Sub - Nursing Research & statistics

Assignment on Tool for data collection (Interview)

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mrs harpreet kaur kamini

Nursing Lecturer msc (N) 1st yr

PIPRAMS PIPRAMS

Submitted on : 22/march/2021
 INTRODUCTION -

While conducting a research, any concept or set of concepts under investigation should be studied in depth, and
the information generated therein needs to be transferred into data that can be analysed. Without high quality
data collection methods, the accuracy and authenticity of the conclusions of a research can become
questionable. Developing or selecting a research tool is one of the essential steps in the research process,
because whatever information the researcher plans to collect in the topic of his/her interest will be gathered with
the help of some structured or standardized tool. Without high quality data collection methods, the accuracy
and robustness of the conclusions are always subject to challenge.

DATA COLLECTION -

Concept
Information about any topic of interest to the researcher may already exist in the form of literature,government
reports, hospital reports, and so on or it may have to be generated. Depending upon the need for collecting data
for a particular project, the researcher may explore the existing records and fruitfully exploit the existing data to
find the answer to the research question. For example, suppose a nurse researcher is interested in knowing about
the prevalence of tuberculosis in his/her district because of the feeling that the disease is rampant in that district;
he/she also wishes to plan an awareness campaign to teach the people about the control of this disease. The
researcher can explore the Internet and find all the needed information available at the website.

PURPOSE -

The purpose of a research is to collect information on the selected topic. The aim is to yield accurate, valid, and
meaningful data. It requires considerable time and effort leading to thoughtful action to develop or select the
appropriate tool for collecting the needed pieces of information.The researcher must find answers to the
following questions before planning the data collection: What type of data needs to be collected? How will the
data be collected? Who will collect the data? Where will the data be collected? When will the data be collected?

Data collection methods are governed by the following factors:

1. Research question or hypothesis

2. Research design
3. Amount of knowledge available about the concepts or variables under study

Data Collection Instruments -

There are a number of data collection instruments that can be used to collect data depending on the
type of study and the variables to be explored or assessed. Data collection instruments, also called as
tools, are devices used to collect data. These include self-report questionnaire, interview schedule, attitude
scales and opinionnaires, bio-physiological measure scales, and observation checklists. Great care should be
taken to select the most appropriate instrument for a particular study. An ideal instrument is one that results in
measures that are relevant, accurate, objective, sensitive, and efficient. Measures that are physical and
physiological have higher chance of success in attaining these goals than measures that are psychological and
behavioural. In survey type of explorative research, self-report questionnaires or interview schedules are
appropriate. To assess the practices, an observation checklist would be most appropriate. Sometimes, the
researcher employs more than one type of data collection methods. For example, a nurse researcher plans to
assess the knowledge as well as skill of nurses working in the labour ward regarding ‘new-born assessment’.
He/She will use a self-report questionnaire for assessing the knowledge and an observation checklist for
assessing the skill and will also measure the bio-physiological variables of the new-born baby.
Steps in Developing a Research Tool -

The following are the steps involved in developing a research tool:

1. Develop the concept. Select sound concepts relevant to the study. Specify various dimensions
of the concepts, thoroughly conceptualize the construct to be measured, and define the research
question or problem.
2. Select the variables to be assessed and define them.
3. Develop hypothesis(es).
4. Decide the sample characteristics that need to be assessed.
5. Decide the research approach to be used—experimental or explorative.
6. Select the types of measurement to be included, indicators, and data collection method.
7. Adopt a theoretical model or develop a conceptual model. Once the basic decision regarding the
study topic of interest has been arrived at and the concepts and variables to be studied are also
agreed upon, the researcher formulates the conceptual model or decides to use an existing theoretical
model relevant to the study. Use of a theoretical model or self-prepared conceptual model
will provide a mapped relationship among the concepts under study. This will provide a direction to the
researcher to explore each concept and variable carefully and fully so that the objectives of the study are met,
hypothesis is tested, and conclusions are drawn.

8. Select and develop the tool. This is the final step for data collection. The researcher may develop a tool, use
one of the existing standardized tools, or use both self-structured and standardized tool appropriate to the study.

TYPES OF METHODS AND TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION -

Types of Method/Techniques Tools For Data Collection

1. Interview Interview schedule
Opinionnaire

2. Questioning (self-report) Questionnaire

Opinionnaire
Attitude scale / composite scales
Visual analogue scale

3. Observation Rating scales

Checklists
Anecdotes
Closed circuit TV

4. Biophysiologic methods In-vivo biophysiologic measurements

In-vitro biophysiologic measurements

Projective techniques
 Q-sorts, Vignettes
5. Other methods

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE-

Data collection with the help of interview schedule is a unique process. Therefore, before adopting it as a
method for collection of information, the researcher must ascertain its appropriateness to the topic and the
purpose of the study. In interview, the interviewer obtains responses from a subject in a face-to-faceencounter
or through a telephone call. Interview method of data collection is mainly used in qualitative studies. However,
this method is also used in quantitative studies that are descriptive in nature. Interviews are used to obtain
factual data about people as well as to measure their opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about certain issues. In
study of phenomena that are complex in nature and where the subjects are unable to read or write, use of
interview schedule is the most suitable one.

