mm )

93
 Stress--strain modeling
Stress
 Low-relaxation strands (fpu = 1860 MPa)
 0.975 
f ps  E p  ps  0.025    f pu
 (1  (188  )10
)0.10 
 ps 

Stress-relieved strands (fpu = 1860 MPa)

 0.97 
f ps  E p  ps  0.03    f pu
 (1  (121  )6 0.167 
)
 ps
p 

 Untreated strands ((fpu = 1655 MPa))

 1 
f ps  E p  ps  0.03    f pu
 (1  (106 )2
)0.5 
 ps 
94
 คุณสมบตของลวดอดแรง
ส ั ิ ั 7 เสน
ส้ (คลายแรง)
( ) มอก 420-2534
420 2534

เกรด เส้ นผ่ านศูนย์ กลาง พืน้ ที่หน้ าตัด แรงดึงที่จุดประลัย แรงดึงที่จุดคราก
(มม.) (มม.2) (กก.) (กก.)
1725 9.53 51.61 9,070 8,163
12 70
12.70 92 90
92.90 16 320
16,320 14 688
14,688
15.24 139.35 24,490 22,041
1860 9.53 54.84 10,043 9,387
12.70 98.71 18,730 16,857
15.24 140.00 26,580 23,922

95
Design consideration : Elastic analysis

 Stage of loads transfer

 Stress limits
 LRFD load combinations for elastic analysis
 Composite section
 Estimate number of prestressing strands

96
Service stage checking
 There are two service stage needed to consider.

 (1) At transfer (After short term looses) : The PC

ggirder alone shall be evaluated with deck and
construction weight.

 (2) At service : (After long term looses) The residual

stress in PC girder alone by former load shall be
considered with composite PC section, girder and deck,
by superimposed dead load and live load.

97
Design criteria : STD vs LRFD
 Allowable concrete stress : Transfer
STD (Mpa) LRFD (Mpa)
Compression in girder
0 60f’ci
0.60f 60f ’ci
0.60f
0
Tension in girder
- Without bond reinforcement
Min{0.25sqrt(f’ci), 1.38} Min{0.25sqrt(f’ci), 1.38}
- With bond reinforcement
0.63sqrt(f’ci) 0.63sqrt(f’ci)

where fs = min{0.5fy, 206.84}

98
 Design criteria : STD vs LRFD
 Allowable concrete stress : Service
STD (Mpa) LRFD (Mpa) – COM 1
Compression in girder
(a) Condition 1 (a) Condition 1
0.60f’c 0.45f’c
((b)) Condition 2 ((b)) Condition 2
0.40f’c 0.60wf’c
(c) Condition 3 (c) Condition 3
0 40f’c
0.40f 0 40f’c
0.40f

Generally use w = 1.0 (web and flange slenderness ratio)

99
 Design criteria : STD vs LRFD
 Allowable concrete stress : Service
STD (Mpa) LRFD (Mpa) – COM 3 – 80% live load
Tension in girder
- With bonded reinforcement - With bonded prestressing stand and reinf.
reinf
0.5*sqrt(f’c) with Moderate corrosion
0.50sqrt(f’c)
- For severe corrosive - With bonded prestressing stand & reinf.
exposure conditions with severe corrosion
q (f c)
0.25*sqrt(f’ 0.25sqrt(f’c)
0.25sqrt(f
- With unbonded prestressing stand
No tension is allowed

100