TET ENGLISH

1. ARTICLES
★ THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ARTICLES IN ENGLISH 3. To mean a certain; as
(WOw¡+μ¨ Ö’ ~Ô O_»∞ ~°H=õ ÚÅ 'ARTICLES' L<åfl~Ú.) Z=~À XHõ~∞° J<Õ J~°=÷ Ú
1. Definite Article : 'The' Eg. A man came to my house.
(Ѷ֨ Ï<åk Jx YzÛù`=« ÚQÍ K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ) It happened on a Thursday.
2. Indefinite Article 'A' or 'An' 4. To turn a 'proper noun' into a 'common noun': as
(Ѷ֨ Ï<åk Jx YzÛù`=« ÚQÍ K≥Ñʨ #ѨC_»∞) Eg. A Daniel, A Hampden, A shakespeare
'A', 'An' and 'The' are called Articles. 'A' and 'An' (¿Ñ~°=¡ ÚO^Œ∞ – a "å_ç#KÀ Proper Noun - Common

S
are Indefinite Articles because they do not point Noun J=Ù`«∞Ok)

ON
out to any particular or definite person or thing. 5. When 'material' or 'abstract' nouns are used as
Eg. A girl is riding a bicycle. common nouns; as

I
Z=~À XHõ J=∂‡~Ú Ñ¶Ö¨ Ï<å Jx YzÛ`«=ÚQÍ K≥Ñʨ ÖË^∞Œ . (=ã¨∞Î <å=∞"åK«H=õ Ú – =∞<ÀQÆ`« <å=∞"åK«H=õ ÚÅ∞)

AT
JO^Œ∞Hõx 'A' "å_»|_ç#k. (TǨωõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#q)
'The' is called definite Article, because it points Eg. a light, a beauty, a glass, a speech
out on some particular place, person or thing.
IC 6. When other parts are used as nouns
UN
„Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ=ÚQÍ Ñ¶Ö¨ Ï<å Jx K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ 'The' "å_»|_»∞#∞. (H˘xfl Ѩ^=Œ ÚÅ`À a =K«∞Û#∞)
Eg. This is the woman who won the Miss India title. Eg. a few, want a letter, a little more, a short one.
M

D J=∂‡ÜÕ∞ ''q∞ãπ WO_çÜ∂« —— a~°∞^Œ∞ á⁄Ok#k. „Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ THE

=ÚQÍ Ñ¶Ö¨ Ï<å Jx K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ WHõ¯_» 'The' "å_»|_ç#k.
M

The Definite Article 'The' is used :

A (or) An
CO

1. To point out a person or thing known or already

The Indefinite Article 'A' or 'An' is used : referred to;as
Wk "å_»|_»∞ ã¨O^Œ~ƒ° =ù ÚÅ∞ (JѨÊ\˜ˆH `≥eã≤# =ºHÎ̃x QÆ∞iOz – ÖËHõ K≥ѨÊ|_ç# =ºHÎ̃x
IA

'A' is used before a singular noun begining with a QÆ∞iOz)

ED

consonant sound.
Eg. The book you want is out of print.
(UHõ=K«#=ÚÖ’ =Ù#fl <å=∞"åK«HõѨ٠ǨÏÅ∞¡ ^èŒfix =Ù#fl
2. To refer to things of which only one exists; as
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Ѩ^=Œ ÚÅ =ÚO^Œ∞)
Eg. a boy, a dog, a pen (ã¨$+≤ìÖ’ ^•xHõ^Õ ™ê\˜. =∞~˘Hõ\˜ ÖË^Œx K≥ѨC@‰õΩ)
Eg. The Sun is the hottest planet.
E

XHõ Ñ≤Å¡"å_»∞, XHõ ‰õΩHõ¯, XHõ ÃÑ#∞fl.

'An' is used before a singular noun begining with a
E

3. Before the names of rivers, oceans, bays, gulfs,

SR

vowel sound. seas, mountains, countries, provinces, ships,

(JK«∞Û ^èfiŒ x =Ù#fl UHõ=K«# <å=∞"åK«H= õ ÚÅ =ÚO^Œ∞) trains etc; as
Eg. an elephant, an hour, an orange, an honest man.
'Indefinite article' is used in the following contests :
(#^Œ∞Å∞, ã¨=Ú„^Œ=ÚÅ∞, JQÍ^èŒ=ÚÅ∞, Ѩ~°fi`«„âı}∞Å∞,
1. To indicate One thing ^ÕâßÅ∞, F_»Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡, Ô~·à◊§ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ =ÚO^Œ∞)
(XHõ\˜ J<Õ J~°= ÷ ÚÖ’) Eg. The Ganges, The Indian ocean, The Persian Gulf,
Eg. Hundred paise make a rupee. The British Isles, The Himalayas, The U.S.S.R.,
2. To mean anyone of a number of things; as The Rajadhani Express, The Andamans, The Taj
(XHõ ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=Ú #∞O_ç XHõ\˜ J<Õ J~°=÷ ÚÖ’) Mahal, The Alps.
Eg. A cow is a domestic animal
4. Before a singular noun indicating a class; as
(P=Ù ™ê^è∞Œ [O`«∞=Ù – U P=Ù J~Ú<å)
A tiger is a wild animal (*Ïu "≥Ú`«=Î Ú K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ)
(ѨÙe „‰õÄ~° [O`«∞=Ù – U ѨÙe J~Ú<å) Eg. The dog is a faithful animal.
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 5. Before the names of well known or sacred books,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
news-papers, and magazines; as
1. ........ Knowledge is superior to money (a)
(Ѩq„`« „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ – Q˘Ñ¨Ê „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞, Ѩ„uHõÅ∞,
a) no article b) an c) a d) the
"Õ∞QÆ*ˇ·<£û =ÚO^Œ∞)
2. ........ Mahabharata is a great epic (c)
Eg. The Ramayana, The Hindu, The Illustrated weekly.
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
6. Before adjectives of the superlative degree; as 3. I consider it ......honour to meet you. (b)
(J`«∞º#fl`«, JuQ˘Ñ¨Ê Jx áÈeÛ K≥Ñ≤Ê#ѨC_»∞) a) A b) An c) The d) No Article
Eg. This is the best serial I have ever seen. 4. The Price of ........... gold went up (d)
7. Before an adjective used as a noun; as a) A b) An c) The d) No Article
(qâı+}
¨ =Ú =ÚO^Œ∞ – P *Ïu "≥Ú`«=Î Ú K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ) 5. I have mentally become ......... woman in order to
steal into her heart. (c)

S
Eg. The rich should help the poor.

ON
a) a b) an c) the d) none
8. Before a common Noun used as Abstract Noun; as
6. We can buy oranges by .......... dozen (b)
('HÍ=∞<£ <Ò<£—#∞ – 'Ü«∂Éò„™êìH±ì<Ò<£—QÍ "å_ç#ѨÙ_»∞) a) the b) a c) an d) No article

I
Eg. The evil in him made him captive.

AT
7. ........... horseman who met us was dark (b)
9. Before the names of nations and communities; as, a) a b) the c) an d) No article

IC
(*Ï`«∞Å∞, `≥QÆÅ ¿Ñ~°¡=ÚO^Œ∞) 8. I want to study at ........... University Board (b)
Eg. The Hindus, The Muslims, The English, The a) The b) a c) an d) No article
UN
French. 9. He will return in ............... hour (c)
10. Before Proper Nouns used as Common Nouns;as a) No article b) a c) an d) The
M

10. He is ............ European scholar (c)

(=∞#∞+¨μÅ¿Ñ~°¡ =ÚO^Œ∞ "å_ç "å\˜x ™ê=∂#º <å=∞
M

a) an b) the c) a d) no article
"åK«H=õ Ú KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ)
11. Can ...... leopard change its spots? (a)
CO

Eg. My uncle was the rustum of his times.

a) a b) the c) an d) no article
11. Before Proper Noun when it is used as an Adjec- 12. This is ........ best Joke I have heard. (b)
tive; as. a) No article is required b) the
IA

(„áÈѨ~ü <Ò<£Å=ÚO^Œ∞ qâı+}

¨ =Ú "å_ç#ѨC_»∞) c) an d) a
ED

Eg. The late Mr. Sastry, The beautiful Sundari. 13. I should go on ........... European holiday. (d)
12. Before the Nouns of directions preceeded by a) No article is required b) the
M

prepositions; as. c) an d) a
14. It is a fallacy to think of leprosy as .......... Incur-
(<Ò<£Å‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞, „Ñ≤áÈl+¨<£û `«~°∞"å`«)
E

able disease. (b)

E

Eg. The Moon shines in the sky.

a) a b) an c) the d) No article
SR

13. Before particular things defined clearly by the 15. He was ........ happiest man I have ever known. (c)
context; as, a) a b) an c) the d) No article
(„Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ=ÚQÍ Ñ¶Ö¨ Ï<åk J<Õ J~°=÷ ÚÖ’) 16. One of the rivers that run through the Andhra
Eg. Please shut the door. Pradesh is ........krishna (a)
14. Before the names of direction as, a) the b) no article is required

(Ѷ¨ÖÏ<å k‰õΩ¯"≥·Ñ¨Ù J<Õ J~°÷OÖ’) c) either the or a d) a

17. My son goes to ...... school every day by bus. (d)
Eg. The north is the direction to take turn.
a) the b) a
15. Before Verbal Nouns; as.
c) an d) no article is required
(H˘xfl "≥~ƒ° Öò <Ò<£û =ÚO^Œ∞) 18. It is the happiness of ........ trading nation, like ours
Eg. The reading of novels. a) a b) an c) the d) none (a)
The singing of the anthem.
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 2. PREPOSITIONS
XHõ Noun ‰õΩ QÍx Pronoun ‰õΩ QÍx =ÚO^Œ∞OK«|_ç, Jq PREPOSITIONS AND RULES
`≥ e Ü« ∞ *Ë Ü « Ú =㨠∞ Î = Ùʼnõ Ω , W`« ~ ° =㨠∞ Î = Ùʼnõ Ω #∞, QÆ Å Point of Time (YzÛ`«=ÚQÍ Ñ¶Ö¨ Ï<å HÍÅ=Ú Jx K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ)
㨠O |O^è Œ = Ú#∞ `≥ e Ü« ∞ *Ë Ü « Ú =∂@Å∞ Prepositions By, since, before, from J#∞ prepositions =K«∞Û#∞.
J#|_»∞#∞. 1. He will be back by 5'O clock
XHõ Preposition ‰õΩ `«~°∞"å`« =K«∞Û Noun QÍx Pro- 2. Rama has been ill since Yesterday
noun QÍx Ü≥∞ѨÙÊ_»∂ objective case Ö’ =ÙO_ç P Preposi- 3. He was absent from Monday
tion KÕ`« govern KÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞–JxQÍx Preposition H˜ Ob- 4. They came here before Sunday
ject QÍ =ÙO_»∞#x K≥Ñʨ |_»∞#∞. Period of time (H˘O`«HÍÅ=Ú [iÔQ#x K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ)
~Ô O_»∞QÍx, JO`«HOõ >Ë Z‰õΩ¯= PrepositionÅ∞ HõÅã≤ XHõ

S
in, within, for J#∞ Prepositions =K«∞Û#∞.
Preposition Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Ѩxx <≥~" ° iÕ Û# Jk 'Phrase Preposi-

ON
1. They came in an hour.
tion' J#|_»∞#∞.
2. They came within four days.
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ó

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3. They stayed there for four years.

