College of Teacher Education

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Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local
Week 4-8: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected
to

a. Discuss briefly the history and the origin of the game volleyball and;
b. Demonstrate effective officiating, rules, characteristics, equipment
utilization, strategies, skills and etiquette in playing volleyball
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Discuss briefly the history and the origin
of the game volleyball;

Metalanguage

In this part, the review of history and the origin is relevant in the study of
volleyball under the subject, team sports. To demonstrate ULOa will be operationally
defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts/contents work
in your chosen field. As we go through to the study of volleyball, you will encounter
terms, concepts and the role of the game, and with that you will definitely appreciate
the essence of the topic per se.

Thus, after you read and study the preview under this section, proceed
immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part, for you to know the history, philosophy,
phases, and other essential inputs of volleyball.

The rise of volleyball: From humble beginnings to a global sport.

A game that traces its origins to four different disciplines has gone on to establish itself
as one of the biggest sports in the world.

Volleyball has come a long way from the dusty-old YMCA gymnasium of
Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA, where the visionary William G. Morgan invented the
sport back in 1895. It has seen the start of two centuries and the dawn of a new
millennium. Volleyball is now one of the big five international sports, and the FIVB,
with its 220 affiliated national federations, is the largest international sporting
federation in the world.

Moreover, volleyball has witnessed unprecedented growth over the last two
decades. With the great success of world competitions such as the FIVB World
Championships, the FIVB World League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB World
Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions Cup as well as the Olympic Games, the level of
participation at all levels internationally continues to grow exponentially.

On the other hand, the beach volleyball phenomenon also continues to amaze.
The overwhelming spectator and television success of beach volleyball since its
 College of Teacher Education
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introduction to the Olympic Games at Atlanta 1996 and the stunning success of the
FIVB World Tour, the World Championships and the Continental Cup has opened up
volleyball to a completely new market.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes), you need to fully
understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding
pages. Please note that you are not only limited to exclusively refer to these resources.
Hence, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources
in the internet.

THE ORIGINS
William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who
was born in the State of New York, has gone
down in history as the inventor of the game,
volleyball, to which he originally gave the
name "Mintonette".

The young Morgan carried out his

undergraduate studies at the Springfield
College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian
Association) where he met James Naismith
who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After
graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the
Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the
summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at
Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became
director of physical education. In this role, he
had the opportunity to establish, develop and direct a vast program of exercises and
sport classes for male adults.

Thus, his leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in
numbers. He came to realize that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational
game in order to vary his program. Basketball, a sport that was beginning to develop,
seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less
intense alternative for the older members.

At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to volleyball which could guide
him; he developed it from his own sports training methods and his practical experience
in the YMCA gymnasium. Describing his first experiments he said, "In search of an
appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and
other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one. We

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raised it to a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 meters) from the ground, just above
the head of an average man. We needed a ball and among those we tried was a
basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We therefore tried the
basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy."

In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make a ball,
which they did at their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The result was
satisfactory: the ball was leather-covered, with a rubber inner tube, its circumference
was not less than 25 and not more than 27 inches (63.5 cm and 68.6 cm, respectively),
and its weight not less than 9 and not more than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr,
respectively).

Morgan asked two of his friends from Holyoke, Dr. Frank Wood and John
Lynch, to draw up (based on his suggestions) the basic concepts of the game together
with the first 10 rules.

Moreover, early in 1896 a conference was organized at the YMCA College in

Springfield, bringing together all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education. Dr. Luther
Halsey Gulick, director of the professional physical education training school (and also
executive director of the department of physical education of the International
Committee of YMCA's) invited Morgan to make a demonstration of his game in the
new college stadium. Morgan took two teams, each made up of five men (and some
loyal fans) to Springfield, where the demonstration was made before the conference
delegates in the east gymnasium. The captain of one of the teams was J.J. Curran
and of the other John Lynch who were respectively, mayor and chief of the fire brigade
of Holyoke.

Furthermore, Morgan explained that the new game was designed for gymnasia
or exercise halls, but could also be played in open air. An unlimited number of players
could participate, the object of the game being to keep the ball in movement over a
high net, from one side to the other.

After seeing the demonstration, and hearing the explanation of Morgan,

Professor Alfred T. Halstead called attention to the action, or the act phase, of the
ball's flight, and proposed that the name "Mintonette" be replaced by "Volley Ball." This
name was accepted by Morgan and the conference. (It is interesting to note that the
same name has survived over the years, with one slight alteration: in 1952, the
Administrative Committee of the USVBA voted to spell the name with one word,
"Volleyball", but continued to use USVBA to signify United States Volleyball
Association).

Morgan explained the rules and worked on them, then gave a hand-written copy
to the conference of YMCA directors of physical education, as a guide for the use and

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development of the game. A committee was appointed to study the rules and produce
suggestions for the game's promotion and teaching.

A brief report on the new game and its rules was published in the July 1896
edition of "Physical Education" and the rules were included in the 1897 edition of the
first official handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic League.

