Hydraulics.

Components & Symbols

• hy·drau·lics/haɪˈdrɔlɪks, -ˈdrɒlɪks/
• the science that deals with the laws governing water or other liquids
in motion and their applications in engineering; practical or applied
hydrodynamics.
• Origin:
• 1665–75;
• Session 2
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• Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both
men and women are included.
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Any Questions from last week ?

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•How did you get on?

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•So, how did you get on?
•I have used colours to indicate the different lines,
but these are often portrayed as different lines on
non colour coded drawings (ISO):
• ________ Continuous line is a Flow Line.
•
• _____ Dashed line is a pilot or drain line.
•
• __ _ __ _ __ Two or more functions in one unit.
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LOW PRESSURE OIL HIGH PRESSURE OIL

RETURN OIL DRAIN OIL AIR LINE

2 Air Vent
24 Drain line filter 15 Supply to
services
1 Header Tank
23 Return line filter 22 Return from services
3 Float switch
18 HP air
4 Suction Valves 20 Vent
5 Hand Pump 13 Accum.
6 Hydraulic Pumps Blow down 21 Piston
11 Relief Valves
14 Accumulator
19 Air
12 Accum. Isolating resevoir
7 Discharge Valves valve

8 P. G/G isolators 9 Pressure Gauges 16 Ganged

Valve
10 Pressure switches
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• Symbols.
• You will notice that a Schematic has various different Symbols.
• I have tried to show ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) Symbols where I can, but there are others in use.

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• JIS ( Japanese Industrial Standards).

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• ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

• They are all pretty similar, but consult the correct Standards if in any
doubt.

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• e.g What are these Symbols for ?
• 1. ISO
• 2. JIS
• 3. ANSI

• CYLINDERS.

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Basic ISO Hydraulic Symbols.

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• 1. Header Tank.
• This is situated above the pumps.
• It can also be called a Hydraulic Reservoir, when it is generally situated
below the pumps, or with the pumps within it.
• Symbol Tank
•

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• What do you think is the purpose of the Hydraulic Tank ?
• 1) It stores hydraulic oil, and it supplies the oil to the hydraulic circuit.

• 2) It removes dirt or air bubbles from the hydraulic oil.

• 3) It separates water from the hydraulic oil. The water that is separated
falls to the bottom of the tank, and it must be removed at regular
intervals.

• 4) It dissipates the heat generated by the hydraulic devices.

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Hydraulic Header Tank.

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• 2 Tank Air Vent or Air Breather. Symbol: Air Vent or Air Breather.

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• Why do we need an Air Breather?
• The air breather allows air to enter and leave the tank as the oil level
rises and falls. It prevents any contaminants from entering the tank
with the air.
• If the air breather becomes clogged, air cannot enter and leave the
tank, so the resistance acting on the pump increases.
• In some extreme cases, the tank can rupture, therefore, it is
necessary to replace the element with a new one regularly.
• The air breather can also function as an oil fill hole.

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• 3 Float Switch.
• What are these used for?
• These can be for various purposes. They usually sound an alarm when a pre
determined low level is reached in the tank. They also stop the hydraulic pumps
so they are not damaged by running dry with no lubrication.
• Internal
• Symbol: Float Switch

•
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• 4. Suction Valves
• These are not always fitted on a hydraulic system.
• However, they are required on certain configurations.
• Symbol: Shut off valves.

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• 5. (Emergency) Hand Pump.
• What is it’s purpose do you think?
• This is used in the event of power or other failure of the main pumps.
• It is also used to set relief valves and charge the accumulator.
• It usually has a NR valve on the discharge. Symbol: Hand Pump.
•

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• 6. Hydraulic Pumps (generally motor driven)
• Why do we need a hydraulic pump?
• A pump is used in the hydraulic system to convert mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.
• This energy is then delivered to the system in the form of fluid flow.
• Symbol: Hydraulic Pump.

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• Hydraulic Pump Types

• Fixed swash plate design

• Variable swash plate design

• Web sight link

• Video link

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• Resources

• NVOD

• 878967908804
• 8805
• 8806

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Axial Piston Pump (Wobble Plate)

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Axial Piston Pump (Bent Axis)

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• 7. Pump Discharge Valves.
• Non Return or Check Valves.
• Fitted on the discharge side of pumps.
• Prevents the high pressure oil from running back down the pump and running it (
hence the motor ) in reverse when the pump stops.
• This could damage the motor, and leave the pump un primed for operation.
• They also protect the stand – by pump. Symbol: Check Valve.

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• 8. Pressure Gauge / Pressure Switch isolating valves.
• Fitted to protect gauges from pressure surges.
• Isolates instruments for maintenance.
• Usually vented needle type, but others are available.
• Symbol: Needle Valve &
Vented Pressure Gauge

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Needle Valve Arrangement.

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• 9. Pressure Gauges.
• What are these for?
• These give an indication of the working pressure of various parts of the system.
• Where should they be fitted?
• Discharge side of pumps.
• Sometimes suction side of pumps.
• Sometimes before and after filters (differential type).
• They are usually Bourdon Tube type (analogue), but can be digital readout, which are easier to
arrange for remote readout.
• Symbol: Pressure Gauge.

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• The scale on the P G/G is very important.
• They must be big enough to handle the expected maximum pressures.
• They usually read in either bar or psi., but other scales are available.
• What would be the equivalent of:-
• 150 bar in psi ?
• 150 bar x 14.5 = 2175 psi
• 3000 psi in bar ?
• 3000 psi ÷ 14.5 = 206.8 bar.

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• 10. Pressure switches.
• This is a Hydraulic Electrical Convertor
• What are these used for?
• When a strong enough hydraulic force is reached, fixed or adjustable, the switch actuates and electrical contacts
close or open as required.
• When pressure drops off sufficiently or is removed, the contacts open or close as required, aided by a spring.
• They normally start and stop pumps at pre - determined pressures, but can be used for alarms.
• Symbol: Pressure Switch

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• 11. Pressure Relief Valves.

• Direct Acting Type.

• Solenoid actuated type.

• Symbol: Pressure Relief Valve.

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 Pressure Relief Valve (Direct Actuated)

Pressure

Tank

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“RESEARCH IS FORMALIZED CURIOSITY. IT IS POKING AND
PRYING WITH A PURPOSE”.
Zora Neale Hurston
Any Questions ?

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