DEFINITION -

A method of data collection in which one person (interviewer) asks the question from another person
(respondent) conducted either face-to-faceor telephonically.

Characteristics of Interview -

 The participants, the interviewer, and the respondent are strangers.

 The relationship between the participants is a transitory one.
 Interview is a mode of obtaining verbal answers to questions put verbally.
 The investigator record information funished by the respondent in the interview .
 The interection between the interviewer and the respondent need not necessarily be face- to face
because interviews Can be conducted over telephone also.
 Interview is an interactional process - the interaction between the interviewer and the re- spondent
depends on how they perceive each other.
 Interview is not a standardized process: it can be modified according to situations.

BENEFITS OF INTERVIEW -

 Provide in depth and detailed information

 Permits greater depth of response
 Data from illiterate subjects
 Higher response
 Clarify misunderstandings
 Ask questions at several levels
 Helps to gather other supplementary information
 Use of special devices
 Accuracy can be checked
  Flexible and adaptable

Types of Interview Schedules -

The following are the various types of interview schedules:

1. Unstructured
2. Structured
3. Semi-structured

Unstructured Interviews: Unstructured interviews are started just like normal conversation. Slowly,
the interviewer introduces the topic of investigation or research. Unstructured interviews are mainly
appropriate for qualitative research studies.

Structured Interviews: Structured interviews are more appropriate when straightforward factual
information is desired. The same questions on the given topic, in the same order and in the same manner,
are asked to all the subjects. The interviewer uses a structured interview schedule that has been
planned in detail for the purpose of collecting data on a topic from a number of subjects. Responses
obtained are later compared across the respondents. The interviewer should try to remain very objective
during the interview, avoid unnecessary interaction with the respondents, and try to spend equal time
with each respondent.

Semi-structured Interviews: In semi-structured interviews, both types of questions are included. The
tool is divided into sections. Some sections will have definite questions. However, usually at the end of
the schedule, the respondents are asked to repeat whatever has been said before and they are free to add
anything else that has come to their mind that could throw more light on the subject.
The information received through interview is usually recorded with the use of a tape recorder after
obtaining the permission of the respondent. In case recording with tape recorder is not feasible, an assistant
can write down what is being said, while the investigator is conducting the interview.

Telephonic Interview: This method is commonly used to gather data on some topic of interest when the
subjects are at different places and it is difficult and uneconomic to contact them personally. Nowadays,
the Internet is also used for such purpose.

,
Advantages of Interviews -

Firstly, in interviews, it is not possible to maintain anonymity of the subjects and there is the risk of
interviewer’s bias. Secondly, interviews are expensive. Nevertheless, interviews are considered superior
to questionnaires because of the following reasons:

1. Provide Clarity: Confusing and ambiguous questions are clarified by the interviewer according
to each respondent’s need and understanding. This prevents wrong responses as sometimes may
happen in case of getting information through a questionnaire.

2. Provide Better Response Rate: In face-to-face interviews, the response rates tend to be high.
A well-designed interview schedule and properly conducted interview normally achieves
80–90 per cent response as compared to questionnaires that are either posted or sent by email.
However, questionnaires that are distributed personally and collected back have better response
rate than those sent by mail.

3. Only Choice for Certain Respondents: For certain types of subjects such as children, blind
people, and very old people who are not able to read or write with ease and those who are uneducated,
interview method of collection of data is the most suitable mode.

4. Allow ‘In-depth’ Questioning: This is the main advantage of interviews. Where the concepts are
complex and the respondent’s personal experience needs to be explored, interview method is the
most appropriate option. Open-ended questions are avoided in questionnaires; such questions are
best probed through face-to-face interviews.

5. Minimize Missing Information: It is less likely for the respondents to leave a question unanswered,
which usually happens in questionnaires. The interviewer will probe more deeply and the
number of responses of ‘I don’t know’ can be reduced.

6. Acquire Additional Data: In face-to-face interviews, the interviewer can add additional data
through observation of lifestyle and body language and also through probing questions, which is
not possible when a questionnaire is used as the data collection tool.

Disadvantages-

1. Interviews are time consuming and costly affairs.

2. Different interviewers may understand and translate interviews in different ways.
3. There are high degree chances of interview’s biases.

BIBLIOGRAPHY -

 Dr. Suresh .K. Sharma, ‘Text book of Nursing Research And Statistics’’, Research Problem, Edition
Third, published by Elsevier:2018, pg no-293-304.

 Indian Nursing Council Syllabus, ‘Text book of Nursing Research and Statistics’ ,Edition First,
published by Pearson :1 may 2013, pg no - .175-184.

 https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/monikapatel97/tools-and-methods-of-data-collection

 https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/sgisave/tools-of-data-collection