The Global Reach and Rules

The physical education directors of the YMCA, encouraged particularly by two

professional schools of physical education, Springfield college in Massachusetts and
George Williams College in Chicago (now at Downers Grove, Illinois), adopted
volleyball in all its societies throughout the United States, Canada (in 1900 Canada
became the first foreign country to adopt the game), and also in many other countries:
Elwood S. Brown in the Philippines (1910), J. Howard Crocker in China, Franklin H.
Brown in Japan (1908), Dr. J.H. Gray in Burma, in China and in India, and others in
Mexico and South American, European and African countries.
By 1913 the development of volleyball on the Asian continent was assured as,
in that year, the game was included in the program of the first Far-Eastern Games,
organized in Manila. It should be noted that, for a long time, Volleyball was played in
Asia according to the "Brown" rules which, among other things, used 16 players (to
enable a greater participation in matches).
Thus, an indication of the growth of volleyball in the United States is given in an
article published in 1916 in the Spalding Volleyball Guide and written by Robert C.
Cubbon. In that article Cubbon estimated that the number of players had reached a
total of 200,000 people subdivided in the following way: in the YMCA (boys, young
men, and older men) 70,000, in the YWCA (girls and women) 50,000, in schools (boys
and girls) 25,000 and in colleges (young men) 10,000.
In 1916, the YMCA managed to induce the powerful National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) to publish its rules and a series of articles, contributing to the rapid
growth of volleyball among young college students. In 1918 the number of players per
team was limited to six, and in 1922 the maximum number of authorized contacts with
the ball was fixed at three.
Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and
recreation, and there were only a few international activities and competitions. There
were different rules of the game in the various parts of the world; however, national
championships were played in many countries (for instance, in Eastern Europe where
the level of play had reached a remarkable standard).
However, all through this period, volleyball was largely restricted to various
regions across the world. Though there were a few national championships in different
countries, none had a fixed set of rules as it varied from region to region.
But all of this would change in 1947.

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Establishment of An International Body

April 1947, a remarkable event happened. It was the year that the Federation
Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) was established.
Representatives from 14 nations - Belgium, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Egypt,
France, the Netherlands, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Uruguay, USA
and Yugoslavia - met in Paris under the leadership of France’s Paul Libaud to set up
the association that would govern the game at the international level.
Hence, Libaud assumed the role of its first president, a position he held on to
till 1984, while the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and in 1952
for women. While Prague hosted the men’s competition, Moscow was the home to the
inaugural world event for women.

The organization has since grown into becoming one of the biggest in the world
with as many as 222 affiliated bodies.

While the World Championships continues to be the mega attraction for the
game, the FIVB has added events like the FIVB World League, the FIVB World Grand
Prix, the FIVB World Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions Cup to its roster over the
years, apart from eventually becoming an Olympic sport.

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Volleyball at the Olympics
With an international body to look after the sport and popularity that
transcended regions, recognition then arrived from the International Olympic
Committee (IOC), who granted indoor volleyball Olympic status in 1957.
However, it had to wait for a few more years before making its Olympic debut
in 1964 at the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
On the other hand, Brazil, the erstwhile Soviet Union and Italy have bagged the
most medals in volleyball at the Games (six each), with the South American team
leading the honors with their three golds and three silvers.
Among the women’s teams, five nations have won the Olympic gold medal in
volleyball with the Soviet Union leading the overall medals tally with six (four golds and
two silvers).
Furthermore, Japan and the Soviet Union played each of the first four gold
medal matches at the Summer Olympics from 1964 to 1980.
Thus, Japan won the first-ever final on home soil at Tokyo 1964 while the Soviet
Union pipped them to win gold at the 1968 Games and Munich in 1972. Japan then
picked their second gold medal at Montreal 1976.
The Soviet Union added two more gold medals to their tally with their volleyball
players emerging with victories at Moscow 1980 and Seoul 1988, while China won the
first of its two-three medals at Los Angeles 1984 and the second at Athens 2004.
Nevertheless, Cuba won three straight golds at Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996
and Sydney 2000 while the Brazilian women’s volleyball team became just the third
team to win back-to-back golds in the discipline, doing so at Beijing 2008 and London
2012.’
China is the reigning women’s volleyball champions, having beaten
Serbia in the final at Rio 2016.
While only six teams played in the women’s category in the 1964 edition
of the Games, that number doubled by 1988 and has remained so ever since.

Volleyball heads for the beach

Like its expanded version, even though beach volleyball too can trace its roots
back to America, the sport had to wait a bit longer to get into the conscience of a larger
community.

How was Beach Volleyball created?

Beach volleyball was included in the Olympic program for the Atlanta Games
in 1996, a move that helped take the global reach and popularity of the sport to a new
level.

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The United States of America, the country from which volleyball originated from,
has dominated this event at the Olympics, winning a total of six gold, two silver and
two bronze medals (men and women) so far.

Their Olympic bow was followed by the inaugural FIVB Beach Volleyball World
Championships in 1997.

The event is hosted every alternate year and Brazil has been the most
successful country at this event winning a total of 12 gold medals (men and women)
so far.

Timeline of Significant Volleyball Events

• 1895: William G. Morgan (1870-1942) created the game of volleyball but called the
game Mintonette.

• 1896: The first exhibition match of volleyball is played at Springfield College (called
International YMCA Training school in 1896).

• 1900: A special ball was designed for the sport.

• 1916: In the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory
to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.

• 1917: The game was changed from 21 to 15 points.

• 1920s: There are unconfirmed whispers of men’s teams playing on the beach in
Hawaii, but most accounts place the sport’s origin in Santa Monica, California
where the first Volleyball courts are put up on the beach at the Playground. Families
play 6 vs. 6.

• 1920: Three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.

• 1922: The first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams
from 11 states were represented.

• 1928: It became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States
Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S.
Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

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• 1930s: The first two-man beach volleyball game is played in Santa Monica,
California.

• 1934: The approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.

• 1937: At the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S.
Volleyball Association as the official National Governing Body (NGB) in the U.S.

• 1947: The Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.

• 1948: The first two-man beach tournament was held.

• 1949: The initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

• 1964: Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

• 1965: The California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

1974: The World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

• 1975: The U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in
Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain
Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).

• 1976: First professional beach volleyball tournament was called the Olympia World
Championship of Beach Volleyball. It took place at Will Rogers State Beach during
late summer in 1976.

• 1977: The U.S. National Men’s team began a year-round training regime in Dayton,
Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).

• 1983: The Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

• 1984: The U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men
won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.

• 1986: The Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.

• 1988: The U.S. Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.

• 1989: The FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.

• 1990: The World League was created.

• 1992: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball team wins Bronze at the 1992 Olympic Games
in Barcelona, Spain.

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• 1995: The sport of Volleyball was 100 years old! This Web site
– Volleyball.Com goes live!