AT
Eg. Owing to, pary to, instead of, with respect to, owing
A.
✔ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ã¨Å÷ =ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ - In
to, on account of

IC
H˘xfl Nouns`À Prepositions `«Ñ¨ÊHõ =K«∞Û#∞. z#fl ã¨Å÷ =ÚÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ - at
UN
ability for acquaintance with ambition for 1. He lives in Madras (in America) ÃÑ^ŒÌ ã¨÷Å=Ú

anxiety for arrival at (place) comparison with 2. He lives at Kolakalur, a small village. z#fl ã¨Å
÷ =Ú
M

controversy with exception to fondness for B.

✔ In, within D ~ Ô O_»∂ Period of time H˜ LѨÜ∂≥ yOK«
hatred of invitation to meet for =Öˇ#∞.
M

popularity with pride in qualification for They must return in an hour.

CO

resemblance to sorrow for trust in (XHõ QÆO@ JÜÕ∞º@ѨÊ\˜H˜ uiy ~å"åe)

want of hope of motive for You must return within an hour.
IA

respect for fight for fight over (XHõ QÆO@֒ѨÖË uiy ~å"åe)
demand for danger of knowledge of
ED

C.
✔ After, in - D Ô ~ O_» ∞ ‰õ Ä _® period of time #∞
H˘xfl Adjectives `«~°∞"å`« Prepositions `«Ñ¨ÊHõ =K«∞Û#∞. ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
M

grateful for hopeful of ignorant of after - [iyáÈ~Ú# Ѩxx QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ
(something) Eg. Rama started the work after a week.
E

innocent of jealous of obedient to

E

(XHõ "å~°=Ú [iyáÈ~Ú# `«~∞° "å`«)

SR

proud of responsible to short of D. From, since -Wk ~ Ô O_»∂ point of time <Õ ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
✔
(person) (person) from - Wk U tense (present, past, future) Ö’<≥·<å
suitable for suspicous of worthy of
"å_»=K«∞Û.
H˘xfl Verbs `«~°∞"å`«« Prepositions `«Ñ¨ÊHõ =K«∞Û#∞. Since – Wk Present Perfect Tense ÖËHõ Present
agree to agree with ask for Perfect Continuous Tense Ö’ =∂„`«"Õ∞ "å_»=Öˇ#∞.
(a thing) (a person) (a thing) E.
✔ For, before - Wq ‰õÄ_® HÍÅ=Ú#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞ "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’
avail of believe in bring in =K«∞Û#∞.
call on compare with comply with for-period of time (WO`«HÍÅ=Ú [iy#k Jx K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ)
depend on fight over live in before - point of time („Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ=ÚQÍ JѨÊ\˜ #∞Oz
long for prefer to remind of Jx K≥ѨÙÊ@‰õΩ)
Eg. I have been suffering from fever for four days.
Rely on stand by yield to (<åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~ÀAÅ∞QÍ)
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Eg. Rama will come to College before nine 'O' clock. Since - #∞Oz (He has been suffering since Monday).
✔F. By J#∞#k – Hõ ~ ° Î (XHõ Ñ ¨ x KÕ Ü « Ú "å_ç x ) QÆ ∞ iOz Through - ^•fi~å
(The thief came through the window)
(Agent) K≥ÑC
¨ #∞.
Till - =~°‰õΩ (I waited for him till mid-night)
Eg. The tree was cut by Rama.
To - ‰õΩ (He went to Madras)
✔G. With J#∞#k – ѨxKÕÜ«Ú@‰õΩ "å_ç# Ѩx=Ú@∞ì#∞ Under - ^•x„H˜O^Œ (He is arrested under NASA)
QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑC¨ #∞. (instrument) Def: Interjections are words used to call a person at-
Between: W^Œi Ì x QÆ∞iOz K≥ÑC¨ @‰õΩ tention or to express sudden emotion.
Eg. There is a war between India and China. Eg. Alas! Brave! Good-Bye! Oh! Hey!Hush!
✔H. Among : =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ ÖËHõ JO`«HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= J<Õ J~°÷O
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
K≥ѨC@‰õΩ
1. He fell ..... the well (a)

S
Eg. There is a dispute among the five brothers.
a) into b) under c) on d) in

ON
✔I. Beside - „ѨHõ¯<Õ J<Õ J~°÷OÖ’ 2. She has been absent ....... Friday last (b)
Eg. He sat beside me. a) from b) since c) for d) by

I
✔J. Besides - 3. He is jealous .......... his friends success. (a)

AT
JO`ÕHÍHõ, J^ÕHÍHõ, ~ÚOHõ#∞ – J<Õ J~°O÷ Ö’
Eg. I have a radio besides a transistor. a) on b) upon c) from d) of
4. She listen to his speech...........the radio. (a)

IC
✔K. In - Hõ^eŒ HõÖxË – ã≤~÷ =° ÚQÍ LO_Õ "å\˜ QÆ∞iOz a) on b) from c) to d) in
Eg. He is in bed.
UN
5. He fell ........ the cycle (c)
✔L. On - Hõ^eŒ HõÖxË "å\˜x QÆ∞iOz a) at b) of c) off d) out
Eg. He sat on a chair. 6. She stared ......... me in anger. (d)
M

a) on b) with c) against d) at
M. upon, into, to -
✔ K«Å#=Ú – Hõ^eŒ Hõ L#fl@∞¡ K≥ÑÙ¨ Ê@‰õΩ
7. He is proud ........ his daughter. (c)
M

Eg. The cat sprang upon the table (^Œ∞=Ú‰õΩ@) a) at b) on c) of d) for

CO

He fell into the river (#kÖ’ Ѩ_∞» @) 8. I prefer coffee .............. tea. (c)
He ran to school (ã¨∂¯Å∞‰õΩ Ñ¨~°∞ÔQ`«∞Î@) a) than b) for c) to d) in
POQÆ=¡ ÚÖ’x D „H˜Ok Prepositions ‰õΩ, `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ 9. I have stayed here ....... five days. (c)
IA

a) since b) in c) for d) from

ã¨=∂# J~°=÷ ÚÅ∞ 10. The old man died ........ heart failure (d)
ED

At- =^ŒÌ (at the station)

a) from b) with c) by d) of
About - QÆ∞iOz (He told me about him) 11. I was going ........ the road. (c)
M

Along - HõÅã≤, ‰õÄ_® (He came along with his father) a) in b) through c) along d) on
Across - J_»= ¤ ÚQÍ (He ran across the road) 12. You must cope ........ the demands to the
E

Above - g∞^Œ∞QÍ (The water came above the bridge) energing society. (c)
E

After - `«~°∞"å`« (He came after him) a) upon b) up with c) with d) up

SR

By - `À (The tree is cut by him) 13. I turn ......... the T.V. when I don’t like the
Down - „H˜O^Œ (He went down the lane) Programme (a)
Each other - XHõi<˘Hõ~∞° a) off b) down c) up d) for
(They filed suits against each other) 14. The lecturer went ..... to explain the next point.
For - H˘~°‰Ωõ (They waited for the results) a) off b) about c) from d) on (d)
15. His friends congratulated Bhasker ........ his win-
In - ֒, ֒ѨŠ(He is in the house)
ning the first prize. (a)
Into - ֒ѨʼnõΩ (He came into the house)
a) on b) for c) with d) over
Midst, Amidst - =∞^躌 Ö’ (He announced the result
16. The sun had already set before we could ar-
in the midst of cheers) rive .......... the place. (b)
On - ÃÑ·#, g∞^Œ (He sat on the chair) a) in b) at c) on d) from
Of - Ü≥ÚHõ¯ (He is afraid of darkness) 17. The child has been missing ........ yesterday.
Off - ^Œ∂~°=ÚQÍ (He pushed him off) a) on b) before c) from d) during (c)
Side - „ѨHõ¯<Õ (By the side of the house)
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 3. VERB & TENSE FORMS
'Verb' is a word which expresses an action or state. past and still continuing in the present.
Eg. He plays Cricket. Eg. We have been living here for ten years.
He is a Player. In Present Perfect Tense have or has + been +
'Tense' expresses the time of the action Present Participle of the verb is used.
Tense can be broadly divided into three kinds: Eg. She has been working in the garden since morning.
1. Present tense 2. Past tense, 3. Future tense. 'Since-phrase' and 'for-phrase' are used with
I. PRESENT TENSE Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
There are four kinds of Present Tense. II. PAST TENSE
I. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: 1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE :

S
ON
It is used to express. It is used to express a completed action in
a) Habitual action and repeated actions. the past.
Eg. He takes tea in the morning. Eg. We won Independence in 1947.

I
AT
Eg. I go to college regularly. In Simple Past Tense, the verb will be in in its
b) Universal truths. Past Tense form.

IC
Eg. The Earth moves round the sun. Eg. Saw, Wrote, Worked, Played.
UN
In simple Present Tense, the verb will be in its Adverbs of past time like Yesterday, last night,
plain infinitive form (go, see, work); but when the ago, in 1990 etc.,
are used with the Simple Past Tense.
M

subject is in third person singular, 's' or 'es' is added

to the plain infinitive (goes, sees, works) 2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:
M

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE It is used to express an action in progress at a

certain time in past.
CO

It is used to express an action in progress at the

time of speaking or during recent times. Eg. When I was crossing the road, I saw an accident.
Eg. I am reading a novel now. 'was' or 'were' is used with present participle form
IA

He is repairing his house. of the verb in the Past Continuous Tense.

Eg. was reading, were playing.
ED

In present countinuous tense the be-forms am,

is, are used with present participle form of the 3. PAST PERFECT TENSE:
M

verb. It is used to express a past action which was com-

Eg. am working, is doing, are playing. pleted before another past action began.
E

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: In the past perfect tense had + Past Participle
E

It is used to express a just finished action. form of the verb is used.

SR

Eg. I have written the letter just now. Eg. had gone, had written, had seen.
4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
She has not yet passed the examination.
It is used to express an action which began in the
In present perfect tense have or has is used with
past and still continuing at a certain time in past.
the Past Participle form of the verb.
Eg. It had been raining till yesterday evening.
Eg. Have seen, has sent
In the Past Perfect Continuous Tense the Verb will be:
Just, just now, already, yet are generally used
Had + been + Present Participle of the verb.
with Present Perfect Tense.
Eg. Had been working,
'Since-phrase' and 'for-phrase' are also used with
had been living etc.
Present Perfect tense.
III. FUTURE TENSE
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
It is used to express an action which is still to
It is used to express an action which began in the
take place.
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Eg. I shall write to him. 4. He ........ here for the last five years. (c)
In simple future tense Shall (I person) and Will (II a) worked b) is working
and III persons) are used with Plain Infinitive. c) has been working d) had been working
Eg. I shall go there. 5. He thanked me for what I ........... (b)
He will pass the examination. a) have done b) had done
But to indicate intention or determination, 'will' is c) have been done d) have been doing
used with I person and 'shall' is used with II & III 6. Birds ..... ever year? (b)
persons.
a) has migrated b) migrate
Eg. I will do it. (determination)
c) had migrated d) are migrated
He shall pay the fee.
7. Earth ........ around the sun? (d)
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:
a) has moved b) had moved

S
It is used to express an action going on at some
c) is moving d) moves

ON
time in the future.
Will or Shall + be + Present Participle is used 8. He ........ unwell since yesterday (c)
in the Future Continuous Tense. a) is b) was

I
AT
Eg. We shall be visiting Agra in December. c) has been d) had been
3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: 9. Then I discovered that I ......... my purse at the
It is used to express an action which will be com-
IC hotel (d)
UN
pleted before a certain point of time in the future. a) left b) have left
Shall or will + have + Past Participle is used in c) was left d) had left
the Future Perfect Tense.
M

