NAME: STEPHON RAGHUNANAN

EXPERIMENT: Logic Gates

PROBLEM STATEMENT: Digital circuits are used to control and operate many different electrical and
circuit based systems in the world today. A common example of this can be seen in the operation of
traffic lights, which follow a set sequence and follows an international standard.

HYPOTHESIS: The sequence for international light can be obtain using logic gates.

AIM: To design a two input circuit (A and B) that will control a set of lamps that will come on in the
sequence of the international standard for traffic lights.

APPARATUS:

 Logic gates( 1 NOT and 1 NOR)

 Power source with digital pulse
 Connecting wires
 3 Lamps

DIAGRAM:

Diagram showing circuit

THEORY: Logic gates process signals which represent true (1) or false (0). There are 6 gates, however
in this experiment only 2 gates are being used. A NOT gate is when the output is true if the input is
not true. The NOR gate is when the outputs (X) is true if input A or input B are not both true. Traffic
lights are made by using logic gates that can control the movement of vehicles and prevent vehicle
collisions.

METHOD:

1. The circuit was built as shown on diagram.

2. Inputs A and B was set at low and the lighting of the lamps were recorded.
3. Input A was set at low and Input B was set at high and lighting of the lamps were recorded.
4. Input A was set at high and Input B was set at low. The observations were recorded.
5. Inputs A and B was set at high. The observations were recorded.
6. All observations were placed in a truth table.
VARIABLES:

CONSTANT:

 Input Voltage is the same for all

 Number of Lamps (3)
 Number of Gates used( NOT gate and NOR gate)

MANIPULATED:

 Inputs on A and B

RESPONDING:

 The lighting of the lamps.

RESULTS:

Input A Input B Lamp 1 Lamp 2 Lamp 3

0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
Truth Table

TREATMENT OF RESULTS:

Each lamp was used to represent the traffic light colours. For inputs A and B that are low Lamp 1 was
turned on only, so this lamp would represent the colour Red. For input A being high and input B
being low, lamp 3 was turned on only so this lamp would be the colour Green. Inputs A and B that
was high, Lamp 2 was turned on only, this lamp would represent Amber.

PRECAUTIONS:

 Make sure the circuit is built properly.

 Make sure you use properly rated lamps to reduce the lamps from dying out quickly.