• 1996: 2-person Beach Volleyball debuted as an Olympic sport.

• 1997: Dain Blanton (with Canyon Ceman) becomes the first African-American
professional beach volleyball player to win a tournament on the Miller Lite/AVP
Tour.

• 1998: For the first time in the FIVB World Tour, men and women players are
rewarded at the same level with $170,000 in total prize money per Open event.

• 1999: For the first time, beach volleyball was included in the Pan American Games
which were held in Canada.

• 2000: Olympic Beach Volleyball Men’s Gold medallists: Eric Fomoimoana & Dain
Blanton (USA). The women’s Beach Volleyball America (BVA) announces their
inaugural season of play.

• 2001: Christopher “Sinjin” Smith plays the final match of his impressive career, a
21-19 and 24-22 loss with George Roumain to Dax Holdren and Todd Rogers in
the 4th round of the contender’s bracket at the AVP Manhattan Beach Open. Sinjin
retires as the leader in tournaments played with 416, 2nd in all-time victories with
139, and 4th in all-time winnings with over US$1.6 million earned.

• 2002: Beach volleyball court dimensions reduced to 8m x 8m per side.

• 2003: Karch Kiraly becomes the first player to earn US$3M in prize money and
oldest player to win an AVP tournament at age 42 years, 9 months and 14 days.
(You’re never too old for volleyball!)

• 2004: U.S. Women’s team Kerri Walsh and Misty May Win the Gold medal in the
Women’s Olympic Beach Volleyball Title in Athens, Greece.

• 2005: Olympic gold medalists Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win their second
Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) Open women’s title and the 2005
overall women’s championship.

• 2006: Elaine Youngs’ second place finish (with Rachel Wacholder) in Seaside
Heights pushes her career earnings past $1 million. She becomes the third
American woman to achieve that mark.

• 2006: In Seaside Heights, both Casey Jennings (with Matt Fuerbringer) and Kerri
Walsh (with Misty May-Treanor) won titles, becoming just the second husband-wife
duo to win pro beach events on the same weekend. They join Mike and Patty Dodd,
who accomplished the feat four times in 1989, but each time in different locations.

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• 2006: Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win in Chicago as Walsh joins the
millionaire club. She is the 18th person worldwide to win over $1 million in her
career, and did so in fewer events (90th tournament) as well as being one of just
four to reach the mark before turning 28 years old.

• 2007: Misty May-Treanor passes Brazilians Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede as
the most winning player since the women’s competition on the international beach
volleyball circuit began in 1992.

• 2007: Misty May-Treanor becomes the women’s all-time wins leader by capturing
her 73rd victory, surpassing Holly McPeak’s record by winning with Kerri Walsh in
Hermosa Beach. She reached this total in just 123 tournaments — winning 57.5%
of her events.

• 2007: In a championship match that lasted 1:41, Nicole Branagh and Elaine
Youngs defeat Jennifer Boss and April Ross 21-19, 18-21, 16-14 in Seaside
Heights. The marathon set the record for the longest match in rally scoring, men or
women, in domestic or international play.

• 2007: Karch Kiraly retires to close an impressive career on the beach, leaving as
the all-time win’s leader and money earner. His longevity was marked by the fact
he won a tournament in 24 different years, and he advanced to the semifinals in
over 75% of all the events he ever played and was named as the AVP’s MVP a
record-most six times.

• 2008: Hot Winter Nights, a series of 19 events in January and February, kicks off
in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma marking the first ever indoor beach volleyball tour.
Mark Williams and Nancy Mason are the first winners in the “King of the Beach
format” events.

• 2008: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball team wins Silver at the 2008 Olympic Games
in Beijing, China.

• 2008: U.S. Women’s Beach Volleyball team Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh
take the Gold medal in Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
China placed in both Silver and Bronze categories. U.S. Beach Volleyball’s Men’s
team Phil Dalhausser and Todd Rodgers also took the Gold in the 2008 Summer
Olympics in Beijing, China. Brazil men’s teams placed in both Bronze and Silver
categories.

• 2012: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball team wins Silver at the 2012 Olympic Games
in London.

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Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

• 2012: U.S. Women’s team Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh-Jennings return to
the Summer games in London to successfully defend their Gold medal wins of
2008 and 2004 and become the only Women’s team in the sport’s history to ever
win three consecutive Olympic Gold medals. Jennifer Kessey and April Ross of the
United States win the Silver medal the same year.

• 2016: The U.S. Women’s Volleyball Team qualifies to play at the Summer
Olympics in Rio.

• 2016: Today, people all over the world play volleyball. Research shows volleyball
is one of the top 3 most popular sports for women to play in high school. However,
people of all ages find enjoyment in recreational volleyball, as its’ popularity
continues to grow.

Key Terms: William G. Morgan, Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), Volleyball,

Mintonette, Holyoke Massachusetts, NCAA, Beach Volleyball

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:

Wojahn, R. (2006). Sports Books. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature.

: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 Jan. 2021, from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001/acre
f-9780195146561-e-3046.
Smith (2008). Publishing Information. In The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World
History.: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 Jan. 2021, from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acre
f-9780195148909-div1-3028.
Guttmann, A. (2008). Olympic Games. In The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World
History. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 Jan. 2021, from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acre
f-9780195148909-e-790.
Reeser and Bahr (2003) Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science; Volleyball. Edition
1. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Available from eBook Central.
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanao-
ebooks/detail.action?docID=351657&lang=en&token=db7d92ab-3f48-4165-9020-
3a83379c5396&PQSessionID=7BDB2EECD2196DFE3B68BAF68DE69EBB.i-
0e5386aed9db9d908&PQAccountId=31259&src=OL#

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Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Demonstrate effective officiating, rules,
characteristics, equipment utilization, strategies, skills and etiquette in
playing volleyball.

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are operationally defined for you to have a
better understanding of this section in the course. Hence, you are advised to frequently
refer to the content written to help you understand the succeeding topics. For you to
further understand the ULOb, I would like to suggest that you must refresh your
knowledge/understanding about the whole topics in ULOa.