10. It is unlikely that he ........ every race. (a)

Eg. I shall have taken my bath by then. a) is going to win b) may win
M

Saraswathi will have gone to Madras before Mohan

c) wins d) win
arrives.
CO

11. The manager ......... into the papers when his

4. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
assistant came to see him. (b)
It is used to express an action which will begin in
a) looks b) was looking
IA

future and will be continuing at a certain time in

c) looked d) is looking
future.
ED

Eg. We shall have been travelling for three hours by 12. I ......... the telephone bill yesterday (a)
8p.m. tomorrow. a) paid b) have paid
M

Shall/will +have been + present participle" is c) have not paid d) pay

used in this tense. 13. I ....... my homework when Mohan came to see
E E

me. (c)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
SR

a) did b) have done

1. He.... the letter yesterday (b) c) was doing d) do
a) has been writing b) wrote 14. If I had the choice I ........ stayed on. (c)
c) has written d) had written a) had b) could have
2. She .... out five minutes ago (d) c) would have d) have had
a) has been writing b) wrote 15. The train ........... before he reached there. (c)
c) went d) has gone a) left b) has left
3. He ......... out an hour earlier. (b) c) had left d) was left
a) went b) has gone 16. Choose the correct phrase (b)
c) had gone d) is going a) turn out b) turn off
c) turn down d) turn up

6
 4. VOICE
Voice ~
Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞ INTRANSITIVE:
1. Active Voice 2. Passive Voice D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'goes' `«~°∞"å`« object ÖË^Œ∞. WÖÏO\˜
Eg: Rama killed Ravana. (Active Voice) "åHõº=ÚÖ’x 'verb' #∞ 'intransitive verb' (JHõ~°‡Hõ „H˜Ü«∞)
Eg: Ravana was killed by Rama. (Passive Voice) JO^Œ∞~°∞. WHõ¯_» Ѩx 'Hõ~°Î— #∞O_ç 'Hõ~°‡—‰õΩ "åºÑ≤OK«^Œ∞. HÍ|\ì̃
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ "åHõº=ÚÖ’x Ѩx 'Rama' S# subject KÕ`« Wk 'intransitive verb' - object HÀ~°x verb.
KÕÜ∞« |_ç#k. HÍ|\˜ì 'killed' J<Õ '„H˜Ü∞« — (verb) Passive Voice TRANSITIVE:
Ö’ L#flk. Rama gave a pen to Sita. D "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'gave' J<Õ
'Passive Voice' Ö’ – Object Subject QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞Ok. 'verb' `«~°∞"å`« Ô~O_»∞ objects =Ù#flq. verb `«~°∞"å`« XHõ\˜
HÍ|\˜ì, Object ÖËx Intransitive Verb H˜ Passive Voice ÖËHõ Z‰õΩ¯= objects L#fl verb – transitive verb.
DIRECT OBJECT:

S
LO_»^Œ∞.

ON
'Be' forms - am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been Rama gave him a book - D "åHõº=ÚÖ’x 'gave' J<Õ
(8 ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞) Passive Voice Ö’ 'be' form `«~°∞"å`« verb 'verb' g∞^Œ, ^Õxx Jx „Ѩâ◊fl"Õã≤# =K«∞Û ã¨=∂^è•#=Ú direct
object (a book).

I
Ü≥ÚHõ¯ 'Past Participle' =K«∞Û#∞. Tense, Person, number

AT
Å#∞ |\ì̃, D „H˜Ok ÉèË^Œ=Ú, qq^èŒ ^Œâ◊ÅÖ’ =ÙO_»∞#∞. INDIRECT OBJECT:
Number Present Past Future Conti- Perfect verb g∞^Œ Z=iH˜, ^ÕxH˜ Jx „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ "Õã≤# =K«∞Û Ñ¨^Œ=Ú
Tense Tense Tense nuous Tense
IC 'Him'. HÍ=Ù# nxx Indirect object JO\Ï~°∞.
UN
Tense Eg. 'Rama's father bought him a pen' J<Õ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ 'a
1.Singular am,is was be being been pen' J<Õk – direct object. 'Him' J<Õk - Indirect object.
M

2. Plural are were be being been Eg. I sent telegram to Ashok (A.V.)
Been: Present Perfect Ö’ he, she, it, Rama, =O\˜ A telegram was sent to Ashok (P.V) . (or)
M

UHõ=K«#=ÚʼnõΩ 'has been' =K«∞Û#∞. Ashok was sent a telegram

CO

Eg. He has been working since morning. Active #∞Oz passive ‰õΩ =∂~°∞Û@‰õΩ
Been: |Ǩï=K«#=Ú`À – 'have been' – 'you, we, they' Eg: Rama killed Ravana (A.V.)
Ravana was killed by Rama (P.V.)
IA

Pronouns: You have been, they have been.

'I' UHõ=K«#"≥∞ÿ##∞, 'I' have been' J<Õ =K«∞Û#∞. RULES :
ED

'Nominative, objective' case ÅÖ’, 'Noun' ‰õΩ 'sub- i) Object - #∞ Subject QÍ „"åÜ«∂e.
ject, object' ~°∂Ѩ"≥ÚHõ¯>Ë. ii) Helping verb LO>Ë „"åÜ«∂e.
M

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE iii) Verb Ü≥ÚHõ¯ 'Tense' #∞ |\˜ì 'Be' Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ~°∂Ѩ=Ú

WOw¡+μ¨ – `≥Å∞QÆ∞ "åHõº=ÚÅ =∞^躌 `Õ_®: WOw¡+μ¨ "åHõº=Ú `≥K«∞ÛHÀ"åe.

E

iv) 'be form' „"åã≤# `«~°∞"å`« verb Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =¸_»= ~°∂Ѩ=Ú

E

Ö’ Subject (Hõ~°Î) Predicate („H˜Ü∞« ) object (Hõ~‡° ) =~°∞ã¨QÍ

„"åÜ«∂e. past-participle
SR

"åHõº x~å‡}ÏxH˜ „"å™êÎ=Ú.

v) By J<Õ Preposition „"åÜ« ∂ e. XHÀ¯™êi
Eg. Rama killed Ravana.
ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞™ê~°=Ú, at, with, to =O\˜ Prepositions
J~Ú`Õ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ – Hõ~°Î, Hõ~°‡, „H˜Ü«∞ – =~°∞ã¨QÍ =™êÎ~Ú.
=™êÎ~Ú. vi) Subject x object QÍ „"åÜ«∂e. J=ã¨~åxfl |\˜ì I-me,he-
"åHõº=ÚÖ’x killed J<Õ verb g∞^Œ Z=~°∞? Uk ? – who him, she-her, who-whom QÍ =∂iÛ „"åÜ«∂e.
- what - Jx „ѨtflOz# =K«∞Û ã¨=∂^è•#=Ú 'Rama' – Wk 1) Assertive "åHõº=Ú
ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì. killed J<Õ verb g∞^Œ – Z=ix, ^Õxx, "Õxx Jx Eg. She had loved novels (A.V)
„ѨtflOz# =K«∞Û ã¨=∂^è•#=Ú – object. WHõ¯_» killed J<Õ Novels had been loved by her (P.V.)
'verb' g∞^Œ „Ѩtfl¿ãÎ =KÕÛ ã¨=∂^è•#=Ú Ravana. J~Ú`Õ H˘xfl 2. Imperative - order, request, advise, J~°÷=ÚeK«∞Û
"åHõº=ÚʼnõΩ 'object' LO_»^∞Œ . "åHõº=ÚÅ∞ imperative "åHõº=ÚÅ∞.
Eg. 'Rama goes' a) D "åHͺʼnõΩ 'object' =Ù#flKÀ 'passive voice' Ö’H˜

7
 =∂ˆ~Û@ѨC_»∞ 'let' `À „áê~°OaèOz 'be' „"åã≤ past-par- Eg.1. Did they sell books ?
ticiple verb „"åÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞. Were the books sold by them ?
Eg. Post the letter (A.V) 2. Does he help me ?
Let the letter be posted (P.V.) Am I helped by her ?
b) Object ÖË ‰ õ Ω O_® 'order' 'command' J~° ÷ q ∞K« ∞ Û 3. Do they pass the test ?
"åHͺÅ∞O>Ë 'You are ordered' Jx passive voice Is the test passed by them ?
"åHõº=Ú „áê~°OaèOKåe. c) Main Clause, Subordinate Clause : L#fl "åHÍºÖˇ#
· KÀ
c) Eg. Get out (A.V.) Main Clause Ö’x Verb „ѨH¯õ # object ÖËHáõ È~Ú#KÀ
You are ordered to get out (P.V.) P "åHͺxfl "Passive Voice" Ö’H˜ =∂~°Û\ÏxH˜ it `À
d) Eg. Please help Rama Jx =ÙO>Ë You are requested „áê~°OaèOKåe.
to help Rama. Eg. They hope that we will get First Division

S
e) Advise J<Õ J~°=÷ Ú =KÕÛ "åHõº=Ú#flKÀ It is hoped that we will get First Division

ON
You are advised' Jx "åHõº=Ú „áê~°OaèOKåe. d) H˘xfl 'Passive Voice' "åHͺÅÖ’ 'by + object' =ÙO_»^∞Œ .
Eg. Prepare well. Jq L#fl=x =∞#=Ú J~å÷xfl |\ì̃ TÇ≤ÏOKåe. JÖÏO\˜

I
AT
You are advised to prepare well. "åHͺʼnõΩ -'by whom' JO>Ë ã¨=∂^è•#O ~å^Œ∞. JѨC_»∞
Interrogative sentences =∂~°∞Û q^è•#=Ú : unknown agent J#∞HÀ"åe.

IC
a) Who Jx "åHõº=Ú „áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ #ÿ KÀ Eg. Some one stole my watch (A.V.)
UN
'By whom' Jx =∂~°Û=Öˇ#∞. My watch was stolen (P.V.)
Who wrote the Ramayana ? (A.V.) ÃÑ· "åHõº=Ú (P.V.) Ö’ by + object ÖË^Œ∞
By whom was the Ramayan written ? (P.V.) =¸_» ∞ ~° H õ = ÚÅ Tenses Ö’ =K« ∞ Û Voice
M

qq^è Œ
b) do, did Å`À „Ѩâfl◊ „áê~°OÉè"
í ∞≥ #ÿ KÀ be ~°∂Ѩ=Ú`À "åHõº=Ú ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ Assertive "åHõº=ÚÅ∞.
M

„áê~°OaèOѨ=Öˇ#∞.
CO

TENSE ACTIVE FORM PASSIVE FORM

Present Ind. Tense Rama takes my book My book is taken by Rama
Past Ind. Tense Rama took my pen My pen was taken by Rama
IA

Future Ind. Tense Rama will take my book My book will be taken by Rama
ED

Present Imperfect Rama is taking my book My book is being taken by Rama

Past Imperfect Rama was taking my book My book was being taken by Rama
M

Future Imperfect Rama will be taking my book ........ .......... ..........

