CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Submitted by: ACOSTA, KURT FRANCIS H. Date: February 27, 2021

Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201810657

INSTRUCTION: Discuss the following based on the NSCP 2015 and AISC Steel Manual latest edition.
Present your assignment in pdf format. Use A4, Arial Narrow 12 with a file name: Surname_HW1.pdf.
Hand in your file in Google classroom until Feb. 27 (Saturday), 5PM.
1. Comparison of Design Procedures: LRFD and ASD;
2. loads and load combination;
3. materials in structural steel;
4. steel sections; and
5. analysis procedures (elastic and plastic analysis).

ANSWER:
1. Comparison of Design Procedures: LRFD and ASD
In LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design), factored loads are applied. The theoretical
strength of the member is reduced by the application of a resistance factor. However, in ASD
(Allowable Strength Design), member is selected based on either area or moment of inertia that are
large enough to prevent the maximum load from exceeding an allowable value.
Design Procedures:
LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design)
1. Apply ultimate factored loads
2. Evaluate sectional demand using linear or yielded materials
3. Design: Factored Capacity must be greater than Factored Forces
ASD (Allowable Strength Design)
1. Apply service loads to structure
2. Evaluate forces and stress using linear materials
3. Design: Allowable Material Stress must be greater than Max Material Stress

2. Loads and Load Combination

Load Combinations
LRFD ASD
1.4(D + F) D+F
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) D+H+F+L+T
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) D + H + F + (Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R) D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)]
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L D + H + F + [0.6W or (E/1.4)]
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

where:
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Submitted by: ACOSTA, KURT FRANCIS H. Date: February 27, 2021
Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201810657

D = Dead load
L = Live load due to occupancy
Lr = Roof Live load
S = Snow load
R = Rain load
W = Wind load
E = Earthquake load

3. Materials in Structural Steel

Here are the materials in structural steel:
1. Unidentified Steel - Unidentified steel free of injurious defects is permitted to be used for
unimportant members or details, where the precise physical properties and weldability of the
steel would not affect the strength of the structure.

2. Rolled Heavy Shapes - Hot-rolled shapes with a flange thickness exceeding 50 mm, used as
members subject to primary tensile forces due to tension or flexure and spliced using complete-
joint-penetration groove welds that fuse through the thickness of the member.

3. Built-Up Heavy Shapes - Built-up cross-sections consisting of plates with a thickness

exceeding 50 mm, used as members subject to primary tensile forces due to tension or flexure
and spliced or connected to other members using complete joint-penetration groove welds that
fuse through the thickness of the plates.

4. Steel Castings and Forgings - Cast steel shall conform to ASTM A216/A216M, Gr. WCB with
Supplementary Requirement Sll. Steel forgings shall conform to ASTM A668/A668M.

5. Bolts, Washers and Nuts - Bolt, washer, and nut material conforming to certain ASTM
specifications.

6. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods - Anchor rod and threaded rod material conforming to certain
ASTM specifications.

7. Consumables for Welding - Filler metals and fluxes shall conform to certain specifications of
the American Welding Society.
8. Headed Stud Anchors - Studs are made from cold drawn bar, either semi-killed or killed
aluminum or silicon deoxidized. Steel stud shear connectors shall conform to the requirements
of Structural Welding Code-Steel.
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Submitted by: ACOSTA, KURT FRANCIS H. Date: February 27, 2021
Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201810657

4. Steel Sections
W-, M-, S- and HP-Shapes
 W-shapes which have essentially parallel inner and outer flange surfaces.
 M-shapes may have a sloped inside flange face or other cross-section features that do not
meet the criteria for W-, S- or HP-shapes.
 S-shapes which have a slope of approximately 16 2/3% (2 on 12) on the inner flange surfaces.
 HP-shapes which are similar to W-shapes except their webs and flanges are of equal thickness
and the depth and flange width are normally equal for a given designation.
Channels
 C-shapes which have a slope approximately 16 2/3% (2 on 12) on the inner flange surfaces.
 MC-shapes which have a slope other than 16 2/3% (2 on 12) on the inner flange surfaces
Angles
 Angels have a legs of equal thickness and either equal or unequal leg sizes.
Structural Tees (WT-, MT-, and ST-Shapes)
 These shapes are designated by the mark WT, MT or ST, nominal depth (in.) and nominal
weight (lb/ft). WT-, MT- and ST-shapes are split (sheared or thermal-cut) from W-, M- and S-
shapes and half the nominal depth and weight of that shape.
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS)
 Rectangular HSS which have an essentially rectangular cross section, except for rounded
corners and uniform wall thickness, except at the weld seam.
 Square HSS which have an essentially square cross section except for rounded corners, and
uniform wall thickness, except at the weld seam.
 Round HSS which have an essentially round cross section and uniform wall thickness except at
the weld seam.
Pipes
 Pipes have an essentially round cross section and uniform thickness except at the weld seam
for welded pipe.

Double Angles
 Double angles are made with two angles that are interconnected through their back-to-back
legs along the length of the member either in contact for the full length or separated by spacers
at the points of interconnection.
Double Channels
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Submitted by: ACOSTA, KURT FRANCIS H. Date: February 27, 2021
Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201810657

 Double channels are made with two channels that are interconnected through their back-to-
back webs along the length of the member either in contact for the full length or separated by
spacers at the points of interconnection.
W-Shapes and S-Shapes with Cap Channels
 The channel web is interconnected to the W-shape or S-shape top flange with the flange toes
down. The interconnection of the two elements must be designated for the horizontal shear.
Plate and Bar Products
 Plate products may be ordered as sheet, strip or bar material. Sheet and strip are distinguished
from structural bars and plates by their dimensional characteristics.
Raised-Pattern Floor Plates
 Raised-pattern floor plates are commonly available in widths up to 120 in. For larger plate
widths see literature available from floor plate producers.
Crane Rails
 Designated by unit weight lb/yard. Crane rails can be either heat treated or end hardened to
reduce wear.

5. Analysis Procedures (Elastic and Plastic Analysis)

Elastic Analysis
This method is very important in every designer to ensure that the analysis adequately
captures all applicable second-order effects just like twist of the member which can be important in
some situations. It is also useful in problems where it is not clearly evident what the unbraced lengths
actually are for members in compression.
Plastic Analysis
In this method, it states that structural analysis takes into account inelastic material behavior
like plastic analysis. Various levels are intended to account for the potential redistribution of member
and connection forces and moments that are a result of localized yielding as a structural system
reaches a strength limit state.

REFERENCES:
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
American Institute of Steel Construction Manual 15 th edition
Ebora M. (2020). Steel Design: NSCP 2015 (ASD & LRFD). Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/document/345354289/Pp08-Asep-Nscp-2015-Update-on-Ch5-Structural-Steel-
Part-1-Asd
 CENG85A: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
Submitted by: ACOSTA, KURT FRANCIS H. Date: February 27, 2021
Course: BSCE3-1 Submitted to: Engr. JOZEL BRYAN M. TERRIBLE
Student No.: 201810657

Lucio M. (2017). Updates on Chapter 5: Structural Steel NSCP 2015. Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines Inc. Retrieved from https://dlscrib.com/download/pp08-asep-nscp-2015-
update-on-ch5-structural-steel-part-1-asd_5a73e31ce2b6f5bc388c3356_pdf
Garber D. (2016). ASD vs. LRFD. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRkqro4GAW4