Game Characteristics:
Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net.
There are different versions available for specific circumstances in order to offer the
versatility of the game to everyone.

The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it on the
opponent’s court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three
hits for returning the ball (in addition to the block contact).

The ball is put in play with a service: hit by the server over the net to the
opponents. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes “out”
or a team fails to return it properly.

In Volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point (Rally Point System). When
the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players
rotate one position clockwise.

Introduction:
Volleyball is one of the most successful and popular competitive and
recreational sports in the world. It is fast, it is exciting and the action is explosive. Yet
Volleyball comprises several crucial overlapping elements whose complimentary
interactions render it unique amongst rally games.

Action

Attack

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In recent years the FIVB has made great strides in adapting the game to a
modern audience.
This text is aimed at a broad Volleyball public – players, coaches, referees, spectators,
commentators – for the following reasons:
✓ understanding the rules better, allows better play – coaches can create better
team structure and tactics, allowing players full rein to display their skills;
✓ understanding the relationship between rules allows officials to make better
decisions.
This introduction at first focuses on Volleyball as a competitive sport, before
setting out to identify the main qualities required for successful refereeing

Essential Knowledge
Volleyball is one of the most played sports in the world. More than 900 million
people play volleyball in the world and about 800 million people play it once a week.

Volleyball is a fun fast paced game. It is a sport that can be played by anyone.
But it is mostly played competitively by volleyball players. It is a very hard sport to play
too. The positions are to learn because you have to learn what you have to do in that
position and be open to playing all spots. And doing the conditioning drills are hard
too.
In this section you will know how to play the volleyball because procedure in
learning such skill were being stipulated. Also, you will encounter the most essential
things in playing volleyball such as facilities and equipment, techniques, rules,
mechanics, hand signals and etiquette.

Disclaimer: Some of the information

below were taken from the Official
Volleyball Rules 2017-2020 as
th
approved by the 35 FIVB Congress
2016 (Published by FIVB in 2016 –
www.fivb.com)

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Volleyball: A Competitive Sports

Competition taps latent strengths. It exhibits the best of ability, spirit, creativity
and aesthetics. The rules are structured to allow all of these qualities. With a few
exceptions, Volleyball allows all players to operate both at the net (in attack) and in the
back of the court (to defend or serve).

William Morgan, the game’s creator, would still recognize it because Volleyball
has retained certain distinctive and essential elements over the years. Some of these
it shares with other net/ball/ racquet games:

▬ Service
▬ Rotation (taking turns to serve)
▬ Attack
▬ Defense

Volleyball is, however, unique amongst net games in insisting that the ball is in
constant flight
▬ a flying ball – and by allowing each team a degree of internal passing before
the ball must be returned to the opponents.

The introduction of a specialist defensive player – the Libero – has moved the
game forward in terms of rally length and multi-phase play. Modifications to the service
rule have changed the act of service from simply a means of putting the ball in play to
an offensive weapon.

The concept of rotation is entrenched to allow for all-round athletes. The rules
on player positions must permit teams to have flexibility and to create interesting
developments in tactics.

Competitors use this framework to contest techniques, tactics and power. The
framework also allows players a freedom of expression to enthuse spectators and
viewers.

And the image of Volleyball is increasingly a good one.

The Referee Within This Framework

The essence of a good official lies in the concept of fairness and consistency:

▬ to be fair to every participant,

▬ to be viewed as fair by the spectators.

This demands a huge element of trust – the referee must be trusted to allow
the players to entertain:

▬ by being accurate in his/her judgement;

▬ by understanding why the rule is written;
▬ by being an efficient organizer;
▬ by allowing the competition to flow and by directing it to a conclusion;

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▬ by being an educator – using the rules to penalize the unfair or admonish the
impolite;
▬ by promoting the game – that is, by allowing the spectacular elements in the
game to shine and the best players to do what they do best: entertain the public.

Finally, we can say that a good referee will use the rules to make the
competition a fulfilling experience for all concerned.

To those who have read thus far, view the rules which follow as the current state of
development of a great game, but keep in mind why these preceding few paragraphs may
be of equal importance to you in your own position within the sport.

Facilities and Equipment

1. Playing Area:

• The playing area includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall be
rectangular and symmetrical.

1.1 Dimension:

• The playing court is a rectangle measuring 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free zone

which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides.

• The free playing space is the space above the playing area which is free from any
obstructions. The free playing space shall measure a minimum of 7 m in height
from the playing surface.

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the free zone shall measure 5 m from
the side lines and 6.5 m from the end lines. The free playing space shall measure
a minimum of 12.5 m in height from the playing surface.

1.2 Playing Surface:

1.2.1 The surface must be flat, horizontal and uniform. It must not present any danger
of injury to the players. It is forbidden to play on rough or slippery surfaces

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, only a wooden or synthetic surface
is allowed. Any surface must be previously approved by the FIVB

1.2.2 On indoor courts the surface of the playing court must be of a light color.

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, white colors are required for the
lines. Other colors, different from each other, are required for the playing court
and the free zone.

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1.2.3 On outdoor courts a slope of 5 mm per meter is allowed for drainage. Court lines
made of solid materials are forbidden.

1.3 Lines on the Court

1.3.1 All lines are 5 cm wide. They must be of a light color which is different from the
color of the floor and from any other lines

1.3.2 Boundary lines

Two side lines and two end lines mark the playing court. Both side lines and end lines
are drawn inside the dimensions of the playing court.

1.3.3 Centre line

The axis of the center line divides the playing court into two equal courts measuring 9
x 9 m each; however, the entire width of the line is considered to belong to both courts
equally. This line extends beneath the net from side line to side line.