Present Perfect Rama has taken my book My book has been taken by Rama
E

Past Perfect Rama had taken my book My book had been taken by Rama
E

Future Perfect Rama will have taken my book My book will have been taken by Rama
SR

Present Perfect Continuous Rama has been taking my book ............. ............ ............
Past Perfect Continuous Rama had been taking my book ............. ............ ............
Future Perfect Continuous Rama will have been taking my book ............. ............ ............
Active Voice Ö’ 12 ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞O_»∞#∞. Passive Voice Ö’ 8 ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞ =ÙO_»∞#∞. qq^èŒ Tenses Ö’ „Ѩâßfl~°÷ "åHõº=ÚÅ
Active, Passive ~°∂Ѩ=ÚÅ∞.
Tense Active Passive
Present Indefinite Who takes the pen ? By whom is the pen taken ?
Past Indefinite Who took the pen ? By whom was the pen taken ?
Future Indefinite Who shall take the pen ? By whom shall the pen be taken ?
Present Imperfect Who is taking the pen ? By whom is the pen being taken ?
Past Imperfect Who was taking the pen ? By whom was the pen being taken ?

8
 Future Imperfect Who will be taking the pen ? ............ ............ ............
Present Perfect Who has taken the pen ? By whom has the pen been taken ?
Past Perfect Who had taken the pen ? By whom had the pen been taken ?
Future Perfect Who will have taken the pen ? By whom will have the pen been taken?
Present Perfect Continuous Who has been taking the pen ? ........... .......... ..........
Past Perfect Continuous Who had been taking the pen ? ............ ......... ..........
Future Perfect Continuous Who will have been taking the pen ? ............ ......... ..........

PASSIVE VOICE b) This has not surprised officer

The passive is formed with the suitable tense of c) This did not surprise the officer
d) The officer did not surprise at this
the verb followed by the past participle. Below are given
3. They asked me many questions. (b)
the common tenses of the verb 'give' : (Change to passive voice)

S
Active Passive a) We asked them many questions

ON
give, gives am, is, are } given b) I was asked many questions by them
c) They were asked many questions by me
am, is, are } giving am, is, are } being given

I
d) They are asked many questions by me

AT
gave was, were } given 4. The constable noticed a man throwing a stone
was, were } giving was, were } being given (Convert into passive voice) (b)

IC
a) A man was noticed throwing a stone
has, have } given has, have } been given
b) A man was noticed by the constable throwing a stone
UN
had } given had } been given c) A man was notice throwing a stone to the constable
will, shall } give will, shall } be given d) A stone was throwing a man notice by the constable
will, shall } have given will, shall } have been given 5. All desire wealth and some acquire it (c)
M

(Change into passive voice)

The object of an active verb becomes the subject
a) wealth was desired by all and acquired by some
M

of a passive verb. a) wealth is acquired by all and desired by some

Active Passive a) wealth is desired by all and acquired by some
CO

1. Bees make honey Honey is made by bees. a) wealth was desired all and acquired by some
6. We shall be praised by every one. (c)
2. Mohan took my pen. My pen was taken by Mohan (Change into Active Voice)
IA

3. They are repairing the road. The road is being repaired a) They shall Praise us
b) Every one shall Praise us
ED

4. Somebody has picked my pocket My pocket has been picked

5. I will invite Mr.John. Mr John will be invited c) Every one shall be Praising us
d) Every one will Praise us
M

Ѩ x KÕ ã ≤ # "åxH˜ „áê^è • #º`« L#flKÀ 'Active Voice' 7. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. (c)
"å_»∞^Œ∞~°∞. KÕã≤# ѨxH˜ „áê^è•#º`« L#flKÀ 'Passive Voice' (Chage into passive voice)
E

"å_»∞^Œ∞~°∞. ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ KÕã#≤ a) Hamlet writes Shakespeare.

ѨxH˜ „áê^è•#º`« 'interest is on the action'. 3 J#@OKÕ`«
E

b) Hamlet wrote Shakespeare.

c) Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
SR

"åHõº=ÚÖ’ –ѨxKÕã≤# "åxH˜ „áê^è•#º`« ÖË^Œ∞. 4 "åHõº=ÚÖ’

'Somebody' 'unknown agent' ѨxKÕã# ≤ "å_≥=~À `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. d) Hamlet is written by Shakespeare.
XHõ "åHõº=ÚÖ’ ~Ô O_»∞ objects-direct-indirect object L#flKÀ 8. The thief was chased by him bravely. (b)
passive voice ^Õx`À „áê~°OaèOz J~Ú<å „"åÜ«∞ =K«∞Û#∞. (Change into Active Voice)
a) Being brave, he chased the thief.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS b) He chased, the thief bravely.
1. Somebody has broken the chair (b) c) thief chased by him.
(Choose the correct passive form) b) He is chasing, the thief bravely.
a) The chair was broken by somebody 9. He was driven to desperation by poverty.
b) The chair has been broken (Choose the correct active form) (d)
c) The chair is broken a) Poverty was driving desperation into him
d) The chair had been broken by somebody b) He was driving desperation by poverty
2. The officer was not suprised at this (c) c) Poverty has driven desperation into him
(Choose the correct Active form) d) Poverty drove him to desperation
a) This had not surprised the officer
9
 5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech: J#QÍ XHõ~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê# =∂@Å∞ J^Õ
q^è=Œ ÚQÍ, Ü«∞^è•`«^=Œè ÚQÍ K≥ÑC¨ @.
Indirect Speech: J#QÍ XHõ~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê# =∂@ÅÖ’x
`å`«Ê~°º=Ú#∞ =∞iÜ≥ÚHõiH˜ K≥ÑC¨ @. JѨC_»∞ H˘xfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
`«Ñ¨ÊHõ =™êÎ~Ú.
Eg. Rama said "I am writing this essay".
Rama said that he was writing that essay.
ÃÑ· "åHõº=ÚÖ’ Indirect Speech Ö’ [iy# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞.
1. H˘>Ë+¨<£ QÆ∞~°∞ÎÅ∞ fã≤"ÕÜ«∞=Öˇ#∞.
2. Direct Speech "åHõ º =Ú#∞, Indirect "åHõ º =Ú#∞
HõÅ∞ѨÙ@‰õΩ 'that' J#∞ conjunction "å_»=Öˇ#∞.
3. 'I' J#∞ Pronoun ™ê÷#=ÚÖ’ – Reporting verb `À =Ù#fl
ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì#∞ |\˜ì (H˘>Ë+¨#∞‰õΩ |Ü«∞@=Ù#fl "åHõº=ÚÖ’x
ã¨Éˇ˚‰õΩì#∞ |\ì̃) 'he' J#∞ pronoun =zÛ#k.
4. 'this' - J#∞ objective - 'that' QÍ =∂i#k.
Direct Speech #∞O_ç Indirect Speech Ö’ =K«∞Û
IC4. He said "love is blind" (Universal truth)
UN
=∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ Reporting verb past tense Ö’ =ÙO>Ë
1. "Present Indefinite" changes to "Past indefinite".
M
2. "Present perfect" changes to "Past perfect".
3. "Present continuous" changes to "Past continuous"
M
4. "Past indefinite" changes to "Past perfect".
CO
He said'I write a letter' (Present Inde)
He said that he wrote a letter (Past Inde)
He said "I have written a letter" (Present per)
IA
He said that he had written a letter (Past per)
ED
He said "I am writing a letter" (Present con)
He said that he was writing a letter (Past continuous)
M
He said "I write a letter" (Past Indefinite)
He said that he had written a letter (Past perfect)
E
"åHͺÅ∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°HÍÅ∞:
E
1. Assertive "åHͺÅ∞ (WÖÏ [iyO^Œx) statement WKÕÛq.
SR
Eg. 'Man is mortal'.
2. Interrogative „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ "Õ¿ã "åHͺÅ∞
a) Who is the leader?
b) Is this the way?
c) When do you leave?
3. Imperative "åHͺÅ∞ WO^Œ∞Ö’ – P[˝, WÖÏ KÕÜ∞« =∞x
HÀ~°@O, „áêi÷OK«@O, [~°QÍÅx WK«Ûù LO\Ï~Ú.
a) "you stop there" (Command)
b) "Please pardon me, sir" (request)
c) "Work hard" (advice)
d) "Let me be free" (Wish)
4. Exclamatory - Pâ◊Û~ù åº~°H÷ =õ Ú
How beautiful the building is!
What a fool!
1. Assertive "åHõº=ÚʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz:
Direct speech #∞Oz Indirect speech Ö’xH˜
=∂~°Û\ÏxH˜ D Rules áê\˜OKåe.
Z. H˘>Ë + ¨ # ∞ |Ü« ∞ \˜ "åHͺxfl H˘>Ë + ¨ # ∞Ö’x "åHõ º O`À
HõÅѨ\ÏxH˜ 'that' J<Õk 'conjunction' (link word) QÍ
=ã¨∞ÎOk.
S
1. He said "I come from America" (Verb present)
ON
He said that he came from America (Verb past)
2. He said " I will go to America (future)
I
He said that he would go to America.
AT
3. He said "I have milk everyday" (habit)
He said that he would have milk everyday.
He said that love is blind. (Jxfl HÍÅ=ÚÅÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê ÖËx
#QÆflã¨`º« =Ú. JO^Œ∞Hõx verb present tense Ö’<Õ LO@∞Ok)
2. Interrogative („Ѩâßfl~°÷Hõ "åHͺÅ∞)
a) WO^Œ∞Ö’ ask, question, enquire "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·#q conjunc-
tions QÍ =™êÎ~Ú.
He said "When will the show commence?"
He asked when the show would commence.
b) If the interrogative is introduced by an auxiliary verb
"asked" is followed by 'whether' or 'if' `À „áê~°OaèOKåe.
Eg. He said 'Do you know Rama (Direct)
He asked if (whether) he knew Rama.
Rule: Direct Speech Ö’ L#fl "åHõº=Ú what, who,
which, when, whether, whose, whom ÖÏO\˜ „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞
"Õ¿ã Ѩ^•Å`À „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ`Õ JHõ¯_» if HÍx 'whether' HÍx
~å^Œ∞. J^Õ Ñ¨^•xfl "å_ç Indirect speech Ö’ „"åÜ«∂e.
Eg: Rama said, "what is the price"?
Rama asked what the price was
3. Imperative sentences Ö’ request, order, advise
wish "≥Ú^ŒÖ# ·ˇ Ѩ^•Å∞ ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞™ê~°OQÍ =™êÎ~Ú.
a) He said to the officer "Please grant me leave"
He requested the officer to grant him leave (request)
b) He said to the servant "Leave this place". (order)
He asked the servant to leave that room.
c) He said to the boy "Work hard to get first class".
(advise)
He advised the boy to work hard to get first class.
10
 d) He said "Let me meet death like a man". (wish)
He wished to meet death like a man.
e) He said to us "Let us search for him" (suggestion)
He suggested to us to search for him.
Rule: ÃÑ· "åHͺÅÖ’ J~°= ÷ Ú#∞ |\ì̃ imperative words: re-
quest, order, advise `«~∞° "å`« 'to' `À verb #∞ HõeÑ≤ „"åÜ«∂e.
4. Exclamatory "åHõº=ÚÅÖ’ exclaim, wonder, remark
ÖÏO\˜ Ѩ^•Å∞ link words (conjunction) QÍ =™êÎ~Ú.
He said "what a tragedy"!
WHõ¯_» "≥Ú^Œ@ ÃÑ· "åHͺxfl "assertive" QÍ =∂~åÛe.
`«~°∞"å`« ^•xfl 'indirect speech' Ö’xH˜ =∂~åÛe. 'what a
1. He said 'you are right'.
He told me that I was right.
2. He said to you 'you are right'.
He told you that you were right.
3. He said to them 'you are right'.
He told them that they were right.
Rule: Reported Speech Ö’ #∞#fl 3rd Personal Pro-
nouns =∂~°Û‰õÄ_»^∞Œ .
Rama said 'he is right'.
Rama said that he was right. WHõ¯_» 'he' =∂~°^Œ∞.
D „H˜Ok =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ QÆ∞~°∞Î ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åe.

