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MC Stat
MC Stat
Techniques in Research
SHERWIN E. BALBUENA
Statistics
• a branch of mathematics
dealing with the collection,
analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of masses of
numerical data (Merriam-
Webster, n.d.)
Cochran’s
Formula
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 19
Distributions
of Data
Mode
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 25
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 26
The Mean • Referred to as average
• Add all entries; divide
the sum by no. of
entries
• Excel formula:
=AVERAGE
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 27
• When data distribution is
continuous and
symmetric
• When data are normally
distributed
• No outliers
When to Use
the Mean?
Pie charts
Histograms
Graphical Line graphs
Techniques
Boxplots
Stem-and-leaf plots
Scatterplots
Histograms
Line Graphs
Stem-and-Leaf
Plot
Scatterplots
Interquartile Range
Measures of
Dispersion
Variance
Standard Deviation
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 43
Dispersion,
Variability,
Spread
Excel function:
=SKEW
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 50
Kurtosis
(Peakedness)
Excel function:
=KURT
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 51
Properties:
Normal 1. Mean=Median=Mode
2. Symmetric at the center
3. Area below the mean =
Distribution Area above the mean
4. Total area under the curve
=1
Tests of Shapiro-Wilk
Boxplots
Normal
QQ-plots
If the points seem to fall
about a straight line the
distribution is normal.
Boxplot
When the median is in the
middle of the box, and the
whiskers are about the
same on both sides of the
box, then the distribution is
symmetric.
Levene’s Test
Bartlett’s Test
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 60
Null hypothesis:
The variances are equal
across all samples. In more
formal terms, that's written as:
Levene’s Test H0: σ12 = σ22 = … = σk2.
Some
Parametric Analysis of variance
Linear regression
• H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = . . . = μk
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 75
• Interval/ratio level dependent
variable
• Independent variable should
consist of two or more
categorical, independent
Assumptions groups
of ANOVA • Independence of observations
• No significant outliers
• Normally distributed data in
each group
• Homogeneity of variances
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Method A 16 172 10.75 10.6
Method B 13 143 11 4.666667
Method C 15 181 12.06667 4.066667
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 14.79394 2 7.39697 1.115258 0.337571 3.225684
Within Groups 271.9333 41 6.63252
Total 286.7273 43
Excel function:
=CORREL
9/3/20XX Presentation Title 87
Mann-Whitney U Test
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank
Test
Nonparametric
Alternatives Kruskal-Wallis H Test
Spearman’s Rank
Correlation
Open-source • https://www.jamovi.org/do
wnload.html
Software
• https://www.blueskystatisti
cs.com/Articles.asp?ID=30
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