1.3.4 Attack line

On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3 m back from the axis of the
center line, marks the front zone.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the attack line is extended by the
addition of broken lines from the side lines, with five 15 cm short lines 5 cm
wide, drawn 20 cm from each other to a total length of 1.75 m. The “coach’s

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restriction line” (a broken line which extends from the attack line to the end line
of the court, parallel to the side line and 1.75 m from it) is composed of 15 cm
short lines drawn 20 cm apart to mark the limit of the coach’s area of operation.

1.4. Zone and Areas

1.4.1 Front zone

On each court the front zone is limited by the axis of the center line and the rear edge
of the attack line.

The front zone is considered to extend beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone.

1.4.2. Service zone

The service zone is a 9 m wide area behind each end line.

It is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15 cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end
line as an extension of the side lines. Both short lines are included in the width of the
service zone.

In depth, the service zone extends to the end of the free zone in depth, the service
zone extends to the end of the free zone

1.4.3 Substitution zone

The substitution zone is limited by the extension of both attack lines up to the scorer's
table.

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1.4.4 Libero Replacement zone

The Libero Replacement zone is part of the free zone on the side of the team benches,
limited by the extension of the attack line up to the end line.

1.4.5 Warm-up area

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the warm-up areas, sized
approximately 3 x 3 m, are located in both of the bench- side corners, outside
the free zone.

1.4.6 Penalty area

A penalty area, sized approximately 1 x 1 m and equipped with two chairs, is located
in the control area, outside the prolongation of each end line. They may be limited by
a 5 cm wide red line.

1.5 Temperature

The minimum temperature shall not be below 10° C (50° F).

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the maximum temperature shall not
be higher than 25° C (77° F) and the minimum not lower than 16° C (61° F).

1.6 Lighting

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the lighting on the playing area
should be 1000 to 1500 lux measured at 1 m above the surface of the playing
area.

2. Net and Post

2.1 Height of the Net

2.1.1 Placed vertically over the center line there is a net whose top is set at the height of
2.43 m for men and 2.24 m for women.

2.2.2 Its height is measured from the center of the playing court. The net height (over
the two side lines) must be exactly the same and must not exceed the official height by
more than 2 cm.

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2.2 Structure

The net is 1 m wide and 9.50 to 10 m long (with 25 to 50 cm on each side of the side
bands), made of 10 cm square black mesh.
For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, in conjunction with specific
competition regulations, the mesh may be modified to facilitate advertising
according to marketing agreements.
At its top a horizontal band, 7 cm wide, made of two-fold white canvas, is sewn along
its full length. Each extreme end of the band has a hole, through which passes a cord,
fastening the band to the posts for keeping its top taut.
Within the band, a flexible cable fastens the net to the posts and keeps its top taut.
At the bottom of the net there is another horizontal band, 5cm wide, similar to the top
band, through which is threaded a rope. This rope fastens the net to the posts and
keeps its lower part taut.

2.3 Side Bands

Two white bands are fastened vertically to the net and placed directly above each side
line.
They are 5 cm wide and 1 m long and are considered as part of the net.

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2.4 Antenna

An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or

similar material.

An antenna is fastened at the outer edge of each side band. The antennae are placed
on opposite sides of the net.

The top 80 cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes
of contrasting color, preferably red and white

The antennae are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space.

2.5 Posts
2.5.1 The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.50-1.00 m outside the
side lines. They are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable

For all FIVB, World and Official Competitions, the posts supporting the net are
placed at a distance of 1 m outside the side lines and must be padded.

2.5.2 The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. There
shall be no dangerous or obstructing devices.

2.6 Additional Equipment

All additional equipment is determined by FIVB regulations

3. Balls

3.1 Standards

The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible

leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder
inside, made of rubber or a similar material.

Its color may be a uniform light color or a

combination of colors

Synthetic leather material and color combinations of balls used in international official
competitions should comply with FIVB standards

Its circumference is 65-67 cm and its weight is 260-280 g.

Its inside pressure shall be 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3 to 318.82 mbar
or hPa).

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3.2 Uniformity of Balls
All balls used in a match must have the same standards regarding circumference,
weight, pressure, type, color, etc.

FIVB, World and Official Competitions, as well as National or League

Championships, must be played with FIVB approved balls, unless by
agreement of FIVB

3.3 Five-Ball System

For FIVB, World and Official Competitions, five balls shall be used. In this case, six
ball retrievers are stationed, one at each corner of the free zone and one behind each

referee.

Playing Format

4. To score a point, to win a set and the match

4.1 To score a point

4.1.1 Point

A team scores a point:

4.1.1.1 by successfully landing the ball on the opponent’s court;

4.1.1.2 when the opponent team commits a fault;

4.1.1.3 when the opponent team receives a penalty.

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4.1.2 Fault

A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules (or by violating
them in some other way). The referees judge the faults and determine the
consequences according to the rules:

4.1.2.1 if two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is counted;

4.1.2.2 if two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a DOUBLE

FAULT is called and the rally is replayed.

4.1.3 Rally and completed rally

A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the
server until the ball is out of play. A completed rally is the sequence of playing actions
which results in the award of a point. This includes:

▬ the award of a penalty

▬ loss of service for service hit made after the time-limit.

4.1.3.1 If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve.

4.1.3.2 If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve next.

4.2 To win a set

A set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team which first scores 25 points with
a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two-
point lead is achieved (26-24; 27-25; etc.).

4.3 To win the match

4.3.1 The match is won by the team that wins three sets.

4.3.2 In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding 5th set is played to 15 points with a minimum
lead of 2 points.

4.4 Default and Incomplete Team

4.4.1 If a team refuses to play after being summoned to do so, it is declared in default
and forfeits the match with the result 0-3 for the match and 0-25 for each set.

4.4.2 A team that, without justifiable reason, does not appear on the playing court on
time is declared in default

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4.4.3 A team that is declared INCOMPLETE for the set or for the match, loses the
set or the match. The opponent team is given the points, or the points and the
sets, needed to win the set or the match. The incomplete team keeps its points
and sets.