S
tragedy! - 'It is a great tragedy' Jx assertive "åHõºO Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

ON
J=Ù`«∞Ok. `«~°∞"å`« Jk He remarked that it was a great 1. Shall, will changes to should, would
tragedy ! 2. This " that

I
Affirmative "åHͺÅ∞ ('Yes' - Jx J~°= 3. These " those

AT
÷ Ú#fl "åHõº=ÚÅ∞)
Negative "åHͺÅ∞ ('No' - Jx J~°= ÷ Ú#fl "åHõº=ÚÅ∞) 4. Now " then
5. Here " there

IC
g\˜x Indirect speech Ö’ =∂iÛ#ѨC_»∞
Affirmative : Yes - J<Õ ^•xfl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùxfl |\ì̃ 'replied 6. Hither " thither
UN
in the affirmative' Jx QÍx 'agreed' JxQÍx 'accepted' 7. Then " so
Jx QÍx „"åÜ«∞=K«∞Û#∞. 8. Ago " before
M

Negative: 'No' J<Õ ^•xfl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùxfl |\ì̃ 'replied in 9. To-night " that night
the negative, refused, rejected, denied ÖÏO\˜ Ѩ^•Å∞ 10. To-day " that day
M

11. To-morrow " next day or following day

"å_»=K«∞Û#∞.
CO

12. Yesterday " previous day

Eg. Rama said 'Are you going to school' ?
13. Last night " previous night
'Yes' he replied.
14. Hence forth " thence forth
IA

Rama asked him if he was going to school.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He replied in the affirmative.
ED

1. "Good morning,Sir" Greeted or wished him

(He said that he was going to school) - Jx J~°O ÷ . 2. Asked/Questioned if or whether
Direct: 'Please listen to what I say' said the prisoner, to
M

3. "Let the fellow be

the king. 'No' said the king.
arrested" ordered
Indirect: The prisoner requested the king to listen to
E

4. "Hark brother" directed the attention

E

what he would say, the king refused. 5. "Pardon" asked pardon

SR

<åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°HÍÅ "åHͺÅÖ’ Direct speech #∞Oz Indi- 6. "Heaven knows" called upon heaven to witness
rect speech H˜ U "åHͺxfl =∂iÛ<å J~°O ÷ =∂~°‰Ωõ O_® „"åÜ«∂e. 7. Oh, Alas, Ah exclaim
Pronoun‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# Rules: Reported Speech 8. How pretty very pretty
Ö’ #∞#fl 1st person pronouns JxflÜ«Ú reporting verb 9. How beautiful very beautiful
Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Subject U person Ö’ =ÙO>Ë, P person Ö’H˜ =∂~åÛe. 10. Ladies and gentlemen told the audience
Direct Indirect 11. Hellow Greeted
1. He said 'I will go' 1. He said that he would go 12. Congratulations Congratulated
2. You said 'I will go' 2. You said that you would go 13. Thanks Thanked
3. I said, 'I will go' 3. I said that I would go
Rule: Reported Speech Ö’ L#fl 2nd personal pro-
nouns JxflO\˜x Reporting verb Ü≥ÚHõ¯ object U person
Ö’ =ÙO>Ë P person Ö’H˜ =∂~åÛe.
11
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Komali asked to go with her. (b)
(Choose the correct Direct form)
a) Komali requested Shyam, “Please go with me”
b) Komali said to Shyam, “Come with me”
c) Komali spoke to Shyam, “ Be with me”
d) Komali asked Shyam, “ Go with me”
2. “ Which way did he go?” asked the king (c)
(Choose the correct Indirect form)
a) The king asked which way we went
b) The king asked which way he was gone
c) The king asked which way he had gone
d) The king asked which way he has gone
3. Change into Indirect speech : (a)
“Do you write good hand” the teacher said,
a) The teacher asked whether I wrote good hand
b) The teacher questioned him whether he wrote
good hand
c) The teacher told me about my good hand
d) The teacher ordered me whether I write good
IC
UN
hand
4. Change into Indirect speech : (c)
The king said to old man “ Who is the happi-
M
est man on the earth.”
M
a) The king told the old man who were the hap-
piest man on the earth.
CO
b) The king ordered the old man who is the
happiest man.
c) The king asked the old man who is the happi-
IA
est man on the earth.
d) The king advised old man who is the happi-
ED
est.
5. The speaker said that it gave him great plea-
M
sure to be there that evening (c)
(Change into Direct speech)
E
a) The Speaker told , “It gave me great pleasant
E
to be here with evening”.
SR
b) The Speaker Said, “It gave me great pleasure
to be here with evening”.
c) The Speaker announced “ It gave me great
pleasure to be here evening”.
d) The Speaker has said, “It is pleasure to be
here in the evening”.
6. The Teacher said to him, “do not read so Fast”.
(Change into indirect) (d)
a) The Teacher ordered him do not read So Fast
b) The Teacher asked him do not read So Fast
c) The Teacher advised him do not read So Fast
d) The Teacher told him not to read So Fast.
7. Mother Said to Son, “ do not to run so fast”.
(Change into Indirect) (c)
a) Mother wanted Son, not to run so fast.
b) Mother said Son, not to run so fast.
c) Mother advised Son, not to run so fast.
d) Mother ordered Son, not to run so fast.
8. Plato said socretes, “Whom do you consider
the happiest man living”? (b)
(Change into indirect speech)
a) Plato wanted socretes, who was the happiest
man in his consideration.
b) Plato enquired socretes, who was the happiest
S
man in his consideration.
ON
c) Plato asked socretes, “who is the happiest man
in your consideration”.
d) Plato suggested Socretes, “who is the happi-
I
AT
est man in his consideration”.
9. He said , “How could you speak to me like
this”? (b)
(Choose the correct Indirect form)
a) He asked me how I could have spoken to him
like that
b) He said how I could speak to him like that
c) He asked how could I speak to him like this
d) He asked me how I could speak to him like
that
10. The teacher asked if I had done my home work.
( Choose the correct direct form) (c)
a) The teacher said, “Will you do your home work?”
b) The teacher said, “Do you do your home work?”
c) The teacher said, “Have you done your home
work?”
d) The teacher said, “Will you do your home work?”
11. He asked her “Do you love me?”
(Choose the correct Indirect form) (b)
a) He asked her whether she had loved him
b) He asked her whether she loved him
a) He agreed her whether she was loving him
a) He asked her if she did love him
12. The actor said that he was not been on con-
testing elections. (d)
(choose the correct direct form)
a) The actor felt, “ I am not been on contesting in
the elections”.
b) The actor said, “ I was not been on contesting
in the elections”.
c) The actor told, “ I was not been on contesting in
the elections”.
d) The actor said, “ I am not been on contesting in
the elections”.
12
 6. SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX SENTENCES
Rules: Before going to simple, compound and com- (i.e. ing-form' of the verb)
plex sentences, we must know phrases and clauses. A Eg: Seeing the tiger, he climbed the tree.
phrase is a group of words without a subject and predi- N.B.: This phrase can be used when two ordinary
cate. (Subject is the doer of the action which comes statements are connected and the subject is com-
first in a sentence. Predicate tells us about the subject
mon for both the statements. If the subjects are
and it is formed with verb and the other words that fol-
different, the subject must precede the phrase.
low the verb.)
Eg. It, being a holiday, we did not go to college.
Eg. In the morning, inspite of his hard work etc.
2. Absolute construction: This phrase begins with
A clause is a group of words with a subject and
predicate. If the clause gives a complete sentence, 'Having + Past participle' and it is used when there
it is called the main clause. is a time gap between the actions.

S
Eg. Having gone there, I found the well empty.

ON
Eg. Birds fly in the air.
Here 'Birds, is the subject and 'fly in the air' is the Having written the letter, he posted it.
predicate. As there are a subject and predicate and 3. Prepositional phrase: This phrase begins with any

I
AT
as the above clause gives a complete sense, it is one of the prepositions like in, on, besides etc.
called a main clause. Eg. Inspite of his hard work, he failed in the examination.

IC
If a clause does not give a complete sense, it is (The phrase in spite of must be followed by a noun)
called a 'Sub-ordinate Clause' and it must always Besides losing his ticket, he lost his purse.
UN
be attached to a main clause to have a complete (Besides means 'in addition to' and it must be fol-
sense. lowed by a noun or gerund (ing-form)
M

Eg. Though he worked hard, he failed in the exami- Besides men, women and children were also killed.
nation. 4. Infinitive phrase: This phrase begins with a to-
M

In the above sentence 'though he worked hard' is a infinitive and is used to express reason or purpose.
CO

sub-ordinate clause because it does not give a Eg. I went to the station to see my friend off (reason)
complete meaning. It gives a complete meaning He is working hard to get a first class (purpose)
when it is attached to the main clause - "he failed Co-ordinating conjunctions: Co-ordinating con-
IA

in the examination". junctions are used to join main clauses in the com-
Kinds of sentences:
ED

pound sentences.
1. Simple sentence: It may have one main clause The important coordinating conjunction are:
and one phrase.
M

'And ':It is used to join two ordinary statements.

Eg. Seeing the teacher, the students kept quiet. Eg. I heard the sound and I woke up.
2. Compound sentence: In a compound sentence,
E

'But & Yet': They are used to join opposite statements.

E

there will be two or more main clauses connected

Eg. He worked hard but failed in the examination.
SR

by a co-ordinating conjunction.
He is poor yet he is honest.
Eg. The students saw the teacher and they kept
'Or' : It is used to express condition or alternative state-
quiet.
ments.
3. Complex sentence: In a complex sentence, there
Eg. You must work hard or you will not pass.
will be one main clause and one or more sub-ordi-
He may be in the department or in the library.
nate clauses. The subordinate clauses begin with
'Either...or, Neither...Nor': These conjunctions are used
subordinating conjunctions.
to join alternative statements (Either.....or is used
Eg. When the students saw the teacher, they kept
in the positive sense and 'Neither......nor' in the
quiet.
Kinds of phrases: Phrases are used to form simple negative sense)
sentences. Eg. He can play neither football nor cricket.
1. Participle phrase: This phrase begins with a 'Not only.....but also': This conjunction is used in the
present participle. sense of 'in addition to'.
13
 Eg. He is not only a poet but also a dramatist. Some hints to be noted in the transformation of
So: It is used to express reason. sentences
Eg. He worked hard so he got a first class. Simple Compound Complex
Kinds of sub-ordinate clauses: Sub-ordinate clauses 1. Seeing and, so when, as
are used along with main clauses in complex sentences. having seen
There are different types of Sub-ordinate clauses: 2. Inspite of but or yet though or although
1. Noun Clause: A sub-ordinate clause which is in 3. Besides Not only....but also
the place of a noun (as a subject or as an object) 4. Too.....to So that......not
is called a noun clause. 5. or if-not (unless)
A noun clause may begin with 'that, who, when, Let us see the above in detail.
1. If the simple sentence begins with a participle
where, why, what'.
phrase, or 'having + past participle' phrase, the
Eg. 1. What he said is true (subject of the sen-

S
compound sentence can be formed with the

ON
tence)
conjunctions 'and' or 'so'. And the complex
2. I don't know when he will return. (object)
sentence may begin with 'when' or 'as'.
Eg. Where there is a will there is a way.

I
Eg.

