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SHM, Waves and Sound Chapter 8
Simple Harmonic Motion:

DEFINITION

"Type of vibratory motion in which acceleration of body is directly

proportional its displacement and the acceleration is always directed
towards the equilibrium (mean) position is called Simple Harmonic Motion. "
acceleration- displacement
a - x
Negative sign indicates that acceleration and displacement are opposite in direction.
BASIC CONDITIONS TO EXECUTE SHM

Basic conditions to execute simple harmonic motion are as under:

There must be an elastic restoring force acting on the system.
The system must have inertia.
The acceleration of the system should be directly proportional to its displacement and
is always directed to mean position i.e. a - x
EXAMPLES OF SHM

Motion of a body attached to the end of an elastic spring.

Motion of the bob os a simple pendulum if it is given small displacement.

Motion of an elastic strip.

Motion of of the prongs of a tuning fork.

Motion of the wire of a guitar or violin

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SHM
The motion must be vibratory.
The motion should be a periodic motion.
The restoring force should be directly proportional to the displacement of the
body from its mean position

Define the following terms:

PERIODIC MOTION
A motion that repeats itself in equal intervals of time is called Periodic Motion.
VIBRATORY MOTION
If a particle in periodic motion moves back and forth (To and Fro) over the same
path, then this type
of motion is called Vibratory or Oscillatory Motion.
VIBRATION
A complete round trip of a vibrating body is called a Vibration.
or
The motion of a vibrating body from one extreme point to the other
extreme point and back to the first extreme point is called VIBRATION.
For Example the motion of the bob of Simple Pendulum from A to B & back from
B to A via point "O"

is called one Vibration.

TIME PERIOD

Time required to complete one vibration is called Time Period of vibrating body. It is
denoted by "T".

FREQUENCY
Number of vibrations executed by a vibrating body in one second is called its frequency.
It is denoted by "f".
Frequency is reciprocal of time period f = 1/T
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Unit of frequency : Hertz

DISPLACEMENT

Displacement of the vibrating body at any instant in its distance from the mean
position at that instant either right or left side. Here it is denoted by "x".

AMPLITUDE

Maximum displacement of a vibrating body on either side of its

equilibrium position is called amplitude of vibration. It is denoted by .

Show that the motion of the bob of a simple pendulum SHM if it is given small displacement

SIMPLE PENDULUM

simple pendulum consists of a heavy mass particle suspended by a light, flexible and in-
extensible string.

MOTION OF THE BOB OF SIMPLE PENDULUM

The motion of the bob of simple pendulum simple harmonic motion if it is given small
displacement. In order to prove this fact consider a simple pendulum having a bob of
mass 'm' and the length of pendulum is 'l'. Assuming that the mass of the string os
pendulum is negligible. When the pendulum is at rest at position 'A', the only force
acting is its weight and tension in the string. When it is displaced from its mean position
to another new position say 'B' and released, it vibrates to and fro around its mean
position.

Suppose that at this instant the bob is at point 'B'as shown below :

FORCES ACTING ON THE BOB

1. Weight of the bob (W) acting vertically downward.

2. Tension in the string (T) acting along the string.
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The weight of the bob can be resolved into two rectangular components:
a.Wcos along the string.
b. Wsin perpendicular to string.
Since there is no motion along the string, therefore, the component Wcos must balance
tension (T)
i.e. Wcos= T
This shows that only Wsin is the net force which is responsible for the acceleration in
the bob of pendulum.
According to Newton's second law of motion Wsin will be equal to m x a
i.e. Wsin = m a
SinceWsinis towards the mean position, therefore, it must have a negative sign.
i.e. m a = - Wsin
But W = mg
m a = - mgsin
a = - gsin
In our assumption is very small because displacement is small, in this condition we can
take sin = 
Hence a = - g ----------- (1)
If x be the linear displacement of the bob from its mean position, then from figure, the
length of arc AB is nearly equal to x
From elementary geometry we know that:

Where s= x, r = l
Putting the value of  in equation (1)

As the acceleration of the bob of simple pendulum is directly proportional to

displacement and is directed towards the mean position, therefore the motion of the bob
is simple harmonic when it is given a small displacement.