5. Structure of Play

5.1 The Toss

Before the match, the 1st referee carries out a toss to decide upon the first service
and the sides of the court in the first set.

If a deciding set is to be played, a new toss will be carried out.

5.1.1 The toss is taken in the presence of the two team captains.

5.1.2 The winner of the toss chooses:

EITHER

5.1.2.1 the right to serve or to receive the service,

OR
5.1.2.2 the side of the court.
The loser takes the remaining choice.

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC SKILLS

SERVING:
Underhand Serve

❖ The server stands

facing the net with the left foot
slightly forward and the weight
on the right foot.
❖ The ball is held in the
left hand with the left arm
across and a little in front of the
body.
❖ The ball is lined up with
a straight forward swing of the
right hand. The left-hand
fingers are spread, and the ball
rests on the pads of these
fingers.
❖ On the serving motion, the server steps forward with the left foot, transferring the

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weight to the front foot, and at the same time brings the right arm back in
preparatory motion.
❖ The right hand now swings forward and contacts just below the center. The ball
can be hit with an open hand or with the fist (facing forward or sideward).
❖ An effective follow-through with the arm ensures a smooth serve

Overhand Serve

❖ The server stands with

the left foot in front and the left
side of the body turned
somewhat toward the net. The
weight is on both feet.
❖ The ball is held in the
left hand directly in front of the
face. The ball must be tossed
straight up and should come
down in front of the right
shoulder.
❖ As the ball is tossed, the weight shifts to the back foot. The height of the toss is a
matter of choice, but from 3 to 5 feet is suggested.
As the ball drops, the striking arm comes forward, contacting the ball a foot or so above
the shoulder. The weight is shifted to the forward foot, which can take a short step
forward. The contact is made with the open palm or with the fist. An effective serve is
one that has no spin – a floater.

PASSING OR RETURNING

Forearm Pass (Underhand Pass)

❖ The body must be in good position to ensure a proper volley. The player must move
rapidly to the spot where the ball is descending to prepare for the pass.
❖ The trunk leans forward
and the back is straight,
with a 90-degree angle
between the thighs and the
body. The body is bent,
and the body is in partially
crouched position, with the
feet shoulder apart.
❖ The hands are clasped
together, so that the
forearms are parallel. The
clasp should be relaxed,
with the type of handclasp a matter of choice. The wrists in either case is turned
downward, and the elbow joints are reasonably locked.
❖ The forearms are held at the proper angle to rebound the ball, with contact made
with the fists or forearms between the knees as the receiver crouches.

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Overhand Pass/Setting

❖ Bring your hands together.

❖ Put your hands together with your fingertips
touching.
❖ Open up your hands, forming a triangle with
your index fingers and thumbs.
❖ Bring your fingers apart to a distance that
would be perfect for placing a ball.
❖ This is the position you want to get your
hands in just before you contact the ball setting.
❖ The passer moves underneath the ball and
controls it with the fingertips. Feet should be in an
easy, comfortable position, with knees bent.
❖ The cup of the fingers is made so that the
thumbs and forefingers are close together and
the other fingers are spread. The hands are held
forehead high, with elbows out and level with the floor.
❖ The passer contacts the ball at above eye level and propels it with the force of
spread fingers, not with the palms. At the moment of contact, the legs are
straightened and the hands and arms follow-through.
❖ If the ball is a pass to a teammate, it should be high enough to allow for control. If
the pass is a return to the other side, it can be projected forward with more force.

SPIKING OR ATTACKING

❖ Approach – Take 3-4 steps near the side and attack lines with the last step taken
with the stronger leg.
❖ Step-close take –off- Transfer the momentum of the body into a vertical direction.
Heels of both contact the floor with the weight shifted forward to the toes during the
last step.
❖ Arm movements – Swing both arms forward and upward during the take- off.
Extend left arm directly upward above the shoulder and the right arm is bent into a
throwing position. Left elbow leads the swing, followed by an extension of the
spiking arm. Contact ball with the heel of the open hand. To impart a spin, snap
wrist over the ball.

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Blocking – Jump into the air directly in front of the

spike, with the arms extended in an effort to block the
ball and at the same time to rebound it off the arms into
the spiker’s court.

Playing Action

6. States of Play

6.1 Ball in Play

The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service authorized by the 1st
referee.

6.2 Ball out of Play

The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by one of the
referees; in the absence of a fault, at the moment of the whistle.

6.3 Ball “In”

The ball is “in” if at any moment of its contact with the floor, some part of the ball
touches the court, including the boundary lines

6.4 Ball “out”

The ball is “out” when:

6.4.1 all parts of the ball which contact the floor are completely outside the boundary
lines;

6.4.2 it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person out of play;

6.4.3 it touches the antennae, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the side bands;

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6.4.4 it crosses the vertical plane of the net either partially or totally outside the
crossing space,

6.4.5 it crosses completely the lower space under the net.

7. Playing the Ball

Each team must play within its own playing area and space

The ball may, however, be retrieved from beyond its own free zone.

7.1 Team Hits

A hit is any contact with the ball by a player in play.

The team is entitled to a maximum of three hits (in addition to blocking), for returning the
ball. If more are used, the team commits the fault of “FOUR HITS”.

7.1.1 CONSECUTIVE CONTACTS

A player may not hit the ball two times consecutively

7.1.2 SIMULTANEOUS CONTACTS

Two or three players may touch the ball at the same moment.

7.1.2.1 When two (or three) team-mates touch the ball simultaneously, it is counted as
two (or three) hits (with the exception of blocking). If they reach for the ball, but only
one of them touches it, one hit is counted. A collision of players does not constitute a
fault.

7.1.2.2 When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net and the ball
remains in play, the team receiving the ball is entitled to another three hits. If such a ball
goes “out”, it is the fault of the team on the opposite side.

7.1.2.3 If simultaneous hits by two opponents over the net lead to an extended contact
with the ball, play continues.

7.1.3 ASSISTED HIT

Within the playing area, a player is not permitted to take support from a team-mate or
any structure/object in order to hit the ball.