AT
This is the place where I was born.
1. Hearing the noise, I woke up. (Simple)
2. Adjective Clause: If a sub-ordinate clause does
I heard the noise and woke up. (Compound)

IC
the function of an adjective (i.e. if it qualifies a noun)
When I heard the noise, I woke up. (Complex)
UN
it is called an adjective clause. An adjective clause 2. Having worked hard, he got a first class. (Simple)
begins with the relative pronouns and relative ad- He worked hard so he got a first class.(Compound)
verbs: who, which, whose, that, as, such as etc.
M

As he worked hard, he got a first class.(Complex)

Eg. 1. The boy who stood first in the class was 3. If The Simple sentence begins with 'inspite of' the
M

given a prize. Compound sentence can be formed with the con-

2. This is the matter which I am proud of, because, junction 'but or yet' and the Complex sentence may
CO

since, that. begin with 'though' or 'although'

3. Adverb Clause of Cause or Reason: It is intro- Eg:1-1.Inspite of his poverty, he is honest. (Simple)
IA

duced by as, because, since, that. He is poor, yet he is honest. (Compound)

Eg. I paint because I like painting. Though he is poor, he is honest. (Simple)
ED

As it is very hot, the cows lie under a tree. 2. Inspite of his riches, he is not contented.(Simple)
4. Adverb Clause of Condition: It is introduced by He is rich, but he is not contented. (Compound)
M

if, unless, whether etc. Though he is rich, he is not contented.(Complex)

Eg. If it rains, the match will be cancelled. 3. If the simple sentence begins with 'besides', the
E

Unless you work hard, you will not pass. compound sentence can be formed with the con-
E

junction 'not only.....but also'.

SR

5. Adverb Clause of Concession: It is introduced

by 'though, although, eventhough, even if, where Eg. Besides playing the flute, he plays the Veena.
as' etc. (Simple)
6. Adverb Clause of Purpose: It is introduced by He plays not only the flute but also the Veena.
'That, in order that, so that, etc. (Compound)
Besides America, he toured Europe. (Simple)
Eg. We eat that we may live.
He toured not only America but also Europe.
I worked hard so that I might win the gold medal.
(Compound)
7. Adverb Clause of Degree: It is introduced by as,
4. If the compound sentence has the conjunction 'or'
'as.....as', 'so.....as' than'.
the complex sentence can be formed with 'if not' or
Eg. She is as wise as she is beautiful.
'unless'.
She is not so intelligent as her sister.
Eg. You must go quickly or you will miss the train.
She is not taller than her husband.
(Compound)
14
 If you do not go quickly, you will miss the train. c) He is unhappy to the rich
(Complex) d) Inspite of being rich, he is happy
5. If there is an adjective in a simple sentence, that 7. He is a Cripple. He cannot ride a horse
adjective can be changed to an adjective clause in (Change into Compound sentence)
a complex sentence. a) He is a cripple and therefore cannot ride a horse
Eg. 1. I saw a dead lion. (Simple) b) He is a cripple and he wants to ride a horse
I saw a lion which was dead. (Complex) c) He rides a horse and cripple
I saw a lion and it was dead. (Compound) d) He is a cripple and he is not riding a horse
2. He is a very clever student. (Simple) 8. We expect every man to do his duty. (d)
He is a student who is very clever. (Complex) (Change into Complex sentence)
He is a student and he is very clever. (Compound) a) We expect so that every man will do his duty
3. She bought a red saree. (Simple) b) Since we expect so that every man will do his duty

S
She bought a saree whose colour was red. (Complex) c) We expect that every man will do his duty

ON
She bought a saree and its colour was red. (Compound) d) Every man will do his duty as we expect
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 9. The School was opened by the collector.

I
(Change into Simple sentence) (c)

AT
1. A man that is drowning will catch at a straw.
a) Collector has opened the school.
(Choose the correct Simple sentence form)
b) Collector had opened the school.

IC
a) A drowning man will catch at a straw (a)
b) A drowning man is catching straw c) Collector opened the school.
UN
c) A straw catches at a drowning man d) School opened the Collector.
d) A drowning man catches straw 10. Shyamala lives in Madras. She is my Cousin.
M

2. He was very strong. He was defeated. (c) (Change into compound sentence) (c)
(Choose the correct Compound Sentence form) a) As Shyamala is my Cousin, she lives in Madras.
M

a) He was very strong, so he was defeated b) Because Shyamala lives in Madras, she is my
b) He was strong, and he defeated Cousin.
CO

c) He was very strong, yet he was defeated c) Shyamala who lives in Madras, is my Cousin.
d) He was strong and defeated himself d) Shyamala lives in Madras and she is my
3. This was done in my absence (b)
IA

Cousin.
(Choose the correct Complex sentence form)
11. He is incompetent; He is polite.(Change into
ED

a) This was done when I absent

compound sentence) (d)
b) This was done when I was absent
a) As he is incompetent, he is polite.
M

c) This was done as I absent

d) This was done as I was made absent b) He is incompetent and he is polite.
4. Change into compound sentence (a) c) Because he is incompetent, he is polite.
E

He is Poor. He does not complain d) He is incompetent, but he is polite.

E

a) He is poor but does not complain 12. You should study hard or you will not pass
SR

b) He is poor so that does not complain the test (d)

c) As he is poor' he does not complain
d) Inspite he is poor he does not complain
5. Which sentence is a simple sentence? (b)
a) A lively discussion took place and the motion
was adopted
b) The motion followed a lively discussion
13. Rich men are not always happy
c) After a lively discussion the motion was adopted
d) None of these
6. He is rich, Yet he is unhappy (d)
(Change into Simple sentence)
a) He is rich and unhappy
b) He is rich and not happy
(Choose its correct simple form)
a) Working hard you have passed the test
b) Hard study has made you pass the test
c) You will be passing the test by hard study
d) You should study hard to pass the test
(b)
(Choose its correct complex form)
a) Always happiness is not for those who are rich
b) Men who are rich are not always happy
c) Those who are happy are not rich
d) Men are rich though they are not happy.
15
 7. SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS Fight contest
A synonym is a word of similar meaning C
Calm quiet Firm hard, stable
It may be possible to choose the cor-
Capable able Foolish silly, stupid
rect answer by rejecting those words
Capture trap Forbid prohibit, debar
that simply cannot be the proper choice.
Cause reason Frank candid, open
This is done by a process of reasoning
Cease stop Frugal thrifty, economical
and elimination. However, you are ad-
Centre middle Furnish supply, give
vised to use this process only when
you are not certain of the answer. Re- Character personality G
member that this process is very time Compact agreement General common
consuming. Custom habit Genious liberal
"åºHõ~}
° OÖ’ XˆH =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok, D Gentle mild, kind

S
XˆH~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# J~å÷xfl Hõey LO_Õ Ñ¨^•Å∞ Damage injury Grasp snatch

ON
Dangerous risky Greedy avid, avaricious
Synonyms . J~Ú`Õ XHõ Ѩ ^ •xH˜
Decide determine Guard watch, protect
ã¨=∂<å~°÷O JO>Ë, ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ ^ŒQÆæ~° ^ŒQÆæ~° H
Decrease reduce

I
J~°O÷ Jx QÆ=∞xOKåe. U ^•xÔH<· å =∞~À

AT
Degeneration worsening Habit custom
Ѩ^OŒ K«∂z#@∞¡ YzÛ`«"∞≥ #ÿ J~°O÷ W=fi^Œ∞. Despise scron, disdain Harmony agreement,
Carefully studying the Synonyms :
Deny rejection accord

IC
A Difficult laborious, hard Hasty speedy, quick
Abandon desert
UN
Diligent industrious Haughty proud, arrogant
Abate decrease Disaster adversity Hideous ugly, cruel
Abbreviate abridge Discourse speech, lecture Hinder obstruct, prevent
M

Abhor detect Disease sickness Honest upright, rightout

Abolish cancel Dismal gloomy Humble modesty, meek
M

Abstain Keepout Distinguish differentiate I

Abundant ample Divide separation Idle lazy, indolent
CO

Accuse indict
E Imitate reproduce, copy
Accomplish fulfil Impair weaken, damage
Eager very eavhest
Accurate correct Impudent imperitinent
Eccentric peculiar, odd
IA

Acknowledge announce Incite encourage,

Efficient able, competent
Agitation excitement
ED

Extravagant profuse instigate

Adversity calamity Increase enlarge, augment
Elevate raise, lift
Answer respond Insolvent bankrupt
Emancipate free
M

Anger wrath Invasion attack, raid

Emphasize pressure
Announce publish Irritate excite, provoke
Encoach tresspass
Amend reform
E

Appease calm
Endure bear, tolerate J
E

Enemy foe, opponent Jealous jealouse, envious

Assent consent
SR

Energy force, vigour Jeer sneer, mock

Ascend climb
Enormous large, huge Judgement decision, decree
Attempt try
Entertain amuse, cheer Just fair, impartial
Averse dislike
Eradicate eliminate K
B Error mistake King charitable
Beautiful lovely Esteem respect
Behave conduct L
Eternal perpetual
Benefit service Labour work, toil
Evidence proof
Bent bend Laconic brief, concise
Exaggerate overstate
Bet wager Latent internal, hiden
F Lex negligent,
Bid command
Famous celebrated careless
Brave bold
Fear terror, dread Lazy indolent, idle
Brief short
Feeble weak, infirm Lenient tolerant, gentle
Bliss happiness
Ferocious fierce, savage Liberal Magnanimous
Broad wide
16
Liberty freedom R U
Lie dishonesty, Rapid quick fast Ubiquitious everywhere
falsehood Recede retreat, return Underhand secret, hidden
Loyal faithful, true Rectify correct, amed Unique unequalled
M Remember recollect Usual common, ordinary
Mad folly, insane Restrain curb, restriction Ultimate final, last
Magnificent splendid, stately Revenge vengeance Undergo endure, suffer
Magnify exaggerate, glorify Rigid strict, stiff Utility advantage, benefit
Malady illness, disease Rule reign, manage V
Malevolent hateful, evil Rare uncommon Vacant empty, void
Marvel wonder Recover regain, retrieve Vacillate hesitate, waver
Matrimonial martial Relate narrate, tell Vague uncertain,
Melodious harmonious Respect esteem, regard indefinite

S
Mischievous harmful, injurious Reverence respect Valiant courage, brave

ON
Misery suffering Rude impolite Variety distinct, diversity
Modest bashful, humble S Venomous poisonoul
Monotonous boring, dull Safe secure, sure Villain rascal, scamp

I
Monstrous enormous Virtuous blameless

AT
Secret mystery, hidden
Mourn grief, lament Severe stern, strict Vacation recess, holiday
N Skilful able, capable Vagrant wandering

IC
Sly crafty, cunning Vain fruitless,
Naive simple
conceited
UN
Nasty filthy, dirty Smooth even, flat
Spread expand Vanquish overcome,
Necessary needful, essential
Superfluous needless conquer
Noble lofty, illustrious
Various many, several
M

Norm model, standard Small little, tiny

Straight direct, right Vertical perpendicular
Novice learner, beginner
M

Sallen glum,morose Violate transgress

O Voracious greedy, covetous
Obedient respectful Scanty meager
CO

Sense feeling, meaning W

Obseene filthy
Shy bashful, coy Wander rove,roam
Obscure hidden, unknown
Slander discredit Wax growth,increase
Obvious clear, evident
IA