Time period of simple pendulum

TIME PERIOD

Time required to complete one vibration is called time period.

When the bob of the pendulum completes one vibration it travels 360 o or 2
i.e.  = 2

Using the relation

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This expression indicates that the time period of simple pendulum is independent of its
mass but it depends on the length of pendulum.
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Show that the motion of a mass attached to the end of a spring is SHM Show
that the motion of a mass attached to the end of a spring is SHM

Consider a mass "m" attached to the end of an elastic spring. The other end of the
spring is fixed
at the a firm support as shown in figure "a". The whole system is placed on a smooth
horizontal surface.
If we displace the mass 'm' from its mean position 'O' to point "a" by applying an
external force, it is displaced by '+x' to its right, there will be elastic restring force on
the mass equal to F in the left side which is applied by the spring.

According to "Hook's Law

F = - Kx---- (1)
Negative sign indicates that the elastic restoring force is opposite to the displacement.
Where K= Spring Constant
If we release mass 'm' at point 'a', it moves forward to ' O'. At point ' O' it will not stop
but moves forward towards point "b" due to inertia and covers the same displacement -
x. At point 'b' once again elastic restoring force 'F' acts upon it but now in the right side.
In this way it continues its motion
from a to b and then b to a.
According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, force 'F' produces acceleration 'a' in the body
which is given by
F = ma ---- (2)
Comparing equation (1) & (2)
ma = -kx

Here k/m is constant term, therefore ,

a = - (Constant)x
or
a  -x
This relation indicates that the acceleration of body attached to the end elastic spring is
directly proportional to its displacement. Therefore its motion is Simple Harmonic Motion.
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A particle is moving along a circular path with constant angular speed. Prove that the
motion of its projection along one of its diameter is simple harmonic motion.

Consider a particle 'P' moving around a circle

of radius 'r' ( r xo) with uniform
angular velocity The linear speed of the
particle is VP = xo
From point 'P' draw perpendicular PQ on AB.
Point 'Q' represents the projection of particle
'P'. When point 'P' revolves around the circle,
its projection 'Q' oscillates to and fro along
the diameter. When 'P' ia at A or B, the
displacement of 'Q' become maximum
As 'Q' moves away from equilibrium position 'O', its velocity decreases and becomes
zero at extreme points. When it moves towards 'O' , its velocity increases from zero to
maximum value. This shows that the acceleration of projection is proportional to its
displacement and is directed to equilibrium position.
Hence the motion of projection is simple harmonic motion.
MATHEMATICAL PROOF
Since 'P' is moving along the circular path, its acceleration ia equal to centripetal
acceleration which is directed towards the centre of circle
aP=ac
aP=mV2/r
aP= r 
Since r = x
aP= x 
The acceleration of the projection 'aQ' is equal to the component of acceleration of
particle 'P' along the diameter AB
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Since the acceleration of the projection is directly proportional to its displacement and
always directed to mean position, therefore the motion of the projection of a particle
moving around a circle with constant speed is simple harmonic in nature

Instantaneous Velocity of Projection

The instantaneous velocity of the Projection'Q' is Vxwhich is equal to the horizontal

component of the velocity of particle 'P'
In order to determine the velocity of projection resolve VPinto two rectangular
components such that the component of velocity along the direction of AB gives the
velocity of the projection.
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MAXIMUM VELOCITY OF PROJECTION

Velocity of projection will become maximum at its mean position where x = 0

i.e. velocity becomes Vmax if we put x = 0

RELATION BETWWEN INSTANTANEOUS AND MAXIMUM VELOCITY

Time Period:

The time period of 'Q' will be equal to the time taken by particle 'P' in one cycle. The
angle subtended by the particle 'P' in one cycles is 2
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Frequency of vibration:
Frequency of vibration of the projection is given by
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DOPPLER'S EFFECT
INTRODUCTION

When a source of sound or a listener, or both are in motion relative to each other, the
frequency and hence the pitch of sound, as heard by the listener is not the same as
when the listener and source of sound are at rest. This phenomenon is referred to as
'The Doppler's effect'

DEFINITION

The apparent change in the pitch or frequency of sound due to relative motion of source
of sound and the listener is called 'DOPPLER'S EFFECT'.