However, a player who is about to commit a fault (touch the net or cross the center
line, etc.) may be stopped or held back by a team-mate.

7.2 Characteristics of the Hit

7.2.1 The ball may touch any part of the body.

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7.2.2 The ball must not be caught and/or thrown. It can rebound in any direction.

7.2.3 The ball may touch various parts of the body, provided that the contacts take place
simultaneously.

EXCEPTIONS:

7.2.3.1 at blocking, consecutive contacts may be made by one or more player(s),

provided that the contacts occur during one action;

7.2.3.2 at the first hit of the team, the ball may contact various parts of the body
consecutively, provided that the contacts occur during one action.

7.3 Faults in Playing the Ball

7.3.1 FOUR HITS: a team hits the ball four times before returning it.

7.3.2 ASSISTED HIT: a player takes support from a team-mate or any structure/ object in
order to hit the ball within the playing area.

7.3.3 CATCH: the ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from the hit.

7.3.4 DOUBLE CONTACT: a player hits the ball twice in succession or the ball contacts
various parts of his/her body in succession.

8. Ball at the Net

8.1 Ball crossing the net

8.1.1 The ball sent to the opponent's court must go over the net within the crossing
space. The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the net limited as follows:

8.1.1.1 below, by the top of the net;

8.1.1.2 at the sides, by the antennae, and their imaginary extension;

8.1.1.3 above, by the ceiling.

8.1.2 The ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent's free zone totally or
partly through the external space, may be played back within the team hits, provided
that:

8.1.2.1 the opponent's court is not touched by the player;

8.1.2.2 the ball, when played back, crosses the net plane again totally or partly through
the external space on the same side of the court.
The opponent team may not prevent such action.

8.1.3 The ball that is heading towards the opponent’s court through the lower space is
in play until the moment it has completely crossed the vertical plane of the net.

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8.2 Ball touching the net

While crossing the net, the ball may touch it.

8.3 Ball in the net

8.3.1 A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the three team hits.

8.3.2 If the ball rips the mesh of the net or tears it down, the rally is cancelled and replayed.

9. Player at the net

9.1 Reaching beyond the net

9.1.1 In blocking, a player may touch the ball beyond the net, provided that he/she
does not interfere with the opponent’s play before or during the latter's attack hit.

9.1.2 After an attack hit, a player is permitted to pass his/her hand beyond the net,
provided that the contact has been made within his/her own playing space.

9.2 Penetration under the net

9.2.1 It is permitted to penetrate into the opponent’s space under the net, provided
that this does not interfere with the opponent’s play.

9.2.2 Penetration into the opponent's court, beyond the center line:

9.2.2.1 to touch the opponent's court with a foot (feet) is permitted, provided that some
part of the penetrating foot (feet) remains either in contact with or directly above the
center line;

9.2.2.2 to touch the opponent’s court with any part of the body above the feet is
permitted provided that it does not interfere with the opponent’s play.

9.2.3 A player may enter the opponent's court after the ball goes out of play.

9.2.4 Players may penetrate into the opponent's free zone provided that they do not
interfere with the opponent’s play.

9.3 Contact with the net

9.3.1 Contact with the net by a player between the antennae, during the action
of playing the ball, is a fault.

The action of playing the ball includes (among others) take-off, hit (or attempt)
and landing safely, ready for a new action.

9.3.2 Players may touch the post, ropes, or any other object outside the antennae,
including the net itself, provided that it does not interfere with the play.

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9.3.3 When the ball is driven into the net, causing it to touch an opponent, no fault is
committed.

9.4 Player’s faults at the net

9.4.1 A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent's space before or during
the opponent’s attack hit.

9.4.2 A player interferes with the opponent's play while penetrating into the opponent’s
space under the net.

9.4.3 A player’s foot (feet) penetrates completely into the opponent's court.

9.4.4 A player interferes with play by (amongst others):

– touching the net between the antennae or the antenna itself during his/her action of
playing the ball,
– using the net between the antennae as a support or stabilizing aid
– creating an unfair advantage over the opponent by touching the net
– making actions which hinder an opponent’s legitimate attempt to play the ball,
– catching/ holding on to the net

Any player closes to the ball as it is played, and who is him/herself trying to play it, is
considered in the action of playing the ball, even if no contact is made with it.

However, touching the net outside the antenna is not to be considered a fault

10. Service

The service is the act of putting the ball into play, by the back-right player, placed in
the service zone.

10.1 First service in a set

th
10.1.1 The first service of the first set, as well as that of the deciding 5 set is executed
by the team determined by the toss.

8.1.2 The other sets will be started with the service of the team that did not serve first
in the previous set.

8.2 Service order

10.2.1 The players must follow the service order recorded on the line-up sheet.

10.2.2 After the first service in a set, the player to serve is determined as follows:

10.2.2.1 when the serving team wins the rally, the player (or his/her substitute) who
served before, serves again;

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10.2.2.2 when the receiving team wins the rally, it gains the right to serve and rotates
before actually serving. The player who moves from the front- right position to the back-
right position will serve.

8.3 Authorization of the service

The 1st referee authorizes the service, after having checked that the two teams are
ready to play and that the server is in possession of the ball.

8.4 Execution of the service

10.4.1 The ball shall be hit with one hand or any part of the arm after being tossed or
released from the hand(s).

10.4.2 Only one toss or release of the ball is allowed. Dribbling or moving the ball in the
hands is permitted.

10.4.3 At the moment of the service hit or take-off for a jump service, the server must
not touch the court (the end line included) or the floor outside the service zone.

After the hit, he/she may step or land outside the service zone, or inside the court.

10.4.4 The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee whistles for
service.

10.4.5 A service executed before the referee's whistle is cancelled and repeated.

8.5 Screening

10.5.1 The players of the serving team must not prevent their opponent, through
individual or collective screening, from seeing the server and the flight path of the ball.