Sluggish dull, inactive Wholesome sound,health

Odd strange, peculiar
Spacious wide, broad Withstand oppose, resist
ED

Omit exclude, eliminate

Subsidy grant, aid Workable practicable
Opportunity access, accasion
Sympathy compassion, pity Wane decline, decrease
P
M

Solitary single, lonely weak feeble, infirm

Pacify appease, soothe Subdue overcome Winsome cheerful
Pardon forgive, excuse Wizard conjurer,magician
E

Surpass exceed, excel

Permit admit, alow Y
E

T
Pious godly, religious
SR

Yawn gape,oscitate
Precise strict, exact Taict implied,
Yell scream, cry
Predict forecast, foretell understood
Yet further, still
Profuse lavish Teach educate instruct
Yield give, submit
Proscribe prohibit, ban Tender soft, delicate
Yearn wish, desire
Project plan, scheme Thrift economy, frugality
Yester past,elapse
Prodent discreet, wise Tradition custom, convention
Yearly every year,annual
Transparent clear, lucid
Q Young youthful, juvenile
Tactful skilful, diplomatic
Quake agitate, shake Tedious wearisome Z
Quest investigate, Thin slender, lean Zany mimic, buffoon
search Timid shy, diffident Zest relish, taste
Queer strange, eccentric Transient passing, transitory Zone gridle, belt, zonal
Quiet calm, silent Triumsphant victorious Zeal ardour,
Quit leave, depart Try attempt, strive enthusiasm
Zero cipher, nothingness
17
 ANTONYMS Asset X liability
PRACTICE QUESTIONS Argument X agreement
Antonyms are words of Apposite mean-
1. Choose the correct synonym Analysis X synthesis
ings (=ºuˆ~Hõ J~°Ñ
÷ ^¨ =Œ ÚÅ#∞ Antonyms Awake X asleeping
of “abstain” (d) Acquit X convict
JO\Ï~°∞)
a) refine b) rebut Acknowledge X deny
Antonym is a word which has oppo-
c) restrain d) refrain site or nearly the opposite meaning of B
2. What is the synonym of the given word. Whenever possible Busy X idle
‘diescent’ (c) question-word and answer-word must Beautiful X ugly
be of the same part of speech. For ex- bad X good
a) Consent b) Ascent
ample, if the question-word is in the Bitter X sweet
c) Differ d) Approve passive, the answer should be in the Bondage X freedom
3. Synonym of “Explicit”? (c) passive. Similarly, if the question word Bless X curse
a) Exact b) Definite

S
is in the past tense the answer should Black X white

ON
c) Distinct d) Vague be in the past tense, and so on. A Blunt X sharp
favourite trick for the examiner is to in- Barbarous X civilised
4. What is the synonym of
clude a synonym in the answer choices Benevolent X malevolent
‘Devine’ (b)

I
for an antonym question. Be careful Big X small

AT
a) Good b) God-like about what is asked for before answer- Bold X timid
c) Bad d) Heaven ing a question. Don't fumble if you Barren X fertile

IC
5. The synonym of ‘futile’ is don't get the dictionary meaning of the Bright X dull
exact opposite. You are expected to Broad X narrow
UN
(d)
choose the word, which has most Buy X sell
a) useful b) costly nearly the opposite meaning. Don't C
c) rare d) useless ponder over a question for too long. It
M

Chaste X unchaste
6. Choose the correct synonym is better to answer those questions you Cold X hot
M

of ‘slavery’ (b) know first. Then come back to these Credit X debit
that you don't. It may be possible to Cheating X honest
a) negro b) bondage
CO

choose the correct answer by rejecting Compatible X incompatible

c) sluggishness d) livery those words, that simply cannot be Credible X incredible
7. The synonym of ‘retentive’ proper choice. This is done by a pro- Congratulate X censorious
IA

(a) cess of reasoning and elimination. How- Conquest X defeat

a) unforgetful b) secretive ever, you are advised to use this pro- Compulsory X optional
ED

cess only when you are not certain of Cheerful X gloomy

c) greedy d) forgetful
answer. Remember that this process is Clear X obscure
8. The synonym of ‘caption’ is
M

very time-consuming. Close X remote

(c) Study the following Antonyms Confirm X cancel
a) correction b) misprint A Condense X expand
E

c) heading d) paragraph Above X below Counterfeit X genuine

E

Absent X present Comic X tragic

SR

9. The synonym for ‘haste’ is

Abolish X establish Clever X foolish
(c) Abscond X arrive Common X uncommon
a) Fast b) Rush Accept X refuse Conceal X reveal
c) Hurry d) None of these Abstract X concrete Capacity X incapacity
10. The synonym of ‘prosperous’ Announce X withhold Consistent X inconsistent
Adverse X favourable Correct X incorrect
is (c)
Adversity X prosperity Competent X incompetent
a) cultured b) wealthy Antipathy X sympathy Commence X end
c) wealthy d) successful Appreciate X depreciate Construction X destruction
Artificial X natural Compare X contrast
Ascend X descend Contented X discontented
Assent X dissent Concord X discord
Assemble X disperse Consequence X damage
Attract X repel Connect X disconnect
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Control X helplessness Freedom X slavery Lunacy X sanity
Covert X overt Forgive X convict Lend X borrow
D Foreign X native Long X short
Danger X safety Fit X unfit Loyal X disloyal
Deteriorate X ameliorate Futility X utility M
Democracy X autocracy G Memory X forget
Definite X indefinite General X particular Mature X immature
Distinct X indistinct Great X small Manage X mismanage
Demand X reject Gloomy X bright Miser X liberal
Decrease X increase Genus X ungenus Modest X immodest
Disciple X undisciple Genuine X false Merit X demerit
Divine X human Guilty X innocent Monogamy X polygamy
Difficult X easy H Mild X stern

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Deficient X sufficient Honour X dishonour Major X minor

ON
Disclose X conceal Holy X profane Malady X remedy
Devastate X repair High X low Monotony X variety, diversity
Death X life Help X hindre Marriage X celibacy

I
Dry X wet Host X unhost Material X spiritual

AT
Departure X arrival Hard X soft N
Decent X indecent Heavy X light Neutral X partial

IC
Diminish X enhance Hope X despair Near X far
Despair X hope Humility X arrogance New X old
UN
Decision X indecision I Normal X abnormal
Dissolve X solidify Insult X honour Natural X artificial
M

Delay X haste Impatient X patient Necessary X unnecessary

Durable X perishable Incoherent X coherent O
M

Diligent X idle Industrious X indolent lazy Oral X written

Discourage X encourage Impure X pure Optimistic X pressimistic
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E Injustice X justice Outward X inward

Entrance X exit Illigitimate X legitimate Obedient X disobedient
Exotic X native Intricate X simple Origin X end
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Enemy X frient Immoral X moral Own X disown

Ebb X flow Illegible X legible Ominous X auspicious
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Exclude X include Indiscretion X prudence Omission X commission

Explicit X implict Import X export Outlet X inlet
M

Efficient X inefficient Inferior X superior Order X disorder

Eligible X ineligible Identical X different Ordinary X extraordinary
Exterior X interior
E

Invest X divert P
External X internal
E

Independent X dependent Promote X demote

Encourage X discourage
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Ill X well Perennial X temporary

Esteem X contempt J Polite X impolite
F Judicious X irrational Plain X uneven
Fair X foul Just X unjust Propriety X impropriety
Fortune X misfortune K Precede X succeed
Fantastic X real Knowledge X ignorance Punctual X unpunctual
Friendly X hostile Known X unknown Pleasure X displeasure
Folly X wisdom Keen X dull Possible X impossible
Failure X success Patient X impatient
Forward X backward
L
Liquid X solid Politeness X rudeness
Fallible X infallible Part X whole
Friend X foe Lose X gain
Love X hate Publish X suppress
Fact X fiction Pollute X purify
False X true Lucky X unlucky
Lawful X unlawful Presence X absence
Frightened X bold Prospect X reprospect
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Preservation X destruction Tranquilty X noisy PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Partial X impartial Try X leave off
Prolong X shorten Tolerance X intolerance 1. Choose the correct antonym
Permit X prohibit Toil X rest of 'urbane' (a)
Punishment X pardon Tease X please a) rude b) disciplined
Perfect X imperfect U
c) rural d) soft
Popular X unpopular Useful X useless
Union X disunion 2. What is the antonym of
Private X public
Proper X improper Urban X rural ‘Transparent’
Q Unique X common (d)
Qualification X disqualification Use X misuse a) Obvious b) Lucid
Quick X slow Upright X dishonest
c) Glossy d) Turbid

S
R usual X unusual
3. Choose the correct antonym

ON
Recall X forget Uniform X irregular
Religious X irreligious V of ' Transparent'? (a)
Release X arrest Valid X invalid a) vague b) distinct

I
AT
Rashly X stouly Vast X small c) definct d) exact
Rational X irrational Violent X gentle
4. What is the ‘antonym’ of

IC
Rough X smooth Vice X virtue
“abolish”? (d)
Reserved X unreserved Veracity X falsehood
UN
Regular X irregular Visionary X reality a) demolish b) object
Right X wrong Variety X uniformity c) construct d) revive
S Vouch X deny 5. The antonym of 'genuine' is
M

Surplus X insufficient Vanity X modesty ......... (c)

M

Sour X sweet Victory X defeat

a) cheap b) fair
Straight X crooked Verdict X misjudgement
CO

Savage X refined Vulgar X refined c) fake d) fine

Singular X plural W 6. The antonym of “ frown” is?
Soon X late Wander X stay (a)
IA

Sane X insane Weight X lightness a) smile b) shout

ED

Sorrow X joy Win X lose

c) laugh d) shine
Social X antisocial Wake X sleep
Swift X slow Wicked X good 7. The antonym of ‘obstinate’ is
M

Secret X open Withdraw X advance (c)

Silence X noise Wealth X poverty a) gullible b) obstructive
E

Separate X unitee Wisdom X foolishness c) yielding d) faithfly

E

Suspected X confirm Withhold X offer

SR

8. The antonym of mandatory is

Stable X unstable Weaken X strengthen
(a)
T Wide X narrow
Trust X distrust Wit X dullness a) voluntary b) flexible
Talker X taciturn Y c) wilful d) fanciful
Thin X thick Yearn X disatisfied 9. The antonym. for “ hard” is
Triumph X defeat Yield X deny
(c)
Tidy X untidy Youthful X old
Z a) Rigid b) Flexible
Tangible X intangible
Temporary X permanent Zeal X apathy c) Soft d) None of these
Trivial X great Zenith X root
Tightness X loseness Zest X distaste
Temperal X spiritual -Zigjag X straight
Take X give
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 8. LETTER WRITING
Letter and its kinds : A letter is the medium of com-
munication. Letters are of three kinds :
1) Official Letters 2) Business Letters 3) Private Letters
1) Official Letters : Official Letters embrace communi-
cations between Government and National and Local
Public Bodies on matters of administration.
2) Business Letters : Business Letters include all cor-
respondence relating to business matters between mer-
chants.
3) Private Letters : Private Letters or letters of friend-
ship include all correspondence between relatives and
friends, concerning marriages and private matters such
body of the letter should be carried over to the fresh
page and then the Complimentary Close written.
6) Signature of the writer : Signature is the most im-
portant part of the letter and without it the rest of the
letter is of little or no value. It is the name of the writer
placed after the Complimentary Close. A full-stop is used
after the signature. If a designation follows the signature
a comma is used after it, and then a full-stop is used
after the designation
TERMS OF SALUTATION
a) Sir, when addressed to a gentleman
Dear Sir,

S
as invitations. My Dear Sir,

ON
PARTS OF A LETTER b) Madam, when addressed to a lady
A letter has six parts, the heading, the inside Dear Madam

I
address, the salutation, the body of the letter or sub- c) My Dear Father, when addressed to father or

AT
ject-matter of communication, the complimentary close My Dear Mother mother
or subscription and the signature of the writer. d) Dear Rama, when addressed to a friend or

IC
My Dear Rama, equal
1) Heading : Heading includes place and date. It is
e) Sir,
UN
written on the right hand top-corner or at the left hand
Respected Sir,
bottom-corner of the letter. After place, a comma is used
Most Respected Sir, when addressed to an officer
and after date, a full-stop. Heading indicates when and
Honoured Sir, of rank.
M

where the letter is written.