EXPLANATION

When a sounding body passes near a stationary person, a considerable change in the
pitch of sound is detected. When the body is approaching, the pitch of the sound
increases where as the pitch of sound decreases when the sounding body is moving
away. A similar change in pitch also occurs when a moving listener passes a stationary
source of sound.

All these apparent changes in the pitch of sound are referred to as 'DOPPLER'S EFFECT'.

WHEN THE LISTENER IS MOVING AND THE SOURCE IS AT REST

DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
WHEN THE LISTENER IS MOVING TOWARDS THE SOURCE OF SOUND IS AT REST

Suppose the listener is moving towards a stationary source of sound. The speed of the
listener is VO. Let the source emits sound waves of frequency and wave length equal to
.
We know that:
 = V/ --------(1)
Several wave crests separated by equal distance  are spread in all directions. The
waves approaching the moving listener have a speed of propagation relative motion to
the listener will be (V + VO).
Thus the frequency as heard by the listener is '
' = Relative velocity of sound/Wave length
0
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This expression shows that when a listener moves towards a stationary source of sound,
he detects larger frequency and hence higher pitch as compared to original

WHEN THE LISTENER IS MOVING AWAY FROM THE STATIONARY SOURCE OF

SOUND:

Suppose the listener is moving away from a stationary source of sound. The speed of the
listener is VO. Let the source emits sound waves of frequency and wave length equal to
.
Several wave crests separated by equal distance  are spread in all directions. The
waves approaching the moving listener have a speed of propagation relative motion to
the listener will be (V - VO).
Thus the frequency as heard by the listener is '

WHEN THE SOURCE IS MOVING AND THE LISTENER IS AT REST

WHEN THE SOURCE IS MOVING TOWARDS THE STATIONARY LISTENER :

Consider a source of sound moving with a velocity of Vs and sounding a tone of

frequency . The wave crest detected by the stationary listener are close together
because the source is moving in the direction of outgoing waves resulting in the
shortening of wave length i.e. ' measured by the listener is shorter than true wave
length .
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Thus the wave length arriving at the listener at rest is:

's
Putting the value of  i.e.  = V/

This expression indicates that the frequency of sound as heard by the listener is
increased and he will detect a higher pitch of sound.

Analysis of standing or stationary waves

QUESTION

Two sinusoidal waves with the same amplitude , frequency and wavelength are
traveling in opposite direction. Find Their resultant displacement

ANSWER

Consider two sinusoidal waves with the same amplitude,frequency and wavelength which
are traveling in the opposite direction.

Let the amplitude of the first wave which is traveling to the right is Y 1
Y1 = AOSin[kx-t]
Let the amplitude of the second wave which is traveling to the left is Y 2
Y2 = AOSinkx+t
The resultant wave function Y is given by:
Y = Y1 + Y2
Putting the values of Y1 and Y2
Y =AOSin[kx-t] + AOSinkx+t
Y =AO{Sin[kx-t] + Sinkx+t
Using the relation:

Y =AO{2Sin (kx-t+kx+t) Coskx-t-kx-t

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Y =2AO Sin kx Cos t

When K = 2/andf
This is the expression which represents the wave function for a stationary wave.
Where  = angular velocity of stationary wave.
2AO Sin kx = Amplitude of stationary wave.
POINTS OF MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE

Points of maximum amplitude are called "ANTINODES".

For maximum amplitude of stationary wave ,Sin kx = +-1
Maximum amplitude of stationary wave = 2AO
ThusKx = /2, 3/2 , 5/2............
Since K = 2/
Similarly x = /4, 3/4 , 5/4............ n/4
when n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.

POINTS OF MINIMUM AMPLITUDE

Points of minimum amplitude or zero amplitude are called "NODES".

Minimum amplitude of stationary wavewill be at point where Sin kx = 0 or when
Kx = , 2 , 3............n
OR
x = /2,  , /2 , ............ n/2
when n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ........ etc.
Distance between two consecutive nodes = /2
Distance between two consecutive antinodes= /2
Distance between a node and next antinode =/4