10.5.2 A player or a group of players of the serving team make(s) a screen by waving
arms, jumping or moving sideways during the execution of the service, or by standing
grouped, and in so doing hides both the server and the flight path of the ball until the
ball reaches the vertical plane of the net.

8.6 Faults during the service

10.6.1 Serving faults.

The following faults lead to a change of service even if the opponent is out of position.
The server:

10.6.1.1 violates the service order,

10.6.1.2 does not execute the service properly.

10.6.2 Faults after the service hit.

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After the ball has been correctly hit, the service becomes a fault (unless a player is out
of position) if the ball

10.6.2.1 touches a player of the serving team or fails to cross the vertical plane of the net
completely through the crossing space;

10.6.2.2 goes “out”;

10.6.2.3 passes over a screen.

10.7 Serving Faults and Positional Faults

10.7.1 If the server makes a fault at the moment of the service hit (improper execution,
wrong rotational order, etc.) and the opponent is out of position, it is the serving fault
which is sanctioned.

10.7.2 Instead, if the execution of the service has been correct, but the service
subsequently becomes faulty (goes out, goes over a screen, etc.), the positional fault
has taken place first and is sanctioned.

9. Attack Hit

9.1 Characteristics of Attack Hit

11.1.1 All actions which direct the ball towards the opponent, with the exception of
service and block, are considered as attack hits.

11.1.2 During an attack hit, tipping is permitted only if the ball is cleanly hit, and not
caught or thrown.

11.1.3 An attack hit is completed at the moment the ball completely crosses the vertical
plane of the net or is touched by an opponent.

9.2 Restriction of the Attack Hit

11.2.1 A front-row player may complete an attack hit at any height, provided that the
contact with the ball has been made within the player's own playing space

11.2.2 A back-row player may complete an attack hit at any height from behind the
front zone:

11.2.2.1 at his/her take-off, the player's foot (feet) must neither have touched nor
crossed over the attack line;
11.2.2.2 after his/her hit, the player may land within the front zone
11.2.3 A back-row player may also complete an attack hit from the front zone, if at the
moment of the contact a part of the ball is lower than the top of the net.

11.2.4 No player is permitted to complete an attack hit on the OPPONENT’S service,

when the ball is in the front zone and entirely higher than the top of the net.

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Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local
9.3 Faults of the Attack Hit

11.3.1 A player hits the ball within the playing space of the opposing team.

9.3.2 A player hits the ball “out”.

11.3.3 A back-row player completes an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment
of the hit the ball is entirely higher than the top of the net.

11.3.4 A player completes an attack hit on the opponent's service, when the ball is in
the front zone and entirely higher than the top of the net.

11.3.5 A Libero completes an attack hit if at the moment of the hit the ball is entirely
higher than the top of the net.

11.3.6 A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the
ball is coming from an overhand finger pass by a Libero in his/ her front zone.

10. Block

10.1 Blocking

12.1.1 Blocking is the action of players close to the net to intercept the ball coming
from the opponent by reaching higher than the top of the net, regardless of the height
of the ball contact. Only front-row players are permitted to complete a block, but at the
moment of the contact with the ball, a part of the body must be higher than the top of
the net.

12.1.2 Block attempt

A block attempt is the action of blocking without touching the ball

12.1.3 Completed block

A block is completed whenever the ball is touched by a blocker.

12.1.4 Collective block

A collective block is executed by two or three players close to each other and is
completed when one of them touches the ball.

10.2 Block Contact

Consecutive (quick and continuous) contacts with the ball may occur by one or more
blockers, provided that the contacts are made during one action.

12.3 Blocking within the opponent’s space

In blocking, the player may place his/her hands and arms beyond the net, provided
that this action does not interfere with the opponent’s play. Thus, it is not permitted to
touch the ball beyond the net until an opponent has executed an attack hit.

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Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local
12.4 Block and Team Hits

12.4.1 A block contact is not counted as a team hit. Consequently, after a block
contact, a team is entitled to three hits to return the ball.

12.4.2 The first hit after the block may be executed by any player, including the one
who has touched the ball during the block.

12.5 Blocking the service

To block an opponent's service is forbidden.

12.6 Blocking faults

12.6.1 The blocker touches the ball in the OPPONENT’S space either before or
simultaneously with the opponent’s attack hit.

12.6.2 A back-row player or a Libero completes a block or participates in a completed

block.

12.6.3 Blocking the opponent’s service.

12.6.4 The ball is sent “out” off the block.

12.6.5 Blocking the ball in the opponent’s space from outside the antenna.

12.6.6 A Libero attempts an individual or collective block.

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Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local
REFEREE’S OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS:

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

LINE JUDGES’ OFFICIAL FLAG SIGNAL:

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

Key Terms: Facilities and Equipment, Court Dimension, Zone and Areas, Rally, Toss, Underhand
Service, Overhand Service, Overhand pass/Setting, Forearm Pass, Playing Actions, Blocking, Spiking,
Faults, Attack Hit, Referee’s Official Hand Signals, Line Judges’ Official Flag Signals.

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 College of Teacher Education
Ground Floor, GET Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 300-5456/300-0647 Local

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson:

Eren, Uluöz (2016). ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES MADE IN THE OFFICIAL GAME
RULES OF VOLLEYBALL THROUGH THE DOCUMENT ANALYSIS METHOD.
Volume 17. "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau. Available from ProQuest Central.
(1880275286). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-
journals/analysis-changes-made-official-game-rules/docview/1880275286/se-
2?accountid=31259

Moras, G; Buscà, B; Peña, J; Rodríguez, S; Vallejo, L; Tous-Fajardo, J; Mujika, I

(2008). A comparative study between serve mode and speed and its effectiveness in
a high-level volleyball tournament. Volume 48. Edizioni Minerva Medica. Available
from ProQuest Central. (202690058). https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-
journals/comparative-study-between-serve-mode-speed/docview/202690058/se-
2?accountid=31259

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