Most Honoured Sir,
2) Inside Address : Inside address is the address of the
M

person to whom the letter is addressed. It is written on TERMS OF COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE

the left hand side of the letter at the top, just below the a) I am, when written to father or mother
CO

line, where the heading ends. It may be diagonal or mar- Your loving, or
ginal. It is written for the sake of further reference in busi- affectionate son,
ness letters and usually left out in private letters. b) Yours lovingly, when written to father,
IA

3) Salutation : Salutation is the complimentary term Yours most lovingly mother or any other near
used to commence a letter. The form of salutation de- Yours affectionately, relation
ED

pends chiefly upon the degree of intimacy, existing Yours most affectionately
between the parties to the correspondence. It is written c) Yours truly when written to a gentleman
M

just below the inside address on the left hand side of Yours very truly or a lady or an equal
the letter. A comma is used after the salutation. Yours sincerely,
E

4) Body of the Letter : The body of the letter forms the Yours very sincerely,
d) I am, when written to a teacher
E

subject-matter of communication. This is begun just be-

Your most obedient pupil,
SR

low the line where the salutation ends or about an inch

from the left hand margin of the letter. The second line Yours most obediently,
should be written from the margin. The subsequent para- e) I beg to remain,
graphs, if any should be written in the same manner. Sir, when written to an officer of rank
Your most obedient
5) Complimentary Close : The Complimentary Close
servant,
consists of words of respect or regard used to express Yours faithfully,
the feelings of the writer towards his correspondent. The Faithfully yours,
form chosen for the Complimentary Close depends upon N.B.
the term adopted for salutation. It follows the body of the 1) These two terms, 'Yours faithfully' or Faithfully your's
letter and immediately precedes the signature of the writer. are hitherto used in business letters. After the advent of
The Complimentary Close consists of one or more lines Independence, the Indian Government has accepted
and a comma is used at the end of each line. them to be used in official letters.
N.B : No new page should be used for the Complimen- 2) If the letter is addressed to a firm or company, you
tary Close alone. Atleast the last one or two lines of the have to use 'Dear Sirs' in the salutation but not mere 'Sirs'.
21
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 14. Usually the language used in ‘personal letter’
1. Letters to intimate friends should be written will be ......... (a)
in (d) a) Informal and simple b) formal and simple
a) a respectful manner b) a business like manner c) formal and pedantic d) pedantic and simple
c) a formal style d) a conversational style 15. Which of the following subscriptions with
2. The form of subscription in letters to relatives punctuation is correct? (a)
should be (a) a) yours faithfully, b) your’s faithfully
a) Yours affectionately b) Yours faithfully c) your’s faithfully d) your's Faithfully
c) Yours truley d) Yours SIncerely 16. The subscription in the letters written to close
3. The mode of address in a letter to a firm should relatives will be ..........? (d)
be of (c) a) yours truly b) yours faithfully
c) yours sincerely d) yours lovingly

S
a) My dear ones b) Dear friends

ON
c) Dear Sirs/Gentlemen d) Dear Gentleman 17. The formal salutation in case the receiver of
4. A formal invitation should contain (a) the letter is an officer not personally known to
a) Complimentary close b) Heading you will be (b)

I
AT
c) Salutation d) None of the above a) Dear officer b) Sir
5. Which language is used for friends? (b) c) My Dear Sir d) Dearest Sir

IC
a) formal b) informal 18. Which of the following subscriptions is cor-
c) personal d) impersonal rect (d)
UN
6. ‘colloquial’ language is used to (b) a) your’s sincerely b) yours sincerly
a) The Editor b) The Officials c) your sincerely d) yours sincerely
M

c) Friends d) Business letters 19. The body of a letter contains (b)

7. Which subscription to friend is correct? (c) a) the salutation b) the message
M

a) your sincere friend c) the acknowledgement

CO

b) yours sincere friend d) none of the three

c) yours sincere friends 20. Formal language is used in (b)
d) your sincere’s friend a) friendly letters b) official letters
IA

8. Which salutation is used in official letters(a) c) letters to relatives d) none of these

21. The formal in case the receiver of the letter is
ED

a) Sir b) Dear Sir

c) Dear Sirs d) My dear sir not fairy intimate will be (c)
a) Respected Ram b) My dear Ram
M

9. Formal language is used in (a)

a) Letter to friend b) Letter to Parent c) Dear Mr. Ram d) Dear Ram
22. Which of the following subscriptions is cor-
E

c) Official d) None of these

E

10. Correct Subscription is (d) rect. (d)

SR

a) Your's Sincierly b) Your’s Sincerely a) Your’s truely b) Your truely

c) Your’s Sinceerly d) Yours Sincerely c) Yours’ truely d) yours truly
11. Formal salutation is used in official letters(d) 23. A business letter is generally (b)
a) Dear Mr Hari b) Hari a) long and impersonal b) brief and impersonal
c) Dear Hari d) Respected Sir c) long and personal d) brief and personal
12. Which language is used in a Business Letters? 24. Informal language is used in (b)
a) Long and Personal b) Brief and Personal(b) a) newspapers b) letters to friends
c) Long and impersonald) Brief and impersonal c) letters of applications for jobs
13. Usually personal letters will be written to d) official letters
........... (a) 25. The subscription in official letters generally is
a) One’s friends and relatives a) Yours obediently b) Yours sincerely (d)
b) Office Staff c) Editor d) Officials c) Yours lovingly d) Yours faithfully

22
 9. COMPREHENSION
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
I. Read the passage given below and write the
suitable answer:
Scientists tell us that without the presence of the
cohesive force among the atoms that comprise this
globe of ours. It would crumble to pieces and we
would cease to exist and even as there is cohe-
sive force in blind matters. So must there be in all
II. Read the passage given below and write suit-
able answers
We talk about democracy but when it comes to
any particular things, we prefer a man belonging to our
caste or religion or community. So long as we have this
kind of temptation, it means that our democracy is a
phoney kind of democracy. We must be in a position to
respect a man as a man and to extend opportunities
for development to those who deserve them and not to
these people who happen to belong to our community

S
things animate and the name for that cohesive force or race. This fact of favouritism and nepotism has been

ON
among animate beings is love. We have to learn to responsible for much discontent and ill-will in our own
use that force among all that lives, and in the use country. If any one asks us why we suffer. We need not
point to the stars above or say that God has punished

I
of it consists our knowledge of God. Where there

AT
is love there is life, hatred leads to destruction. us. We have to put it down to our inequities. Our
Life persists in the middle of destruction. Only un- disloyalities and our deviations from the ideals which

IC
we profess. True democrats must not toerate any kind
der that law would a well-ordered society be intelli-
of carruption, nepotism and communal prejudices and
UN
gible and life worth living.
conflicts.
1. What do you mean by ‘cohesive force’? (c)
1. When does our concept of democracy become
a) A force that repels one particle from the other.
M

‘phoney’? (c)
b) A force which maintains balance between things. a) when we shed temptation for our caste or com-
M

c) A force which binds different particles or atoms munity

of a thing together. b) when people stop respecting the Government
CO

d) A force which attracts things from the atmo- c) when we prefer a man belonging to our caste or
sphere to the earth. religion.
d) None of the above
IA

2. What binds on human being with the other?

a) self- interest b) instinct of security (d) 2. When should we do to make our democracy ‘a
ED

c) fear of God d) love reality’? (a)

3. What does our knowledge of God consist in? a) We should raise ourselves above the narrow con-
M

siderations of caste and respect a man as a man.

a) in understanding his omnipresence
b) in relating to love all living things
E
(b)
b) We should favour people of other communities
c) We should support the policies of the Govern-

c) in learning that sinful acts lead to demonation

ment.
E

d) in believing that God helps the poor and the down- d) None of the above.
SR

trodden. 3. What factor is responsible for creating ill-will

4. What enables life to persist in the midst destruc- in our country (c)
tion? (d) a) The feelings of ill-will in our country are an order
a) God’s mercy of God
b) man’s urge to live b) People in our country do not wish to create good-will
c) the law imposed by teh rules d) love c) Favouritism and nepotism is responsible for cre-
5. How does hatred lead to destruction ? (d) ating ill-will in our country.
a) hatred leads to war d) None of the above.
b) it cuts away the binding force of love 4. What does democracy demand? (b)
a) It demands hard and honest work
c) it generates bad bloods and therefore hostility
b) It demands complete removal of favouritism,
d) it is a negative passion and so eats into the
racial feelings and all such petty consi derations.
vitals of those who practise.
c) It demands attachment with the past.
23
 d) None of the above.
5. A true democrat respects a man (a)
a) as a man b) as a God
c) as a patriot d) as a friend
III. Read the passage given below and write suit-
able answers :
The political condition of Punjab and Northern In-
dia towards the end of the 18th century was deplorable
because it was ruled by numerous chiefs of several
communities and classes-Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus,
Gurkhas, Marathas, the English and Shah Zaman of
Afghanistan. These rulers were involved in mutual con-
flicts and quarrels Any intelligent, capable and spirited
d) It was ruled by unmerous chiefs who constantly
fought with one another
e) People were not courageous
2. Why could a clear politician take advantage of
the situation? (b)
a) Because the situation was tricky and required
of a clever politician
b) Because the ruling chiefs were weak due to their
mutual conflicts
c) Because the people demanded a clear ruler
d) Because the people required a strong ruler
e) Because the people were ignorant.
3. How did Ranjit Singh take advantage of the situ-

S
ation (e)

ON
man could reap full advantage of such a political condi-
tion as prevailed in that province at that time. A clever a) He befriended the ruling chiefs
politician like Ranjit Singh could never allow to slip away b) He bought the ruling chiefs

I
such an opportunity. He took full advantage of it. He c) He threatened the ruling chiefs

AT
advanced this steps very cautiously. He organised the d) He deceived the ruling chiefs
forces of Sikh community. Then he laid the foundation e) He advanced cautiously and organised the Sikh

IC
of a vast Sikh kingdom after conquering a very large community
4. Why is Ranjit Singh’s name recorded in his-
UN
part of Punjab. Raja Ranjit Singh is remembered for his
bravery, statesmanship and diplomacy. He kept the tory ? (c)
ruled satisfies and happy. History records his achieve- a) For deceitfulness
M

ments in glowing terms. His name is associated with b) For being a dictator
celebrated kings. c) For bravery and statesmanship
M

1. The political condition of Punjab and Northern d) For leading a lazy and luxurious life
CO

India was deplorable because (d) e) For being an out - standing chess-player
a) People there had no political consciousness 5. People under his rule were (c)
b) People were not hard working a) Miserable and unfortunate
IA

c) It was ruled by dictorial rulers b) Sad and happy c) Happy and satisfied
ED

d) Cruel and unhappy e) Satisfied and contented

M
E E
SR

24